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Name of Unit
Symbol
Definition
Basic S1 Units
Length
Mass
Time
Temperature
Amount
substance
meter
kilogram
second
kelvin
of mole
m
kg
s
K
mol
Derived S1 Units
Energy
Force
joule
newton
J
N
Power
watt
Density
Velocity
Acceleration
Pressure
Mass Balance
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kg m2 s-2
kg m s-2 J
m-1
kg m2 s-3
J s-1
kg m-3
m s-1
m s-2
N m-2, Pa
Heat capacity
Time
Temperature
Volume
Mass
meter, pascal
joule
(kilogram.kelvin)
Alternative Units
minute, hour, day, min, h,
year
d, y
O
degree Celcius
C
liter (dm3)
L
ton (Mg), gram
t, g
J kg-1 K-1
per
Derived Units
British thermal unit, foot
pound (force)
horsepower
pound (mass) per cubic feet
feet per second
feet per second squared
pound (force) per square
inch, pascal
Btu per pound (mass) per
degree F
Symbol
ft
lbm
lbf
s, hr
OR
Btu, (ft)(lbf)
hp
lbm/ft3
ft/s
ft/s2
lbf/in.2
Btu/(lbm)(OF)
MOLE UNIT
Mole: certain numbers of molecules, atoms, electrons, or other spesified types of
particles.
amount of a substance that contains as many elementary entities as there are
atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon 12. (=6.02 x 1023 molecules, in SI; non standard:
poundmole = 6.02 x 1023 x 453.6 molecules; kilomole, kmol=1000 moles)
g mol =
Mass Balance
mass in g
molecular weight
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mass in lb
molecular weight
mass in g = (mol wt) (g mol)
mass in lb = (mol wt) (lb mol)
lb mol =
DENSITY
Density: ratio of mass per unit volume
Density of liquids and solids do not change significantly at ordinary conditions with
pressure, but they do change with temperature. Density varies with composition.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Specific Gravity: ratio of a substance of interest to that of a reference substance.
Dimensionless.
Reference substance for liquids and solids is normally water. While for gas
frequently is air, but may be other gases.
State the temperature at which each density is chosen.
sp gr = 0.73
20 o
4o
temp of solution
temp of reference substance
Mass Balance
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Reactor
0.412 kg drug
0.588 kg water
s.g. = 1.025
10.3 L/min
moles of A
total moles
mass (weight) of A
total mass (weight)
Mole percent and weight percent are the respective fractions times 100.
The composition of gases will be presumed to be given in mole percent or fraction
unless specifically stated otherwise.
Mass Balance
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The analysis of liquids and solids will be assumed to be weight percent or fraction
unless specifically stated otherwise.
CONCENTRATION
Concentration: the quantity of some solute per specified amount of solvent, or
solution, in a mixture of two or more components.
Can be expressed as:
1. Mass per unit volume (lbm of solute/ft3, g of solute/L, lbm of solute/bbl, kg of
solute/m3)
2. Moles per unit volume (lb mol of solute/ft3, g mol of solute/L, g mol of
solute/cm3)
3. Part per million (ppm); parts per billion (ppb) for extremely dilute solutions.
Ppm is equivalent to a weight fraction for solid and liquids; it is a mol fraction
for gases.
4. Molarity (g mol/L) and normality (equivalents/L)
Example 2. Use of ppm
The current OSHA 8 hour limit for HCN in air is 10.0 ppm. A lethal dose of
HCN in air is 300 mg/kg of air at room temperature. How many mg HCN/kg air
is the 10.0 ppm? What fraction of the lethal dose is 10.0 ppm?
Solution
Basis: 1 kg mol of the air/HCN mixture
10.0 ppm =
Mass Balance
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BASIS
The basis is the reference chosen for the calculations i any particular problems. A
proper choice of basis frequently makes the problem much easier to solve.
For selecting a suitable basis, ask yourself the following questions:
1. What do I have to start with?
2. What answer is called for?
3. What is the most convinient basis to use?
Example 3. Choosing a basis
Most processes for producing high-energy-content gas or gasoline from coal
include some type of gasification step to make hydrogen or synthesis gas.
Pressure gasification is preferred because of its greater yoeld of methane and
higher rate of gasification.
Given that a 50.0-kg test run of gas averages 10.0% H2, 40.0% CH4, 30.0%
CO, and 20.0% CO2. What is the average molecular weight of the gas?
Solution
Basis: 100 kg mol of gas
Component
CO2
CO
CH4
H2
Total
percent = kg
mol
20.0
30.0
40.0
10.0
100.0
Mol. Weight
kg
44.0
28.0
16.04
2.02
880
840
642
20
2382
2382 kg
= 23.8 kg/kg mol
100 kg mol
TEMPERATURE
Temperature scale: Celcius (oC), Kelvin (oK), Fahrenheit (oF), Rankine (oR)
T o = T o + 273
K
T o = T o + 460
T o 32 = T o 1.8
F
oC = oK
oF = oR
oC
o
= 1.8
Mass Balance
or
o C = 1.8 o F
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oK
o
= 1.8
or
o K = 1.8 o R
PRESSURE
Mass Balance
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92.89%
5.41%
1.70%
a. How many kilograms of calcium oxide can be made from 5 tons of this
limestone?
b. How many kilograms of CO2 can be recovered per kilogram of limestone?
c. How many kilograms of limestone are needed to make 1 ton of lime?
Solution:
Draw a process diagram
CO2
limestone
CaO
MgO
Insoluble
heat
lime
Lime includes all the impurities present in the limestone that remain after the
CO2 has been driven off.
Chemical reactions involved:
(1)
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
(2)
MgCO3 MgO + CO2
Additional data:
Mol.
Wt.
CaCO3
100.1
MgCO3
84.32
CaO
56.08
Mass Balance
MgO
40.32
CO2
44.0
Products
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Component
CaCO3
MgCO3
Insoluble
Total
kg =
percent
92.89
5.41
1.70
100.00
kg mol
0.9280
0.0642
Solid
Component
CaO
MgO
Insoluble
0.9920
kg
CO2
52.04
2.59
1.70
56.33
40.83
2.82
43.65
Mass Balance
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moles in excess
100
moles required to react with limiting reactant
moles in excess = total available moles moles required to react with the
limiting reactant
Excess air: the amount of air available to react that is in excess of the air
theoretically required to completely burn.
Even if only part of the limiting reactant actually reacts, the required and
excess quantities are based on the entire amount of the limiting reactant
as if it had reacted completely.
3. Conversion: the fraction of the feed or some key material in the feed that is
converted into products.
moles (mass) of feed (or a compound in the feed) that react
moles (mass) of feed (or a compound in the feed) introduced
Degree of completion: fraction of the limiting reactant converted into products.
% conversion =
Mass Balance
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Yield and Selectivity : measures the degree to which a desired reaction proceeds
relative to competing alternative (undesirable) reactions.
Example 5. Incomplete reaction
Antimony is obtained by heating pulverized stibnite (Sb2S3) with scrap iron
and drawing off the molten antimony from the bottom of reaction vessel.
4.48 g mol Fe
1.64 g mol Sb
a. Examine ratio of
Sb 2 S 3
Fe
kg
0.600
0.250
0.200
mol.wt.
339.7
55.85
121.8
87.91
g mol
1.77
4.48
1.64
Sb 2 S 3
Fe
actual/available stoichiometric
1/3 = 0.33
1.77/4.48 = 0.40
Mass Balance
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Sb2S3 required to react with limiting reactant = 4.48/3 g mol = 1.49 g mol.
b. Percentage of excess reactant:
1.77 - 1.49
100 = 18.8% excess Sb 2S 3
1.49
c. Not all of limiting reactant reacts. The amount of Fe actually does react is
computed from the amount of Sb produced:
% excess =
1.64 g mol Sb
3 g mol Fe
= 2.46 g mol Fe
2 gmol Sb
degree of completion =
2.46
= 0.55
4.48
1 g mol Sb 2S 3
= 0.82 g
2 g mol Sb
mol Sb2S3
% conversion of Sb2S3 to Sb =
0.82
100 = 46.3%
1.77
e. Yield:
kg of Sb formed
0.200 kg Sb
1 kg Sb
0.33 kg Sb
=
=
=
kg of Sb 2 S 3 introduced 0.600 kg Sb 2 S 3
3 kg Sb 2 S 3
kg Sb 2 S 3
EXERCISES:
1. Write balanced equations for the following reaction:
a. C9H18 and oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
b. FeS2 and oxygen to form Fe2O3 and sulfur dioxide
2. The electrolytic manufacture of chlorine gas from a sodium chloride solution is
carried out by the following reaction:
2NaCl + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2
How many kilograms of Cl2 can one produce from 10 m3 of a brine soluiton
containing 5% by weight of sodium chloride? The specific gravity of the solution
relative to water at 4OC is 1.07.
Mass Balance
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Mass Balance
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