The Story of Civilization

The Story of Civilization

The Story of
Civilization
Author(s)

Will Durant
Ariel Durant

Country

United States

Language

English

Subject(s)

History

Publisher

Simon and Schuster

Publication date 19351975

The Story of Civilization, by husband and wife Will and Ariel Durant, is an eleven-volume set of books covering
Western history for the general reader. The volumes sold well for many years, and sets of them were frequently
offered by book clubs.
The series was written over a span of more than four decades, and it totals four million words across nearly 10,000
pages, but is incomplete. In the first volume (Our Oriental Heritage, which covers the history of the East through
1933), Will Durant stated that he wanted to include the history of the West through the early 20th century. However,
the series ends with The Age of Napoleon because the Durants both died in the 1980s she in her 80s and he in his
90s before they could complete additional volumes.
The first six volumes of The Story of Civilization are credited to Will Durant, with Ariel receiving recognition in the
acknowledgements. In later volumes, beginning with The Age of Reason Begins, Ariel is credited as a co-author.

Series Outline
I. Our Oriental Heritage (1935)
This volume covers Near Eastern history until the fall of the
Persian Empire in the 330s BC, and the history of India, China,
and Japan up to the 1930s.
Every chapter, every paragraph in this book will offend or
amuse some patriotic or esoteric soul: the orthodox Jew will
need all his ancestral patience to forgive the pages on
Yahveh; the metaphysical Hindu will mourn this superficial
scratching of Indian philosophy; The Chinese or Japanese
sage will smile indulgently at these brief and inadequate
selections from the wealth of Far Eastern literature and
Khafre's Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of
thought. ... Meanwhile a weary author may sympathize with
Giza (c.2500 BC or perhaps earlier)
Tai Tung, who in the thirteenth century issued his History
of Chinese Writing with these words: Were I to await perfection, my book would never be finished. (p.ix)
1. The Establishment of Civilization
1.
2.
3.
4.

The Conditions of Civilization

The Economic Elements of Civilization
The Political Elements of Civilization
The Moral Elements of Civilization

The Story of Civilization

5. The Mental Elements of Civilization
6. The Prehistoric Beginnings of Civilization
The moulders of the worlds myths were unsuccessful husbands, for they agreed that woman was the source of
all evil. (page 70)
2. The Near East
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Sumeria
Egypt
Babylonia
Assyria
A Motley of Nations
Judea
Persia
For barbarism is always around civilization, amid it and beneath it, ready to engulf it by arms, or mass
migration, or unchecked fertility. Barbarism is like the jungle; it never admits its defeat; it waits patiently for
centuries to recover the territory it has lost. (page 265)
3. India and Her Neighbors
1. The Foundations of India
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Buddha
From Alexander to Aurangzeb
The Life of the People
The Paradise of the Gods
The Life of the Mind
The Literature of India
Indian Art
A Christian Epilogue
On the fall of India to the Moguls: The bitter lesson that may be drawn from this tragedy is that eternal
vigilance is the price of civilization. A nation must love peace, but keep its powder dry. (page 463)
4. The Far East
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The Age of the Philosophers

The Age of the Poets
The Age of the Artists
The People and the State
Revolution and Renewal
On China in 1935: No victory of arms, or tyranny of alien finance, can long suppress a nation so rich in
resources and vitality. The invader will lose funds or patience before the loins of China will lose virility; within
a century China will have absorbed and civilized her conquerors, and will have learned all the technique of
what transiently bears the name of modern industry; roads and communications will give her unity, economy
and thrift will give her funds, and a strong government will give her order and peace. (page 823)
5. Japan
1.
2.
3.
4.

The Makers of Japan

The Political and Moral Foundations
The Mind and Art of Old Japan
The New Japan
On Japan in 1935: "By every historical precedent the next act will be war."

The Story of Civilization

II. The Life of Greece (1939)

This volume covers Ancient Greece and the Hellenistic Near East
down to the Roman conquest.
1. Aegean Prelude: 35001000 BC
1. Crete
2. Before Agamemnon
3. The Heroic Age
2. The Rise of Greece: 1000480 BC
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Sparta
Athens
The Great Migration
The Greeks in the West
The Gods of Greece

6. The Common Culture of Early Greece

7. The Struggle for Freedom
"The realization of self-government was something new in
Bust of Pericles after Cresilas, Altes Museum, Berlin
the world; life without kings had not yet been dared by any
great society. Out of this proud sense of independence,
individual and collective, came a powerful stimulus to every enterprise of the Greeks; it was their liberty that
inspired them to incredible accomplishments in arts and letters, in science and philosophy." (p.233)
3. The Golden Age: 480399 BC
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Pericles and the Democratic Experiment

Work and Wealth in Athens
The Morals and Manners of the Athenians
The Art of Periclean Greece
The Advancement of Learning
The Conflict of Philosophy and Religion
The Literature of the Golden Age
The Suicide of Greece
"As surprising as anything else in this civilization is the fact that it was brilliant without the aid or stimulus of
women." (p.305)
4. The Decline and Fall of Greek Freedom: 399322 BC
1.
2.
3.
4.

Philip
Letters and Arts in the Fourth Century
The Zenith of Philosophy
Alexander
"The class war had turned democracy into a contest in legislative looting." (p.554)
5. The Hellenistic Dispersion: 322146 BC
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Greece and Macedonia

Hellenism and the Orient
Egypt and the West
Books
The Art of the Dispersion

6. The Climax of Greek Science

7. The Surrender of Philosophy

The Story of Civilization

8. The Coming of Rome

We have tried to show that the essential cause of the Roman conquest of Greece was the disintegration of
Greek civilization from within. No great nation is ever conquered until it has destroyed itself. (p.659)
Epilogue: Our Greek Heritage

III. Caesar and Christ (1944)

The volume covers the history of Rome and of Christianity until
the time of Constantine the Great.
1. Introduction: Origins
1. Etruscan Prelude: 800508 BC
2. The Republic: 50830 BC
1. The Struggle for Democracy: 508264 BC
2. Hannibal Against Rome: 264 BC-202 BC
3. Stoic Rome: 508202 BC
4. The Greek Conquest: 201 BC-146 BC
The new generation, having inherited world mastery, had
no time or inclination to defend it; that readiness for war
which had characterized the Roman landowner disappeared
now that ownership was concentrated in a few families and a
proletariat without stake in the country filled the slums of
Rome. (p.90)
3. The Revolution: 14530 BC
1. The Agrarian Revolt: 14578 BC
2. The Oligarchic Reaction: 7760 BC
3. Literature Under the Revolution: 14530 BC
4. Caesar: 10044 BC
5. Antony: 4430 BC
Children were now luxuries which only the poor could
afford. (p.134)

Bust of Julius Caesar

4. The Principate: 30 BC-AD 192

1. Augustan Statesmanship: 30 BC-AD 14
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

The Golden Age: 30 BC-AD 18

The Other Side of Monarchy: AD 1496
The Silver Age: AD 1496
Rome at Work: AD 1496
Rome and Its Art: 30 BC-AD 96
Epicurean Rome: 30 BC-AD 96
Roman Law: 146 BC-AD 192
The Philosopher Kings: AD 96180

10. Life and Thought in the Second Century: AD 96192

If Rome had not engulfed so many men of alien blood in so brief a time, if she had passed all these
newcomers through her schools instead of her slums, if she had treated them as men with a hundred potential
excellences, if she had occasionally closed her gates to let assimilation catch up with infiltration, she might
have gained new racial and literary vitality from the infusion, and might have remained a Roman Rome, the
voice and citadel of the West. (p.366)

The Story of Civilization

5. The Empire: AD 146-AD 192

1. Italy
2. Civilizing the West
3. Roman Greece
4. The Hellenistic Revival
5. Rome and Judea: 132 BC-AD 135
6. The Youth of Christianity: 4 BC-AD 325
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Jesus: 4 BC-AD 30
The Apostles: AD 3095
The Growth of the Church: AD 96305
The Collapse of the Empire: AD 193305
The Triumph of Christianity: AD 306325
Epilogue
Rome was not destroyed by Christianity, any more than by barbarian invasion; it was an empty shell when
Christianity rose to influence and invasion came. (p.667-668)

IV. The Age of Faith (1950)

This volume covers the Middle Ages in both Europe and the Near
East, from the time of Constantine I to that of Dante Alighieri.
1. The Byzantine Zenith: AD 325565
1. Julian the Apostate: 332-63
2. The Triumph of the Barbarians: 325476
3. The Progress of Christianity: 364451
4. Europe Takes Form: 325529
5. Justinian: 527-65
6. Byzantine Civilization: 337565

The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, a city considered

holy by Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

7. The Persians: 224641

"Historically, the conquest destroyed the outward form of what had already inwardly decayed; it cleared away
with regrettable brutality and thoroughness a system of life which, with all its gifts of order, culture, and law,
had worn itself into senile debility, and had lost the powers of regeneration and growth." (p.43)
2. Islamic Civilization: AD 5691258
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Mohammed: 569632
The Koran
The Sword of Islam: 6321058
The Islamic Scene: 6321058
Thought and Art in Eastern Islam: 6321058
Western Islam: 6411086
The Grandeur and Decline of Islam: 10581258
Moslems seem to have been better gentlemen than their Christian peers; they kept their word more frequently,
showed more mercy to the defeated, and were seldom guilty of the brutality as marked the Christian capture of
Jerusalem in 1099. (p.341)
3. Judaic Civilization: AD 135-1300
1. The Talmud: 135500
2. The Medieval Jews: 5001300
3. The Mind and Heart of the Jew: 5001300

The Story of Civilization

4. The Dark Ages: AD 5661095

1. The Byzantine World: 5661095
2. The Decline of the West: 5661066
3. The Rise of the North: 5661066
4. Christianity in Conflict: 5291085
5. Feudalism and Chivalry: 6001200
5. The Climax of Christianity: 10951300
1. The Crusades: 10951291
2. The Economic Revolution: 10661300
3. The Recovery of Europe: 10951300
4. Pre-Renaissance Italy: 10571308
5. The Roman Catholic Church: 10951294
6. The Early Inquisition: 10001300
7. Monks and Friars: 10951300
8. The Morals and Manners of Christendom: 7001300
9. The Resurrection of the Arts: 10951300
10. The Gothic Flowering: 10951300
11. Medieval Music: 3261300
12. The Transmission of Knowledge: 10001300
13. Ablard: 10791142
14. The Adventure of Reason: 11201308
15. Christian Science: 10951300
16. The Age of Romance: 11001300
17. Dante: 12651321
"All in all, the picture we form of the medieval Latin Church is that of a complex organization doing its best,
despite the human frailties of its adherents and leaders, to establish moral and social order, and to spread an
uplifting and consoling faith, amid the wreckage of an old civilization and the passions of an adolescent
society." (p.818)
Epilogue: The Medieval Legacy

V. The Renaissance (1953)

This volume covers the history of Italy from c.1300 to the mid
16th century, focusing on the Italian Renaissance.
1. Prelude: 130077
1. The Age of Petrarch and Boccaccio: 130475
2. The Popes in Avignon: 130977
"Venetian merchants invaded every market from Jerusalem
to Antwerp; they traded impartially with Christians and
Mohammedans, and papal excommunications fell upon them
with all the force of dew upon the earth." (p.39)
2. The Florentine Renaissance: 13781534

Venus of Urbino by Titian, one of the Renaissance's

most distinguished artists

1. The Rise of the Medici: 13781464

2. The Golden Age: 146492
3. Savonarola and the Republic: 14921534
But it took more than a revival of antiquity to make the Renaissance. And first of all it took moneysmelly

The Story of Civilization

bourgeois money: ... of careful calculations, investments and loans, of interest and dividends accumulated until
surplus could be spared from the pleasures of the flesh, from the purchase of senates, signories, and mistresses,
to pay a Michaelangelo or a Titian to transmute wealth into beauty, and perfume a fortune with the breath of
art. Money is the root of all civilization. (p.67-68)
3. Italian Pageant: 13781534
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Milan
Leonardo da Vinci
Tuscany and Umbria
Mantua
Ferrara
Venice and Her Realm
Emilia and the Marches
The Kingdom of Naples
"He was not handsome; like most great men, he was spared this distracting handicap." (p.185)
4. The Roman Renaissance: 13781521
1. The Crisis in the Church: 13781521
2. The Renaissance Captures Rome: 144792
3. The Borgias
4. Julius II: 150313
5. Leo X: 151321
5. Debacle
1. The Intellectual Revolt
2. The Moral Release
3. The Political Collapse: 14941534
6. Finale: 153476
1. Sunset in Venice
2. The Waning of The Renaissance
7. Envoi

VI. The Reformation (1957)

This volume covers the history of Europe outside of Italy from
around 1300 to 1564, focusing on the Protestant Reformation.
1. From John Wyclif to Martin Luther: 13001517
1. The Roman Catholic Church: 13001517
2. England, Wyclif, Chaucer, and the Great Revolt:
13081400
3. France Besieged: 13001461
4. Gallia Phoenix: 14531515
5. England in the Fifteenth Century: 13991509
6. Episode in Burgundy: 13631515
7. Middle Europe: 13001460
8. The Western Slavs: 13001516
9. The Ottoman Tide: 13001516
10. Portugal Inaugurates the Commercial Revolution:
13001517

Martin Luther at age 46

The Story of Civilization

11. Spain: 13001517
12. The Growth of Knowledge: 13001517
13. The Conquest of the Sea: 14921517
14. Erasmus the Forerunner: 14691517
15. Germany on the Eve of Luther: 14531517
2. The Religious Revolution: 151764
1. Luther: The Reformation in Germany: 151724
2. The Social Revolution: 152236
3. Zwingli: The Reformation in Switzerland: 14771531
4. Luther and Erasmus: 151736
5. The Faiths at War: 152560
6. John Calvin: 150964
7. Francis I and the Reformation in France: 151559
8. Henry VIII and Cardinal Wolsey: 150929
9. Henry VIII and Thomas More: 152935
10. Henry VIII and the Monasteries: 153547
11. Edward VI and Mary Tudor: 154758
12. From Robert Bruce to John Knox: 13001561
13. The Migrations of Reform: 151760
3. The Strangers in the Gate: 13001566
1. The Unification of Russia: 13001584
2. The Genius of Islam: 12581520
3. Suleiman the Magnificent: 152066
4. The Jews: 13001564
4. Behind the Scenes: 15171564
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The Life of the People

Music: 13001564
Literature in the Age of Rabelais
Art in the Age of Holbein
Science in the Age of Copernicus
People then, as now, were judged more by their manners than by their morals; the world forgave more readily
the sins that were committed with the least vulgarity and the greatest grace. Here, as in everything but artillery
and theology, Italy led the way. (p.766)
5. The Counter Reformation: 151765
1. The Church and Reform
2. The Popes and the Council
Epilogue: Renaissance, Reformation, and Enlightenment

The Story of Civilization

VII. The Age of Reason Begins (1961)

This volume covers the history of Europe and the Near East from
1559 to 1648.
1. The English Ecstasy: 15581648
1. The Great Queen: 15581603
2. Merrie England: 15581625
3. On the Slopes of Parnassus: 15581603
4. William Shakespeare: 15641616
5. Mary, Queen of Scots: 154287
6. James VI and I: 15671625
7. The Summons to Reason: 15581649
8. The Great Rebellion: 162549
Witches were burned, and Jesuits were taken down from the
scaffold to be cut to pieces alive. The milk of human
kindness flowed sluggishly in the days of Good Queen
Bess. (p.54)
2. The Faiths Fight For Power: 15561648

Portrait of Galileo Galilei by Giusto Sustermans

1. Alma Mater Italia: 15641648

2. Grandeur and Decadence of Spain: 15561665
3. The Golden Age of Spanish Literature: 15561665
4. The Golden Age of Spanish Art: 15561682
5. The Duel for France: 155974
6. Henry IV: 15531610
7. Richelieu: 15851642
8. France Beneath the Wars: 15591643
9. The Revolt of the Netherlands: 15581648
10. From Rubens to Rembrandt: 15551660
11. The Rise of the North: 15591648
12. The Islamic Challenge: 15661648
13. Imperial Armageddon: 15641648
"The stones in his bladder bothered him more than the wars of France."(p.411)
3. The Tentatives of Reason: 15581648
1. Science in the Age of Galileo: 15581648
2. Philosophy Reborn: 15641648
"Is Christianity dying? ... If this is so, it is the basic event of modern times, for the soul of a civilization is its
religion, and it dies with its faith." (p.613)

The Story of Civilization

10

VIII. The Age of Louis XIV (1963)

This volume covers the period of Louis XIV of France in Europe
and the Near East.
1. The French Zenith: 16431715
1. The Sun Rises: 164384
2. The Crucible of Faith: 16431715
3. The King and the Arts: 16431715
4. Molire: 162273
5. The Classic Zenith in French Literature: 16431715
6. Tragedy in the Netherlands: 16491715
It was an age of strict manners and loose morals. (p.27)
Like the others, he came from the middle class; the
aristocracy is too interested in the art of life to spare time for
the life of art. (p.144)
1. England: 16491714
1. Cromwell: 164960
2. Milton: 160874
3. The Restoration: 166085
4. The Glorious Revolution: 16851714
5. From Dryden to Swift: 16601714
2. The Periphery: 16481715
1. The Struggle for the Baltic: 16481721
2. Peter the Great: 16981725
3. The Changing Empire: 16481715
4. The Fallow South: 16481715
5. The Jewish Enclaves: 15641715
3. The Intellectual Adventure: 16481715
1. From Superstition to Scholarship: 16481715
2. The Scientific Quest: 16481715
3. Isaac Newton: 16421727
4. English Philosophy: 16481715
5. Faith and Reason in France: 16481715
6. Spinoza: 163277
7. Leibniz: 16461716
4. France Against Europe: 16831715
1. The Sun Sets

Louis XIV King of France, by Hyacinthe Rigaud, 1701

The Story of Civilization

IX. The Age of Voltaire (1965)

This volume covers the period of the Age of Enlightenment, as
exemplified by Voltaire, focusing on the period between 1715 and
1756 in France, Britain, and Germany.
1. France: The Regency
2. England: 171456
1. The People
2. The Rulers
3. Religion and Philosophy
4. Literature and the Stage
5. Art and Music
3. France: 172356
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The People and the State

Morals and Manners
The Worship of Beauty
Voltaire, portrait after Nicolas de Largillierre
The Play of the Mind
Voltaire in France
Women, when on display, dressed as in our wondering youth, when the female structure was a breathless
mystery costly to behold. (p.75)

4. Middle Europe: 171356

1. The Germany of Bach
2. Frederick the Great and Maria Theresa
3. Switzerland and Voltaire
5. The Advancement of Learning: 171589
1. The Scholars
2. The Scientific Advance
3. Medicine
6. The Attack Upon Christianity: 173074
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

The Atheists
Diderot and the Encyclopedie
Diderot Proteus
The Spreading Campaign
Voltaire and Christianity
The Triumph of the Philosophes

11

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12

X. Rousseau and Revolution (1967)

This volume centers on Jean-Jacques Rousseau and his times. It
received the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction in 1968.[1]
1. Prelude
1. Rousseau Wanderer: 171256
2. The Seven Years' War: 175663
2. France Before the Deluge: 175774
1. The Life of the State
2. The Art of Life
3. Voltaire Patriarch: 175878
4. Rousseau Romantic: 175662
5. Rousseau Philosopher
6. Rousseau Outcast: 176267
3. The Catholic South: 171589
1. Italia Felix: 171559
2. Portugal and Pombal: 170682
3. Spain and the Enlightenment: 170088

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

4. Vale, Italia: 176089

5. The Enlightenment in Austria: 175690
6. Music Reformed
7. Mozart
Lovers under a window plucked at a guitar or mandolin and a maidens heart. (p.220)
4. Islam and the Slavic East: 171596
1. Islam: 171596
2. Russian Interlude: 172562
3. Catherine the Great: 176296
4. The Rape of Poland: 171595
5. The Protestant North: 175689
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Frederick's Germany: 175686

Kant: 17241804
Roads to Weimar: 173387
Weimar in Flower: 17751805
Goethe Nestor: 180532
The Jews: 171589
From Geneva to Stockholm
He concluded that history is an excellent teacher with few pupils. (p.529)
6. Johnson's England: 175689
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The Industrial Revolution

The Political Drama: 175692
The English People: 175689
The Age of Reynolds: 175690
England's Neighbors: 175689

6. The Literary Scene: 175689

7. Samuel Johnson: 170984
7. The Collapse of Feudal France: 177489

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13

1. The Final Glory: 177483

2. Death and the Philosophers: 17741807
3. On the Eve: 177489
4. The Anatomy of Revolution: 177489
5. The Political Debacle: 178389
8. Envoi

XI. The Age of Napoleon (1975)

This volume centers on Napoleon I of France and his times.
1. The French Revolution: 178999
1. The Background of Revolution: 177489
2. The National Assembly: May 4, 1789 September 30, 1791
3. The Legislative Assembly: October 1, 1791 September
20, 1792
4. The Convention: September 21, 1792 October 26, 1795
5. The Directory: November 2, 1795 November 9, 1799
6. Life Under the Revolution: 178999
2. Napoleon Ascendant: 17991811
1. The Consulate: November 11, 1799 May 18, 1804
2. The New Empire: 180407
3. The Mortal Realm: 180711
4. Napoleon Himself
5. Napoleonic France: 18001815
6. Napoleon and the Arts
7. Literature versus Napoleon
8. Science and Philosophy under Napoleon
"It was a typical Napoleonic campaign: swift, victorious, and
futile." (p.228)
3. Britain: 17891812
1. England at Work
2. English Life
3. The Arts in England
4. Science in England
5. English Philosophy
6. Literature in Transition
7. The Lake Poets: 17701850
8. The Rebel Poets: 17881824
9. England's Neighbors: 17891815
10. Pitt, Nelson, and Napoleon: 17891812
4. The Challenged Kings: 17891812
1. Iberia
2. Italy and Its Conquerors: 17891813
3. Austria: 17801812
4. Beethoven: 17701827
5. Germany and Napoleon: 17861811

Napoleon in His Study by Jacques-Louis David (1812)

The Story of Civilization

6. The German People: 17891812
7. German Literature: 17891815
8. German Philosophy: 17891815
9. Around the Heartland: 17891812
10. Russia: 17961812
" ... she entered upon a series of adventures, in one of which she was surprised with motherhood." (p.633)
5. Finale: 18111815
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

To Moscow: 181112
To Elba: 181314
To Waterloo: 181415
To St. Helena
To the End
Afterward: 181540

Criticism
The Story of Civilization has been criticized by some for simplifications, rash judgments colored by personal
convictions, and story-telling, and described as a careless dabbling in historical scholarship.
The counter to such criticism is that Durants purpose in writing the series was not to create a definitive scholarly
production but to make a large amount of information accessible and comprehensible to the educated public in the
form of a comprehensive "composite history." Given the massive undertaking in creating these 11 volumes over 50
years, errors and incompleteness have occurred; yet for an attempt as large in breadth of time and scope as this, there
are no similar works to compare.
As Durant says in the preface to his first work, Our Oriental Heritage:
I wish to tell as much as I can, in as little space as I can, of the contributions that genius and labor have made
to the cultural heritage of mankind to chronicle and contemplate, in their causes, character and effects, the
advances of invention, the varieties of economic organization, the experiments in government, the aspirations
of religion, the mutations of morals and manners, the masterpieces of literature, the development of science,
the wisdom of philosophy, and the achievements of art. I do not need to be told how absurd this enterprise is,
nor how immodest is its very conception Nevertheless I have dreamed that despite the many errors
inevitable in this undertaking, it may be of some use to those upon whom the passion for philosophy has laid
the compulsion to try to see things whole, to pursue perspective, unity and time, as well as to seek them
through science in space. Like philosophy, such a venture [as the creation of these 11 volumes] has no
rational excuse, and is at best but a brave stupidity; but let us hope that, like philosophy, it will always lure
some rash spirits into its fatal depths.
Will Durant,Our Oriental Heritage, preface

References
[1] "Pulitzer Prize Winners: General Non-Fiction" (http:/ / www. pulitzer. org/ ) (web). pulitzer.org. . Retrieved 2008-02-29.

14

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Nigholith, Pastordavid, Pilibin, Plazak, Pol098, Quiddity, R'n'B, Rablari Dash, Robertliszt, RussBlau, Shawn in Montreal, SkeletorUK, SnowFire, StAnselm, Stefanomione, Taranet,
Thattommyhall, The Fiddly Leprechaun, Thue, Tigeroo, Timtimtimtimtim, TonyTheTiger, Wendell, Wingspeed, Wittylama, Wmahan, Wurkwurk, Zarius, Zc Abc, 54 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Image:Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.01.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.01.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 1.0 Generic
Contributors: en:User:Hajor
Image:Pericles bust.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pericles_bust.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: en:User:Adam Carr
Image:Giulio-cesare-enhanced 1-800x1450.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Giulio-cesare-enhanced_1-800x1450.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors:
Andreas Wahra
Image:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 3.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jerusalem_Dome_of_the_rock_BW_3.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors:
Berthold Werner
Image:Tizian 102.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tizian_102.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Bukk, Emijrp, Eugene a, Jastrow, Mac9,
Mattes, Neddyseagoon, Sailko, Sir Gawain, 2 anonymous edits
Image:Luther46c.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Luther46c.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Aavindraa, CTSWyneken, David Levy, Hahnchen, Ixfd64,
Joakao, Rosenzweig, Schmelzle, Shakko, Shizhao, Wst, 1 anonymous edits
Image:Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: ABF, Alefisico, Alno, Aushulz, David J
Wilson, Deadstar, G.dallorto, Gary King, Herbythyme, Kam Solusar, Liberal Freemason, Michael Bednarek, Phrood, Prez, Quadell, Ragesoss, Schaengel89, Semnoz, Shakko, Trelio, Yonatanh,
24 anonymous edits
Image:Louis XIV of France.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bjankuloski06en, Bohme, Cecil,
Daigaz, Ecummenic, Hailey C. Shannon, Itsmine, Krschner, Mattes, Paris 16, Redtigerxyz, Shakko, Tancrde, Thorvaldsson, Tony Wills, Washiucho, Wutsje, Xenophon, Zolo, 8 anonymous
edits
Image:Voltaire Largilliere.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Voltaire_Largilliere.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Wurkwurk
Image:Jean-Jacques Rousseau (painted portrait).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_(painted_portrait).jpg License: Public Domain
Contributors: Beria, Bohme, Dzordzm, Ecummenic, Goldfritha, Kilom691, Maarten van Vliet, Pointillist, Rimshot, Schaengel89, Thorvaldsson, 4 anonymous edits
Image:Jacques-Louis David 017.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jacques-Louis_David_017.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Adam Cuerden, AnRo0002,
Badzil, Blurpeace, Bohme, DIREKTOR, Ecummenic, Emijrp, Gryffindor, Jimmy44, Kirtap, Olivier2, Picture Master, Shakko, Sir Gawain, Spellcast, Thomas Gun, Urban, Vissarion, Xenophon,
4 anonymous edits

License
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