Predisposing factors:

Precipitating factors:
1. Exposure to chemical
and bacterial agents
2. Hospitalizations because
of Malaria

Virulent Microorganism
Streptococcus Pneumoniae

Microorganism enters the nose (nasal passages)

1. 50 year old and

above
2. Filipino
3. History of smoking,
and drinking alcohol
4. Nature of work
5. Genetics ( For
Hypertension)

Passes through the Larynx, Pharynx, Trachea

Kidneys release Renin

Precipitating factors:
1. Pre-existing Kidney
problem

Renin helps Angiotensin to Angiotensin I in the liver

Angiotensin I is converted to Angiotensin II (potent vasoconstrictor) in

Lungs
Angiotensin II causes arteriolar constriction and Aldosterone secretion
in kidneys

Microorganisms enters and affects both the airway and lung parenchyma
Aldosterone Causes Sodium and water to be retained in the system
Airway damage
Infiltration of BronchiLung invasion

Retained Sodium and water causes increased blood volume

Infectious organism lodges

Flattening of epithelial cells
Stimulation in bronchioles

Necrosis of bronchial tissues

Narrowing of Air passages

Alveolar Collapse

increased blood volume causes arteriolar constriction which increase

peripheral vascular resistance

Macrophages and Leukocytes

released

increase blood volume and vascular resistance

Difficulty in breathing
Increase pyrogen in the body

LEGEND:

Mucus and phlegm production

Precipitating and
predisposing Factors

Hypertension

Main signs and symptoms

Diagnostic tests

Fever

Coughing(productive and non-productive)

Treatment
Disease process

Associated in Left ventricular hypertrophy,

Diagnostics:
Impaired ventricular
filling, examination
Left Atrial Enlargement,
1. Physical
2. X-ray

Blood pressure
taking
And slowing of atrial conduction velocity,

3. Arterial Blood Gas

4. Complete Blood Count
5. Computed Tomography

AntiHypertensive
medications

Change in Cardiac Structure

Treatments:
1. Antibiotic therapy
2. Oxygen support
3. Nebulization as needed
4. Corticosteroids therapy
5. Suctioning (severe case)

1.Pulse test
2. Heart rate
monitor
3. ECG

Atrial Fibrillation

AntiHypertensive
Anticoagulant

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is pneumonia (any of several lung diseases)

acquired infectiously from normal social contact (that is, in the community) as opposed to being
acquired during hospitalization (hospital-acquired pneumonia). In community-acquired
pneumonia, individuals who have not recently been hospitalized develop an infection of
the lungs(pneumonia). CAP is a common illness and can affect people of all ages. CAP often
causes problems such as difficulty in breathing, fever, chest pains, and a cough. CAP occurs
because the areas of the lung that absorb oxygen (alveoli) from the atmosphere become filled
with fluid and cannot work effectively.
Signs and Symptoms of Community Acquired Pneumonia

Shortness of breath (dyspnea)

Coughing that produces greenish or yellow sputum

A high fever that may be accompanied with sweating, chills, and uncontrollable shaking

Sharp or stabbing chest pain

Rapid, shallow breathing that is often painful

Less common symptoms include:

Coughing up blood (hemoptysis)

Headaches (including migraines)

Loss of appetite

Excessive fatigue

Blueness of the skin (cyanosis)

Nausea

Vomiting

Diarrhea

Joint pain (arthralgia)

Muscle aches (myalgia)

Rapid Heartbeat

Dizziness or Lightheadedness

Individuals with symptoms of CAP require further evaluation. Physical examination by a health
provider may reveal fever, an increased respiratory rate (tachypnea), low blood
pressure (hypotension), a fast heart rate (tachycardia), and/or changes in the amount of oxygen
in the blood. Feeling the way the chest expands (palpation) and tapping the chest wall
(percussion) to identify dull areas that do not resonate can identify lung areas that are stiff and
full of fluid (consolidated).
Listening to the lungs with a stethoscope (auscultation) can reveal several things. A lack of
normal breath sounds or the presence of crackling sounds (rales) can indicate consolidation.
Chest X-rays of the chest, examination of the blood and sputum for infectiousmicroorganisms,
and blood tests are commonly used to diagnose individuals with suspected CAP based upon
symptoms and physical examination. The use of each test depends on the severity of illness,
local practices, and the concern for anycomplications resulting from the infection. Analysis
of arterial blood gas may be required to accurately determine the amount of oxygen in the
blood. Complete blood count (CBC), a blood test, may reveal extra white blood cells, indicating
an infection.Chest computed tomography (CT) can reveal areas of opacity (seen as white),
which represent consolidation; chest CT can reveal a CAP not present on chest x-ray. X-rays can

often mislead, as many other diseases can mimic CAPsuch as heart problems or other types
of lung damage.
Antibiotic Therapy as ordered is the main treatment for Community Acquired
Pneumonia, Oxygen support is also considered to alleviate the patients difficulty in breathing.
Nebulization, Corticosteroid, Mucolytic therapy is given as ordered to promote expectoration of
cough and alleviate the dyspnea of the patient. In severe cases especially patients who are
connected to the mechanical ventilator for respiration suctioning is needed to lessen the
secretions present.

Hypertension (high blood pressure) is a disease of vascular regulation resulting from

malfunction of arterial pressure control mechanisms (central nervous system, renninangiotensinaldosterone system, extracellular fluid volume.) the cause is unknown, and there is
no cure. The basic explanation is that blood pressure is elevated when there is increased
cardiac output plus increased peripheral vascular resistance.
The two major types of hypertension are primary (essential) hypertension, in which diastrolic
pressure is 90 mm Hg or higher and systolic pressure is 140 mm Hg or higher in absence of
other causes of hypertension (approximately 95 % of patients); and Secondary
hypertension, which results primarily from renal disease, endocrine disorders, and coarctation
of the aorta. Either of these conditions may give rise to accelerated hypertension a medical
emergency in which blood pressure elevates very rapidly to threaten one or more of the
target organs: the brain, kidney, or the heart.
Hypertension is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases for which treatment is available;
however, most patients with hypertension are unaware, untreated, or inadequately treated.
Risk factors for hypertension are age between 30 and 70; black; overweight; sleep apnea; family
history; cigarette smoking; sedentary lifestyle; and diabetes mellitus. Because hypertension
presents no over symptoms, it is termed the silent killer. The untreated disease may progress
to retinopathy, renal failure, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and stroke.Atrial fibrillation
and hypertension are 2 prevalent, and often coexistent, their incidence increases with
advancing age, and they are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality. Although the
relation between the 2 conditions has long been known, the treatment of hypertension is not
currently a focus in the clinical management of atrial fibrillation. Hypertension is associated
with left ventricular hypertrophy, impaired ventricular filling, left atrial enlargement, and
slowing of atrial conduction velocity. These changes in cardiac structure and physiology favor
the development of atrial fibrillation, and they increase the risk of thromboembolic
complications. Conventional therapy of atrial fibrillation has focused on interventions to control
heart rate and rhythm and the prevention of stroke through the use of anticoagulant
medications. In patients with atrial fibrillation, aggressive treatment of hypertension may
reverse the structural changes in the heart, reduce thromboembolic complications, and retard
or prevent the occurrence of atrial fibrillation. Specific pharmacotherapy could potentially play
a major role in the primary and secondary prevention of atrial fibrillation and its complications.