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2014-2015
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Table of Contents
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UNIT 1
Greetings and Introductions
(Usual Expressions, Roles Play)
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Almost all conversations start with a greeting. There are several expressions that are commonly used as
greeting, some formal and some informal. Which to use, of course depends on the situation.
Introductions
When you meet and greet someone for the first time, introductions are needed. There are a
number of standard expressions that can be used for introductions. Take a look at some of them.
1. Introducing Yourself
Expressions
Hello, Im ( ... Ms. Jaines).
Responses
Hello, Ms. Jaines, Im Susan
Appleton.
Responses
2. Introducing others
On occasion, you may find yourself in a situation where you have to introduce one person to another.
Look at these possible expressions that are used for this.
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Responses
Peter: Hello Miss Cranston,
nice to meet you.
3. Farewells
Just as there are several standard expressions for greetings, there are also expressions of farewell. The
farewell itself is generally very short- one or two words. However, many times people add something to
the expressions, depending on what they want to happen in the future or the situation.
Goodbye
Expressions
Responses
Bye/Bye bye/ Bye now/
So long
Good day
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Responses
See you/Be seeing you/
Call me
Responses
IF GOOD
Great/Fine/Wellthanks
Hows it going?
Couldnt be better.
Fantastic/wonderful..thanks
Pretty good thank you
IF SO-SO
Could be worse.
I cant complain.
Not bad
IF BAD
Lousy.
Hows everything?
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Conversation Activities
1. Pair work- Role Play
The situation: Meeting new people
Working with a partner, role play the situation, using the information below
The roles: See items below
1. One partner is a new student at a university meeting his/her major professor for the first
time.
2. One partner has recently moved to a new neighborhood and is meeting their next door
neighbor for the first
3. One partner is a new employee at a company meeting a coworker for the first time.
4. Both partners are strangers at a mutual friends party meeting for the first time.
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2. Pair work
Interview someone in the class you do not know well. After the interview is over, the interviewer
could give a short introduction of the person to the whole class or to small groups of 4 to 6 people.
Questions you may want to ask during the interview include:
- name
- where they are from
- number of people in their family
- his or her goal in life
- what their family members do
- favorite kinds of music (or food,
movies, etc)
- age
- job or major
- hobbies
- religion
- marital status
- why they want to learn English
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UNIT 2
(Conjugation Point: Simple Tenses: Present Past Future)
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I.
UNDERSTANDING GRAMMAR
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Verb
Infinitive
Infinitive s/es
Examples
I love you
She learns her lessons
Verb
Do + not + infinitive
Does + not + infinitive
Examples
I dont believe you
It doesnt work
Subject
I, You, We, They
He, She, It
Verb
Infinitive
Examples
Do they need the book?
Does she know who am I?
Rule
Most verbs
Add s
Ends in a consonant + y
Change y to ies
Add es
Do and go
Add es
have
has
Examples
The office opens at 8 oclock
The class starts at 9 a.m
The baby cries very loudly
The bird flies in the sky
Mr. Diawara teaches English at Language
Centre
She wishes to have a new car
My sister goes to school everyday
Rina does all her homework
She has dinner at 8 p.m
She has brother and sister
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Verb
Past Tense
Examples
I saw the car of my brother
Verb
Did + not + infinitive
Examples
We did not call him
Subject
I, You, We, They
He, She, It
Verb
Infinitive
Examples
Did you see my cat?
Rule
Examples
- She lived in Jember
Add d
Double the
consonant
final
Change y to ied
2. Irregular Verbs
have no regular pattern
Many common verbs have an irregular past form:
e.g:
go
went
have
had
meet
met
get
got
feel
felt
eat
ate
C. Simple Future Tense
To demonstrate future actions.
Functions:
1. A future actions
- He will post the letter
- I shall go to Malang tomorrow
2. A future appointment
- He will meet you by ten
- She will help you with your homework tomorrow
3. To show a signal
- Rani will give you a good dictionary if you go with him
Time Signals (Adverb of Frequency)
Tomorrow
: besok
Tonight
: malam ini
1. The time signals in present continuous can also be used in future tense
e.g: next month
: bulan depan
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Verb
Will / shall + infinitive
Will + infinitive
Verb
Will / shall +not + infinitive
Will +not(wont)+ infinitive
I, we
You, They, He, She, It
Verb
Infinitive
Future intentions
besides the formula above future tenses can use to be + going + to + infinitive
We use to be + going + to + infinitive when we are talking about our plans or intentions
- We are going to study English next summer.
- Alice is not going to have a party this year.
(+)
(-)
(?)
Im
Im not
Am I
Going to
Infinitive
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EXERCISES
A. Make these following sentences into the past, present and future tenses
*Pay attention to the time signals that may change according to the tenses.
1. Architects (make) the plans of building. Present
(+) .
(-) .
(?) .
Architects (make) the plans of building. Past
(+) .
(-) .
(?) .
Architects (make) the plans of building. Future
(+) .
(-) .
(?) .
2.
3.
4.
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6.
7.
8.
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C. There is a line under each word or group of words in the statements below. The words are not
in the right order. Arrange them correctly. Then put the sentences into the Present and Future
Tenses
1. The film I enjoyed yesterday
2.
3.
4.
5.
D. The verbs in brackets tell us what happen. Give the correct form of each verb and each time
signal:
What happened?
My friend, Roy, (die) last year. He (leave) me his record player and his collection of records. Roy
(spend) a lot of money on records. He (buy) one or two new records every week. He never (go) to the
cinema or to the theatre. He (stay) at home every evening and (listen) to music. He often (lend)
records to his friends. Sometimes they (keep) them. He (lose) many records in this way.
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E. WRITING
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UNIT 3
(Grammar Point: The plural form)
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A. UNDERSTANDING GRAMMAR
Generally, we form the plural in English by adding S to the singular form of the noun,
Example : a car.> many cars ; a book.> many books
2.
3.
For some nouns ending by O, we form their plural form by adding ES,
Example : a hero.> many heroes ; a tomato.> many tomatoes
A potato.> many potatoes ; a volcano.> many volcanoes ; a mango.> many
mangoes, a buffalo.> many buffaloes
* Except :
For the nouns ending by OO, IO, OE, YO, we just add S for their plural form,
Example : a bamboo.> some bamboos ; a radio.> many radios ; a piano.> many pianos
4.
For some nouns ending in singular form by F or FE, we form their plural form by replacing F by V
and adding ES (VES),
Example : a knife.> many knives ; a leaf.> many leaves ; a life.> many lives ;
A wolf.> many wolves ; a loaf.> many loaves ; a half.> many halves ;
5.
For some nouns ending by X, S, Z, SH. CH, WE add ES for their plural form,
Example : a bus.> some buses ; a beach.> some beaches ; a quiz.> many quizzes
6.
7.
Some nouns will have the same writing in singular and plural form,
* Example1: a swine.> many swine; a deer.>many deer; a sheep.> many sheep
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8.
9.
These following nouns are grammatically used as plural, despite their singular form,
Example : Government ; staff ; family ; team ; committee ; company ; firm ; police etc.
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EXERCISES
A. Give the plural form of these following words
1_A gift : => ..... ; 2_A party : => .. ; 3_A dwarf : =>
.... ;
4_A person : => ... ; 5_A wife : => ... ; 6_A hobby : =>
... ; 7_A course : => ..... ;8_A child : => .... ; 9_A rush : =>
........... ;
10_A supply : => .. ; 11_A leaf : => ... ; 12_A mango : =>
... ; 13_A church : => ...... ; 14_A quiz : => ...... ; 15_A life :
=> ... ;
16_A beach: => ...; 17_A buffalo : => ... ; 18_A
deer: =>
.. ; 19_A furniture : => ... ; 20_A city : => ... ; 21_A chief : =>
...... ;
22_A crush : => .. ; 23_A tooth : => .. ; 24_A cry : => .. ;
25_An elf : => .... ; 26_A roof : => .... ; 27_A proof : =>
.. ;
28_A tornado : => .... ; 29_An aircraft : => ... ; 30_A kiss : =>
...... ;
31_A mosquito : => .. ; 32_A Javanese : => ..... ; 33_A house : =>
...... ;
34_A dress : => ... ; 35_A witch : => .. ; 36_A buzz : =>
....... ;
37_A cliff : => ... ; 38_A fruit : => ... ; 39_A bus : =>
....... ;
B. Give the plural form of these following words/verbs
Choose the correct form (singular or plural)of the verb/nouns.
1_ everybody in the class tired. (Is/are)
2 _20 kilometers pretty far for me. (is/are)
3_I get used to long distance relationship, two years without meeting my husband bearable
for me. (is/are)
4_ Many like doing exercises. (Persons/ people)
5_ every (student/students) (has/have) to prepare the examination.
6 _The news on TV! I want to watch (them/it)
7 _Reading newspapers (is/are) (a/some) good means of information.
8 _65 kg a perfect weight for a model. (is/are)
9 _Islam KTP (is/are) a nice TV series.
10_ This year, the firm Coca Cola (has/have) made lot of benedicts
11_ Every (people/person) (have/has) to earn honestly.
12 _In many countries, 3 years (are/is) enough to get your Bachelor degree
C. Give the plural form of these following words
Choose the correct form (singular or plural) of the nouns.
1_There were two young (lady) working in the garden
2_I see two (dish) on the table
3_these two (child) are watching TV
4_Could you give me some (information) about your project
5_These (box) hurt me by falling down
6_My (trousers) are dirty
7_I can see many dead (leaf)
8_Your (luggage) are too heavy
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UNIT 4
(Grammar Point: Gender /Masculine-feminine/Common
gender/Neuter Gender)
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A. UNDERSTANDING GRAMMAR:
Adding ESS and deleting the final consonant of the word in masculine form :
Example : actor.> actress ; hunter.> huntress ; tiger.> tigress ;
2. Common Gender :
Some words in English can be masculine or feminine, that why we said they have Common Gender
Example : baby ; cat ; child ; cousin ; parent ; person ; sheep ; spouse ; student etc ;
3. Neuter Gender :
Thats all nouns meaning abstraction , things etc
Example : wine ; milk ; bread ; happiness ; politeness ; beauty ; silver ; satisfaction ;
committee etc ;
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EXERCISES
i.
Give the masculine and feminine form of these words in common gender
1_A goat
2_A singer
3_A cat
4_A cousin
5_A monarch
6_A baby
7_A spouse
8_A servant
9_A swine (pig)
10_A horse (stallion)
11_A sibling
12_A parent
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UNIT 5
(Grammar point: Interrogative, relative conjunctive
pronouns)
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A. UNDERSTANDING GRAMMAR
2.
Sometimes we can switch these expressions For whom/With whom by For who/With
who
Example :
For whom does she make the dress ? Who does she make the dress for ?
With whom do you go to school ? Who do you go to school with ?
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
how
Examples
How much is that clothes?
How many siblings do you have?
How often do you go to your hometown?
How long does it take to go to Surabaya?
How far is the petrol station?
How old are you?
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*Pay attention
Most of the time, the interrogative pronouns will be linked to the preposition following the verbs
Interrogative pronouns
who
with
to
at
about
Examples
Who do work with ?
Who are you talking about ?
Who are you looking at ?
Who are you talking about ?
Interrogative pronouns
. for
like
at
about
what
Examples
What did you buy it for ?
What is the film like ?
What are you looking at ?
What are you talking about ?
Interrogative pronouns
where
which
from
in
Examples
Where dare you from ?
Which country do you live in ?
2.
Sometimes we can switch these expressions For whom/With whom by For who/With
who
Example :
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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*Pay attention1
In spoken English, relative or conjunctive pronouns often are deleted:
Example : He has something (that) I want ; This is the book (which)I bought yesterday; He is the
painter (whom) hI admire;
*Pay attention2
Which and What are not used after :
All; some; any; something; everything; anything; nothing; much; and little
It is often used That
Example : He has something (that) I want ; All (that) I need is some rest;
EXERCISES
B. Interrogative sentences:
i.
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8_How abroad you? Do often go
9_this buy for you dress? you whom did
10_a me help write who letter? can to
C. Relative (conjunctive) pronouns: Fill the blanks with the correct relative pronouns
i.
1_who
2_whom
3_which
4_what
5_Whose
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UNIT 6
(Grammar point: The use of many, much, a lot of (lots
of), few, a few, little, a little (a bit)
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A. GRAMMAR UNDERSTANDING
The use of many, much, a lot of (lots of), few, a few, little, a little
1.
2.
3.
Its better to use: Many and Much: (for countable and uncountable nouns),
Example: we didnt spend much money; how much water is there in the class? There arent
many people in the street? Etc.
o
Its better to use: A lot of: (for countable and uncountable nouns),
Example: I need a lot of time to finish this work;
4.
5.
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6.
EXCERCISES
a.
b.
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c.
1. There's . rain .
2. Have you got .. friends ?
3. Stop it ! It's too .. for me !
4. I hope to have .. presents for Christmas because I was nice this year !
5. No ! I don't dive into this water, it's too .. cold !
6. Oh my bedroom is messy I have so .. things !
7. How .. does it cost ?
8. How .. money do you have ?
9. How .. oranges did you buy?
10. How .. orange juice did you buy ?
11. How .. books did he write ?
12. How .. people will be at your wedding ?
13. There's so .. love in your eyes !
14. There's too .. noise in this room ! Hush ! The baby sleeps !
15. They have visited .. countries !
d.
1_few
2_a few
3_little
4_a little
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5_many
6_much
e. Make two sentences using a good (great) deal of/a large quantity of/plenty of/a good (great)
many/a great number of
1_a good (or great) deal of
2_a large quantity of
3_plenty of
4_a good (great) many
5_a great number of
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UNIT 7
(Grammar point: Relationship between verbs-nounsadjectives-and-adverbs)
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I.
GRAMMAR UNDERSTANDING
ful (Adjective)
Artful
Fearful
Useful
Beautiful
Skillful
-
less (Adjective)
Artless
Fearless
Useless
Childless
Countless
Defenseless
Appropriateness
Aware
Awareness
Clever
Cleverness
Conscious
Consciousness
Dark
Darkness
Able
Ability
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Accessibility
Probable
Probability
Productive
Productivity
Responsible
Responsibility
tion/sion (noun)
Abort
Abortion
Accelerate
Acceleration
Accommodate
Accommodation
Form
Formation
Imitate
Imitation
VERB + Er = NOUN
Verb
Er (noun)
Analyze
Analyser
Announce
Announcer
Rob
Robber
Rule
Ruler
Train
Trainer
VERB + Or = NOUN
Verb
Or (noun)
Prosecute
Prosecutor
Generate
Generator
Motivate
Motivator
Contract
Contractor
Contribute
Contributor
Ment (noun)
Announcement
Development
Management
Excitement
Attachement
tion/sion (noun)
Accept
Acceptable
Collect
Collectible
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Communicable
Rely
Reliable
Value
Valuable
Washer
Washable
Ive/active (adjective)
Act
Active
Administrate
Administrative
Explode
Explosive
Provoke
Provocative
Alternate
Alternative
Talk
Talkative
VERB + Ly = ADVERB
Adjective
Ly (adverb)
Abrupt
Abruptly
Hopeful
Hopefully
Important
Importantly
Interesting
Interestingly
Proud
Proudly
EXCERCISES
a.
Adjective
Adverb
Adjective
Angrily
Brave
Drunken
Loud
desperately
..
excitedly
Quick
Romantic
Soft
Adverb
Nervously
.
quietly
slowly
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Adjective
Dream
Conserve
Harm
Frighten
rainy
..
excitedly
Verb
.
Divide
Hate
Understand
Adjective
Injured
.
explicable
slow
Recess
Fail
Noun
Promotion
..
schedule
Verb
.
Divide
Succeed
Understand
Noun
Leader
.
Lecturer
Parliament
2. Fearless
3. Fearful
4. Use (verb)
5. Useful
6. Useless
7. Usefully
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8. Usefulness
9. Child
10. Childhood
..
10. Adult
11. Adulthood
12. Friend
13. Friendship
..
14. Clever
..
15. Cleverness
16. Analyze
17. Analyzer
18. Analysis
..
19. Communicate
..
20. Communication
21. Communicable
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24. Interesting
25. Interestingly
..
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UNIT 8
(Grammar point: The degrees of comparison)
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I.
GRAMMAR UNDERSTANDING
I.1
In English, we have 3 degrees of comparison: The positive degree, the Comparative and the Superlative
degree
1.
2.
3.
For adjectives with 1 or 2 syllables, we add R or ER (for the comparative) and EST (for
the superlative)
Example: Rich > Richer > Richest; Thick > Thicker > Thickest; etc.
For an adjective with 1 or 2 syllables ending by a consonant preceded by a vowel, we
double the consonant and we add ER (for the comparative) and EST (for the
superlative)
Example: Big > Bigger > Biggest; Wet > Wetter > Wettest; etc.
For an adjective ending by E, we only add R (for the comparative) and ST (for the
superlative)
Example: Nice > Nicer > Nicest; Fine > Finer > Finest; etc.
4.
5.
For an adjective ending by Y (preceded by a vowel), we keep the final vowel Y and we
add ER (for the comparative) and EST (for the superlative)
Example: Grey > Greyer > Greyest; Coy > Coyer > Coyest; etc.
6.
For an adjective with 1 or 2 syllables ending by SOME, OW, LE, ER, we add R (for
the comparative) and ST (for the superlative)
Example: Wholesome > Wholesomer > Wholesomest; Narrow > Narrower > Narrowest;
Noble > Nobler > Noblest; etc.
7.
For an adjective with 1 or 2 syllables (with a high pronunciation for the first syllable), we
add MORE (for the comparative) and MOST (for the superlative)
Example: Famous > More Famous > Most Famous; Useful > More Useful > Most Useful;
etc.
8.
Comparative forms
Superlative forms
Bad
Worst
Worst
Better
Best
More
Most
Less
Least
Nearer
-------Older
Elder
-------Later
Latter
Nearest
-------Oldest
Eldest
-------Latest
Last
Good
Much
Little
Near*
Old*
Late*
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Remark1: Elder and eldest are used for people and mostly for people in a same
family, while Older and Oldest are more common, general, and are used to express age etc.
Example: Mary is my eldest; He is my elder brother; John is older than me; that is the oldest
hotel in this city etc.
Remark2:
-Later means the last (about time)
Example: She came to school later than I; I will take the later plan;
-Latter expresses the second (last) thing that we already mentionned
Example: Alexandria and Cairo are large cities, the latter has a population of over a million;
-The opposite of Latter is Former
Example: Alexandria and Cairo are large cities, the former is a seaport in north Egypt;
-Latest means the last until now while Last means the last one (end)
Example: Did you read Mr. Greens latest book? Did you read Mr. Greens last book?
9.
Adverbs
Fore
Far
Comparative forms
Further (Ex: further
information)
Superlative forms
Furthest
Farthest
In
Innermost/Inmost
Out
Uttermost/Utmost
Up
Uppermost
10. These following adjectives have no comparative or superlative forms: Perfect, Supreme,
Right, Wrong, Unique, Natural
Example: My work is more perfect than his > False
I.2
Positive degree
As + Positive + As >This girl is as clever as that
No less + positive + than > This girl is no less clever than that
Not more + positive + than > This girl is not more clever than that
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2.
Comparative degree
Comparative + Than >This boy is more clever than that
>Lisa is taller than her sister
3.
Superlative degree
The + Superlative + Of >She is the tallest of all the girls
The + Superlative + Noun + in > Jakarta is the largest city in
Indonesia
I.3
Latin comparatives
Those adjectives are coming from Latin language: superior to (greater/better than), inferior to
(less/lower than), and anterior to (earlier than), prior to (earlier than), posterior to (later than),
senior to (older than), junior to (younger than) etc.
To form the Latin comparative, than will be replaced by to;
Example: My strength is superior to his;
Example: His strength is inferior to mine
Example: This event is anterior to that;
Example: This event is prior to that;
Example: This event is posterior to that;
Example: This woman is senior to that one;
Example: This boy is junior to that one;
Some other adjectives from Latin language can be used in a positive degree without using
to: interior, exterior, ulterior, major, minor etc.
Example: He is an interior decorator; He had an ulterior purpose in doing this; there are a lot of
major industries in Indonesia; that fact has a minor importance; He underwent a minor surgery;
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Exercises
a. Complete theses sentences with the right comparative/superlative form
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Great >..
6.
Fast >
2.
Expensive >
7.
Dangerous >.
3.
Fabulous >..
8.
Talkative >
4.
Large >..
9.
Stupid >..
5.
Short >..
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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7.
Healthy >.
6.
Funny >
2.
Simple >..
7.
Modern >
3.
Chilly >
8.
Bored >
4.
Wise >..
9.
Jealous >.
5.
Heavy >..
Superior to
2.
Inferior to
3.
Minor
4.
Major
5.
Junior to
6.
Senior to
7.
Later
8.
Latest
9.
Last
10. Latter
..
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UNIT 9
(Grammar point: Active and Passive voices)
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GRAMMAR UNDERSTANDING
I.1
In most English sentences with an action verb, the subject performs the action denoted by the verb.
These examples show that the subject is doing the verb's action.
Example: The man must have eaten five hamburgers > The man (subject) is doing the eating
(verb)
Example: Marylin mailed the letter > The Marylin (subject) is doing the mailing (verb)
Example: Colorfull Parrots live in the forest > The Parrots (subject) is doing the living (verb)
Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the sentences are said to be in the
active voice.
Passive Voice
One can change the normal word order of many active sentences (those with a direct object) so that the
subject is no longer active, but is, instead, being acted upon by the verb - or passive.
Note in these examples how the subject-verb relationship has changed.
Example: Five hamburgers must have been eaten by the man > Hamburgers (subject) are being
eaten (verb)
Example: The letter was mailed by Marylin > Letter (subject) is being mailed (verb)
Example: Colorfull Parrots live in the forest > The Parrots (subject) is doing the living (verb)
NOTE: Colorful parrots live in the rainforests cannot be changed to passive voice because the sentence
does not have a direct object.
To be + Past Participle (V3)
Active Voice
Passive Voice
Simple Present
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6) Who does John bite?
Simple Continuous
1) John is biting Mary
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Present Perfect
1) John has bitten Mary
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Simple Past
1) John bit Mary
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Past Continuous
1) John was biting Mary
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Past Perfect
1) John had bitten Mary
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Future
1) John will bite Mary
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Exercises
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12_We were expected to build the road
13_ We will be expected to build the road
14_We are expected to build the road
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