Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
7-1
The optimum haunch depth is automatically calculated from the haunch length,
defined section size and frame geometry.
Default generated loading cases include Dead + Live (Ultimate), Dead + Live
(Serviceability), Live Only, Cranes Loads and Sway Stability.
Auto-restrain all members, including optimum positioning of purlins and side rails, as
well as torsional stays for appendix G checks.
Facility to change partial base fixity at design time. Option to include 10% partial
fixity in ultimate loading cases, and 20% in serviceability cases.
Member grouping to assist in defining global groups of section sizes and restraints.
An easy-to-use and more flexible method of defining purlin and side rail positions
Appendix-G automatically detects the position of purlins and side rails, as defined in
the Axial with Moment check, and allows the Engineer to add torsional restraints with
great ease
The Axial with Moment and Appendix-G checks are interactively linked as purlin and
side rail positions are modified.
7-2
7.2
3.3.2 Frame
Generation
Procedures
and Templates
7-3
7-4
7-5
7.3
Prerequisites
To enter MasterPort Design the portal frame must firstly be analysed using the Analyse
command on the MasterPort main menu. The Design menu then becomes active, and
to enter the portal frame design phase select Steel Design. Before describing the
functionality of the MasterPort design program some basic deign philosophy and plastic
behaviour is discussed.
7.3.1 Design Philosophy of Portal Frames
The design of portal frames has two distinct stages:
Stage 1: Selecting the main sections assuming adequate restraints.
Stage 2: Checking the adequacy of the restraints.
The design of portal frames are commonly based on the ultimate limit state for dead plus
live loading (1.40 dead + 1.60 live) and only check the adequacy of the resulting frame
for other loading combinations.
For three or more bays, the snap through must be checked separately.
Please note that to reduce deflection and increase the sway resistance of the frame the
following actions can be taken:
Use UBs rather than UCs as internal columns to increase the frame resistance to sway.
Use some partial fixity at the bases. This will result in some moment reactions but will
substantially reduce deflection.
Design the internal bases as fully fixed. Fixed internal columns usually absorb small
moments but the fixity will substantially reduce deflection.
Stage 1: Selecting The Main Sections.
When selecting the main steel sections the following points are relevant:
Wide flange sections are better suited for use in portal frames because of their higher
lateral stability thus requiring fewer lateral and/or torsional restraints.
In general the rafter section is made smaller than the column section by one, two or
even three serial sizes, (e.g. for a 533x210 UB as a column section the rafter section will
be 457x191 UB, 457x152 UB or 406x178 UB).
1. In selecting the sections, consideration should be given to the sway stability and the
deflection of the frame.
2. Plastic hinges should only be allowed to form at higher loads, usually not less than
85% of the ultimate load. This guarantees a good balance between the column and
rafter sizes and ensures that no plastic hinges are formed at service or close to
service loading.
3. Only one plastic hinge can form in any area limited by two points of contraflexure (a
pinned support is considered as such a point). This means that plastic hinges can not
occur simultaneously under the haunch (in the column) and at the end of the haunch
(in the rafter).
7-6
The collapse mechanism is reached when further plastic hinges form near the ridge (in
this scenario, plastic hinges cannot form at the end of the haunches since the value of
the applied moment there is getting smaller with increasing load).
7 MasterPort Elastic Plastic Analysis and Design of Portal Frames
7-7
If a collapse mechanism is not reached, then it is important to note that increasing the
design loads will result in reducing the negative moments over the haunch and
increasing the positive moments near the ridge.
B. The First Plastic Hinge Forms at the End of the Haunch
As the first plastic hinge forms at the end of the haunch, the value of the bending
moment at this point remains constant. Any further increase in load will result in a rise in
the bending moment diagram over the haunch and a drop of the bending moment
diagram in the rafter with the following results:
1. The moment at the end of the haunch remains fixed.
2. The point of contraflexure moves closer to the end of the haunch.
3. The values of the negative moments increase over the haunch area.
4. The values of the positive moments increase near the ridge.
5. The values of the column moments increase in line with the eaves moment.
As the values of the column moments and the values of the positive moments near the
ridge are increasing simultaneously there are two possibilities:
a) The maximum positive moment near the ridge reaches a plastic value and a collapse
mechanism is formed; and
b) The moment under the haunch reaches a plastic value thus forming a new plastic
hinge under the haunch. As the load is increased beyond this point, the bending
moment diagram along the whole length of the rafter starts to drop and the first plastic
hinge that was formed at the end of the haunch disappears (this is known as a plastic
7-8
hinge reversal). A collapse mechanism will only be reached when further plastic
hinges form near the ridge as in the first scenario.
Once more, if a collapse mechanism is not reached, then it is important to note that
increasing the design loads will result in reducing the negative moments over the
haunch and increasing the positive moments near the ridge.
Dummy Supports
In many instances and especially in symmetrical single bay portal frames, two plastic
hinges form simultaneously, one on either side of the frame. In order to permit a
successful analysis of the frame, it is essential that a dummy horizontal support is
introduced at the apex.
The dummy support should only be active in loading cases with full symmetry. To
achieve this, a notional load group such as N1 is used with the support. N1 is then
activated selectively in the appropriate loading cases.
! Important Note: In MasterPort this support is added automatically to the appropriate
loading cases. When designing a portal frame in MasterFrame the support must be
added.
To add a dummy support:
1. Select Static Supports (Rs) from the Nodal menu
2. Press the Add button to add new support condition
3. Press the Reset button to deselect any nodes that might be present in the Apply to
Nodes box
4. Select the Apex point
5. Set the support to dX only
6. Set the load group to N1
7. Select Load Group Titles from the Cases menu
8. Define a title for N1 load group as Dummy Support
9. Select the Combination tab and add the N1 group to the load combination in the
relevant loading cases (using a load factor of 1.0)
7-9
7.4
The MasterPort design program contains all the features of MasterKey: Steel Sections,
with extensive additional features to improve the efficiency of Portal Frame design. Only
the additional features are discussed in this section. A review of the MasterKey: Steel
Sections user manual may be beneficial at this stage before continuing.
4. MasterKey Steel Sections Design
7 - 10
The members attached to each design brief, i.e. the member design groupings are only
suitable for standard single or multi-bay portals of the type produced by the portal frame
generation template. In frames where additional members or nodes have been added
7 MasterPort Elastic Plastic Analysis and Design of Portal Frames
7 - 11
after the automatic generation stage, the initial member groups should be cleared and
redefined by the user.
! Important Note:
Cleared: The design check will have no member attached to it. The design check
itself still exits, and a member may be reattached to it, hence redefining a member
design group.
Deleted: The design check associated with the member design droup is deleted, and
the group on longer exists. The members in the design group will have no design
check applied to them untill they are reassigned to another group.
Edited: A member can be moved from one group to another but cannot co-exist in
more than one group.
7 - 12
The design briefs and associated member groups are still present, but are not applied to
any members since the groups are empty.
To redefine a cleared member group:
1. Select Edit Member Groups icon
controls.
controls.
3. Click the
(3) button to delete the current group, i.e. removing the associated
design checks.
Applying additional design checks
Axial with Moments only
from the MasterPort tool bar.
1. Select Edit Member Groups icon
2. Select the (2) button to apply an Axial with Moments design check with lateral
restraint spacing set to zero. The design check is immediately added to the design
brief list and new member design group is added. The member group is empty since
as yet we have assigned any members to it. This check is useful for internal
columns that do not have side rails.
3. The mode has automatically changed to Apply current brief
. To add members to
the new design group simply individually click on the members in the frame graphics
area.
Axial with Moments and Appendix-G Stability checks
1. Select Edit Member Groups icon
2. Select the
(1) button to apply an Axial with Moments design check (with a default
lateral restraint spacing of 1.8 m), together with an Appendix-G Stability check. The
design checks are added to the design brief listing. This pair of design checks is
generally more suitable for rafters and exterior columns.
7 - 13
controls.
3. Buttons
(4) and
(5) essentially toggle between applying and removing an
Appendix-G check from and existing design group.
4. The Engineer should note that for Appendix-G Stability restraints to become active,
lateral restraint positions must firstly defined. This most easily achieved by
specifying an equal spacing value in the Design Group/Restraints or Lateral
Restraints tab.
The Appendix-G Stability check obtains its member grouping and purlin spacing
information from the previous design check in the design brief listing. Therefore the
Axial with Moments and Appendix-G Stability checks appear consecutively in the design
brief listing.
The design briefs position in the list
may be changed using the sort briefs
control to move the current brief up or
down the listing. Where Axial with
Moments and Appendix-G are applied
together the briefs are moved in
conjunction to maintain correct
correspondence between the two.
Design briefs can also be added by selecting them from the Integrated Design menu, as
described in MasterKey Steel, section 4.2.2 Design Briefs. The Engineer must take care
to position the Axial with Moment and Appendix-G check consecutively in the design
brief listing, by either applying the checks in the correct order or by using the sort briefs
control to correctly arrange the briefs. To avoid such complexities it is recommended to
always apply/remove Axial with Moment and Appendix-G design checks using the
controls provided in the Design Groups/Restraints tab.
By the use of member design groups the number of design briefs and required input
data are greatly reduced, as one design brief applies to all members in a group.
7.4.4 Manual resizing of members
The resizing of members will be largely controlled by the desired plastic hinge
mechanism.
To induce the formation of a plastic hinge it is recommended to resize the member so
that the local moment capacity unity ratio is approximately 1.2 at the location of the
plastic hinge.
7 MasterPort Elastic Plastic Analysis and Design of Portal Frames
7 - 14
When resizing other members it is important to remember that any plastic hinges formed
may redistribute additional moment to that member. Caution must therefore be taken
not to over utilise the section based on the moments before elastic-plastic analysis is
carried out.
When the changes are complete conduct a plastic analysis using the
button.
After analysis review all design briefs in order to determine if the design can be further
refined by another phase of resizing, re-analysing and checking.
7 - 15
7.4.7 Sway Stability, Snap Through and Fire Boundary Design Checks
The sway stability, snap through and fire boundary design checks are displayed using
the
button in the MasterPort tool bar. Up to 5 instances of each design check may
be applied.
7 - 16
As with the general checks printing and exporting is contorled from the nodal
displacements tab and not the general print manager.
Print/Export the nodal displacement checks as they appear in the
grillage.
7 - 17
7.5
The Automatic Design Procedure
An Auto Size design brief must exist before automatic design procedures become
available. To active the Automatic design controls either select the Auto Size member
design brief from the list, or click on the auto design icon
from the MasterPort tool
bar.
If an equal spacing has been specified the sections are sized to satisfy local moment
capacity checks only. By defining an equal the spacing MasterPort assumes the
Engineer intends to adequately laterally restrain the member group in the next
design step
If the value of equal spacing is set to zero the sections are sized to satisfy all Axial
with moments design checks, since it is assumed that intermediate lateral restraints
will not be provided.
A common section size is determined for all members in a group.
7 - 18
As is:
7 - 19
2.
Auto sizes all members in the current group. The current group members
are highlighted in red in frame graphics area, and listed in the adjacent text
box. At this stage the Engineer may wish to preview the suitability of
selected sections before continuing.
3.
4.
After sizing a group the new section sizes must be stored before continuing
to the next group.
Select the next member group by clicking on any of the associated
members in the frame graphics area. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for all member
groups.
5.
Once all groups have been sized perform a plastic analysis. This detects
the formation of plastic hinges, and calculates plastic moment redistribution.
This is recommended even while sizing elastically to confirm that the frame
is elastic as intended. See section 5.5 for a description of the plastic
analysis procedure.
! Important Note: The automatically selected section sizes are dependent on the
bending moments, which are influenced by the stiffness of the original section sizes.
Where the difference in stiffness of the altered and original section sizes is considerable,
the altered section sizes may not be the most suitable for continuing with a plastic
analysis. This situation is mitigated by conducting steps 1 to 4 twice before performing
plastic analysis.
Auto restraining members;
1.
2.
3.
The Auto Restrain Current Group function is available in either the Lateral
or Torsional Restraints tab. In the lateral restraints tab the control will
perform both lateral and torsional stability auto restraint, where as in the
torsional restraints tab the same control carries out only torsional stability
auto restraint.
After auto restraining the Engineer has the option to rationalise the lateral
restraint and stay arrangements for the current group. An alternative initial
value of equal spacing may yield a more economical design.
Repeat steps 1 and 2 for additional member design groups.
7 - 20
The fully automatic design functions provide a powerful tool for the complete design of a
portal frame by a few clicks of the mouse button.
To minimise the effects of large stiffness ratios between original and altered section
sizes, two cycles of auto size are automatically conducted (See above Important Note).
The Engineer has less control over the full auto design process, however in most
situations of standard portals a realistic and economical design will be produced.
7.6
Plastic Analysis
During MasterPort plastic analysis, plastic hinges are allowed to form at the member
nodes. Where a plastic hinge forms the moment is limited to the plastic moment
capacity of the section.
The analysis procedure is as follows;
The portal frame is analysed as normal, calculating the member forces and
displacements.
The major axis moments are compared to the plastic moment capacities of the
sections.
If any of the moments exceed the plastic moment capacity the portal frame is
reanalysed with the residual moments redistributed back into the frame.
When analysis is complete the user is notified of either;
The formation of any plastic
hinges and the loading case in
which they occurred.
To view the positions of plastic hinges select the Plastic Hinges from the Option menu,
as described in section 4.5.
7 - 21