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1712

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A/Vol. 7, No. 9/September

1990

Boaget al.

Analysis of diffraction from doubly periodic arrays of


perfectly conducting bodies by using a patch-current model
Amir Boag, Yehuda Leviatan, and Alona Boag
Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000,Israel
Received November 29, 1989; accepted May 10, 1990

A novel solution is presented for the problem of three-dimensional electromagnetic scattering of a plane wavefrom a
doubly periodic infinite array of perfectly conducting bodies. A set of fictitious spatially periodic and properly
modulated patches of magnetic current is used to simulate the scattered field. These patch currents are of dual
polarization and have complex amplitudes. The electromagnetic field radiated by each of the periodic patch
currents is expressed as a double series of Floquet modes. The complex amplitudes of the fictitious patch currents
are adjusted to render the tangential electric field zero at a selected set of points on the surface of any of the
scatterers. The procedure is simple to implement and is applicable to arrays composed of smooth but otherwise
arbitrary perfectly conducting scatterers. Results are given and compared with an analytic approximation.
1.

INTRODUCTION

The study of diffraction of a plane wave from periodic structures is long standing. It has been motivated by academic
curiosity as well as many engineering applications. It is of
practical importance in designing reflection and transmission gratings often used as filters, broadband absorbers,
polarizers, and frequency scanned reflectors. While singly
periodic gratings have been treated extensively, doubly periodic gratings, being in general more difficult not only to
analyze but also to fabricate, have received considerably less
attention. One type of doubly periodic structure that has
been investigated by many researchers comprises infinitesimally thin planar doubly periodic screens in various configurations, often referred to as frequency-selective surfaces.1-3
Perfectly conducting screens of finite thickness consisting of
doubly periodic arrays of apertures, known as inductive
grids, have also been extensively studied.4 5 While the
structures in Refs. 1-5 may be different, a common ingredient of essentially all of them is that the fields in the various
regions can be represented by modal expansions relative to
the axis normal to the grating. These modal representations are then matched by using appropriate boundary conditions, and the unknown modal coefficients are readily determined. In contrast to the above discussion, rigorous
studies of diffraction from doubly periodic arrays of finitesized perfectly conducting scatterers, referred to as capacitive grids, have not been reported in the literature. In this
latter case the fields in the space gap between the scatterers
forming the array cannot be represented in terms of analytically known modal functions.5 Therefore even the method
devised in Ref. 6 for the analysis of diffraction by doubly
periodic surfaces falls short, while differential method procedures might be infeasible with present-time computer
storage and speed limitations.
In this paper we present a new method for analyzing threedimensional electromagnetic scattering from doubly periodic arrays. The technique is applicable to arrays composed of
perfectly conducting bodies of smooth, but otherwise arbitrary, shapes. An example of an array is depicted in Fig. 1.
0740-3232/90/091712-07$02.00

We follow the approach outlined in Ref. 7 for analyzing


scattering by smooth homogeneous scatterers. The basic
idea in Ref. 7 is as follows:

Instead of employing surface

integral equations in solving for conventional electric and


magnetic surface currents, we solve for fictitious source currents that lie a distance away from the surface. This idea
has been applied successfully to two-dimensional diffraction
from gratings of cylinders,8 as well as to sinusoidal and echelette gratings.9-10 In Refs. 8-10, an expansion of periodic
strip currents is used for the unknown fictitious currents
that simulate the periodic scattered field, and point matching is used for testing.
Here, we employ the basic strategy of Refs. 7-10 for facilitating the analysis of three-dimensional scattering from
doubly periodic arrays of isolated perfectly conducting scatterers. We set up a simulated equivalent situation to the
original one in the region surrounding the scatterers. The
scattered field must be a source-free Maxwellian field satisfying the radiation condition at z , the periodicity
conditions of the Floquet theorem," and the boundary condition on the surfaces of the scatterers. Instead of expressing the scattered field as a conventional integral in terms of
the physical surface currents, we simulate the actual field by
the fields of fictitious sources of yet unknown amplitudes
that lie a distance from the surface. Hence, in the simulated
equivalence the physical bodies are removed and the periodic field that they scatter is simulated by the field of a set of
fictitious doubly periodic patches of currents satisfying the
Floquet periodicity conditions and situated in the region
originally occupied by the scatterers. Each periodic patch
current lies in a plane parallel with the xy plane (the plane
spanned by the directions of the periodicity). All the patches are characterized by a common Fourier-transformable
magnetic-current density profile, which, for each periodic
source, is multiplied by an as yet undetermined constant
complex amplitude. They are assumed to radiate in an
unbounded homogeneous space filled with the same medium
as that surrounding the scatterers. Patches of electric current could be used as well. Patches of magnetic current
were chosen because the electric field that they produce is
1990 Optical Society of America

(EH")
\k

1990/J. Opt. Soc. Am. A

Vol. 7, No. 9/September

Boag et al.
Unbounded Space (,

E)

kin'

magnitudes are specified by the respective periods. It is


assumed that any inhomogeneity is confined between the z
= -b and the z = b planes. The problem geometry together
with a relevant coordinate system is shown in Fig. 1. It
should be noted that, according to our convention, the z axis
is oriented downward. The medium surrounding the scatterers is of permeability Asand permittivity e. The medium
can be dissipative; thus g and
A plane wave given by

General problem of plane-wave scattering from a doubly

periodic grating of finite-sized scatterers.

easier to compute. Locating the sources some distance away


from the surface permits us to use periodic patch currents
with smooth current density profile that lie in planes parallel
with the xy plane spanned by the two directions of periodicity. This feature is attractive because it enables the
representation of the field produced by each periodic current patch by uniformly convergent series of z-directed outgoing and decaying plane waves known as Floquet modes.
It followsthat outside the grating region the total field radiated by the patches can also be represented analytically by
means of these Floquet modes. Thus the fields can be determined anywhere by summations of analytic terms. This is a
desirable attribute as one avoids the surface integrations
associated with the field computation at the three principal
stages of the solution. The first stage is that of constructing
matrix equations for the problem, the second is that of testing the solution by checking the degree to which the boundary conditions are satisfied over a denser set of points on the
boundaries, and the third is that of computing the scattered
field and the reflection and transmission coefficients of various Floquet modes after the solution has been established.
The patch-current sources lying a distance away from the
boundary surfaces produce a set of smooth field functions on
the surfaces that may be well suited for spanning the actual
smooth field on the boundaries. Furthermore, since we are
actually using a basis of smooth field functions for representing fields on the boundary, the boundary condition can
be enforced by a simple point-matching testing procedure
and the unknown source amplitudes are readily determined.
The paper is organized in the following manner. The
problem under study is specified in Section 2. The solution
is formulated in Section 3. Results of several numerical
simulations are presented in Section 4 and compared with an
analytic approximation in order to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed technique. Finally, a few
conclusions summarize the paper.
2. PROBLEM SPECIFICATION
Consider a doubly periodic array of scatterers. The array is
composed of an infinite set of identical perfectly conducting
scatterers arranged in a doubly periodic lattice. The lattice
is described by two vectors d, and d2 lying in the xy plane.
The vectors d, and d2 are referred to as lattice vectors. They
are aligned with the two directions of periodicity, and their

e are

allowed to be complex.

r),

Einc(r) = EinCexp(-jkinc

Fig. 1.

1713

(1)

with harmonic exp(jwt) time dependence assumed and suppressed, is incident on the grating. Here, kincand E 0c denote, respectively, the wave vector and the amplitude of the
incident field. Our objective is to determine the field scattered by the grating (Es, Hs) (i.e., the actual field minus the
incident field). The field should be a source-free solution of
the Maxwell equations and obey the Floquet periodicity
conditions
p = 1, 2.

Es(r + dp) = exp(-jkinc - dp)Es(r),

(2)

In addition, (Es, Hs) should satisfy the boundary condition


n X ES = -h X Einc
(3)
where S is the boundary of an arbitrary selected scatterer
and h is a unit vector that is normal to S.
3.

FORMULATION

A.

Simulated Equivalent Situation

We now describe how the simulated equivalent situation to


the original one in the region surrounding the scatterers is
set up. According to our general idea, in the simulated
equivalence that is shown in Fig. 2, the scattered field (Es,

Hs) is simulated by a field of a set of doubly periodic fictitious patches of magnetic current Mqi, q = 1, 2, i = 1, 2, ... ,
N. These sources are located in the region occupied by the
scatterers in the original situation and are treated as sources
Unbounded Homogeneous Space
(Einc ,Hinc)

(gia)

kinc
(Es+Einc Hs+Hinc)

Periodic Patch Currents

Mathematical Boundary C

Fig. 2. Simulated equivalence for the region surrounding the scatterers.

1714

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A/Vol. 7, No. 9/September

1990

Boag et al.

radiating in an unbounded space filled with homogeneous


material that is identical to that surrounding the scatterers
in the original situation. They have constant dimensionless
amplitudes Kqj that are yet to be determined. The electric
field Es at observation point r due to these sources is given
by
2

Es(r) =

Z
y KqjEqj(r),

(4)

q=1 i=1

where Eqi describe the field due to a source Mqj of unit


amplitude (Kq = 1). Obviously, since these periodic patch-

es produce fields satisfying the Floquet periodicity conditions, the simulated scattered field [Eq. (4)] also satisfies
them.
It is important to note that the location of the sources in
the simulated equivalence has not been specified yet. As far
as the formulation is concerned, their location can be arbitrary. The question of selecting source locations that are
suitable for a numerical solution is an important one. From
the numerous geometries considered in our earlier research
with perfectly conducting and penetrable scatterers,7 -'0 we
have concluded that the sources should be placed on surfaces
of a shape similar to that of the actual boundary. We will
give this issue further attention in Section 4.
B. Evaluation of the Unknown Amplitudes Kqj}

By the construction, the simulated scattered field Es satisfies the radiation and the periodicity conditions. Evidently,
if a set of periodic patch currents Mqijcould be found such
that the boundary condition [Eq. (3)] was strictly satisfied,
then Es would be the exact field scattered by the grating. To
obtain an approximate solution, the boundary condition is
imposed at M selected points on the boundary S. This
reduces the functional relation [Eq. (3)] to the matrix equation
[Z]K = V,

column vectors whose mth element is the negative of the tpm


component of Einc at observation point r on S. Having
formulated the matrix equation [Eq. (5)], the unknown current vector can be found in a simple manner. If the boundary condition is imposed at M = N points on S, then the
exact solution to Eq. (5) will be
K = [Zl-1 V.

(9)

If, on the other hand, the boundary condition is forced at M


> N points on S, then the solution, in a least-square sense,
will be
K = [ZIt[Z1I-[Z]t V.

(10)

This completes the solution of the matrix equation [Eq. (5)].


Once the unknown current vector is derived, either from Eq.
(9) or (10), one can readily proceed in evaluating an approximate scattered field (Es, Hs) and, of course, any other fieldrelated quantity of interest.
C. Fields of Doubly Periodic Magnetic Patch-Current
Sources

In the simulated equivalence for the region surrounding the


scatterers, the periodic scattered field is simulated by the
field of a set of 2N spatially periodic and properly modulated
fictitious patch-current sources placed outside that region.
These patches lie in planes parallel with the xy plane. They
are of dimensions s by s2 in the directions of the reciprocal
lattice vectors K = 2 X d 2/Id1 X d21and K2 = 2 X d/Id X
d21,respectively. It is assumed that si and S2are sufficiently
small compared with the dimensions of the bodies so that
the patches can be completely enclosed inside the bodies.
The current density of the ith periodic patch current Mqj (q
= 1, 2, i = 1, 2,..., N) centered at a point r inside S is
described by

J
2

Mqj = tqjKqj(z

z)exp[j

k'c

(r-r)]

fPSP)

p=1 n=-'

(5)

(11)

where

with {ipn

[Z1
ZI
1

(6)
6

22

is a 2N by 2M generalized impedance matrix,

[]

(7)

is a 2N-element generalized unknown-current column vector, and

V2]

(8)

is a 2M-element generalized voltage-source column vector.


In Eq. (6), the matrices [Zpq](p, q = 1, 2) denote M by N
matrices whose (m, n) element is the

tpm

component of the

electric field at observation point r on S due to a patch


current Mqn of unit amplitude (Kqn= 1). Here, pm(p = 1, 2)
are orthogonal unit vectors tangential to S at observation
point rmon S. In Eq. (7), the vectors Kq (q = 1,2) denote Nelement column vectors whose nth element is Kqn. Finally,
in Eq. (8), the vectors V

(p = 1, 2) denote M-element

= (r - rindp) Kp/Kp and has a constant complex


amplitude Kqi that is yet to be determined. Here, denotes
the Dirac delta function, z is the z component of r, and azqi
(q = 1, 2) are two unit vectors defining the directions of the
sources centered at ri. The function f(-) in Eq. (11) is a realvalued window function of unit width characterized by a
continuous profile that is zero for all values of argument
outside the interval (/2, /2) and of piecewise continuous
derivative on that interval. Under these conditions f/sp)
as a function of can be represented by a Fourier series
whose convergence to fS/sp) on the period interval (-rl/Kp,
JrIKp)is absolute and uniform. It should be noted that the
above continuity requirements on f(-) are sufficient in order
to ensure uniform convergence of the Fourier series. However, a smoother function f(-) should be preferred since its
Fourier series converges faster. A specific choice forf(.) that
has been used in our numerical solution is

f() = 0.35875 + 0.48829 cos(27rt)


+ 0.14128 cos(47rt) + 0.01168 cos(67rt),

(12)

which is known in signal processing as the Blackman-Harris

window.1 2 This window function and its Fourier transform


are shown, respectively, in Figs. 3(a) and 3(b). As seen in

Vol. 7, No. 9/September 1990/J. Opt. Soc. Am. A

Boag et al.

(16)

kTmn = kT' + Ml 1 + nK2

f(X)
1.0

1715

and
2
kZmn = (k - kTmn kTmn)'

0.8

12

(17)

which are subject to the requirements Re(kzmn) 2 0 and

0.6

Im(kzmn) 0 for all m and n, which stem directly from the

radiation condition at IzI Cow. Here, k is the intrinsic wave


number in the surrounding medium, and k iTcand kTmn denote the transversal to z components of the wave vectors of
the incident field and of the mnth Floquet mode, respective-

0.4
0.2

ly. Also, z is the unit vector in the z direction, and kZmnand


0.0

-0.50

0.50

0.25

0.00

-0.25

-kZmn are, respectively, the z components of the wave vectors of the z and -z traveling mnth Floquet modes. Thus, in
are used depending on whether z > zi or z

or k

Eq. (14), k

<zi, respectively. The coefficients

(a)

f (k)If (0) [dBI

/2

fps
I

ap1 =

J-s,,/2

p = 1, 2,1 e ZZ

Vsp)exp(1bcp)d,

0-

(18)

-30

in Eq. (14) are the Fourier-series coefficients of the current


density profile in the two reciprocal lattice directions. It
should be noted that the convergence rate of these Fourier

-60

series will be affected by the choice of the patch dimensions


s, and S2. Clearly, if sp is wider, the spectral spread of f sp)
is narrower. As a direct consequence, the Fourier series will

-90

converge faster. However, the ability of the sources to simulate rapid field variations will obviously be less effective.

-120

-150
-150

-50

-100

100

50

150

which is valid for observation points r in the z < -b halfspace, results by substituting Eq. (14) into Eq. (13) and Eq.
(13) into Eq. (4), by using the inequality

k
(b)
Fig. 3.

D. Field Representation in Terms of Floquet Modes


An alternative representation for the scattered field Es,

(a) Plot of the window function f(t) given by Eq. (4).

(b) Fourier transform of the window function f(Q)depicted in (a).

(19)

i,

Z < Zi

and subsequently by interchanging the order of the summations involved. One obtains
Fig. 3(b), the Fourier transform of the Blackman-Harris
window is characterized
dB).

by a very low sidelobe level (<-92

The periodic patch currents are treated as source currents


radiating in an unbounded

point r due to the periodic patch-current

source Mqi of unit

amplitude centered at ri can be derived from


(13)

Eqi(r) = -V X Fqi(r),
where Fqi is the electric vector potential represented
series of Floquet modes:
= aqi

>

2 A

m=-

n=-O

exp[-jk'

as a

(r - ri)]. (14)

1 m

with

kZmn,

r),

(15)

(20)

where the space-harmonic expansion coefficients are


E

alma2n 2
=

2k-

Zmn

q1

Equation (20) with E

Kqjk-n
n

X
X

tqj exp (jk- n - ri) .

(21)

given by Eq. (21) constitutes a field

representation for the scattered field Es in the z < -b halfspace in terms of an infinite discrete set of Floquet modes.
We refer to this field as the reflected field.
Similarly, in the half-space below the lowest point of the
scatterers an alternative representation in terms of Floquet
modes for the total field E, valid for observation points r in
the z > b half-space, is obtained by using the inequality
(22)

Z > Zi V i.

In Eq. (14),kin is the wave vector of the mnth Floquet mode


defined by
kMn = kTmn +

Z Z Em.exp(-jkn
m=-X n=--

space filled with homogeneous

material that is identical to that composing the region surrounding the bodies. The electric field Eqiat an observation

Fqj(r)

E- =

The result is

E+ =

m=-= n=-X

Emexp(-jk

*r),

(23)

1716

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A/Vol. 7, No. 9/September 1990

Boaget al.

where
V

p
=

mObnOEic
alma2n 2
2kZ n n

=1

Kq=k1

exp(jkm

- ri). (24)

We refer to this field as the transmitted field. Note that the


transmitted mode of the zeroth order is a superposition of
scattered and incident fields. The field representations
[Eqs. (20) and (23)] are also referred to as the space-harmonic representation for the reflected and transmitted fields.
The coefficients E n given by Eq. (21) and E +ngiven by Eq.
(24) are referred to as the space-harmonic expansion coefficients for the reflected and transmitted fields, respectively.
They are the parameters of interest in problems involving
scattering from periodic structures.
4.

As a numerical study case, we consider the problem of diffraction from a doubly periodic orthogonal array comprising
perfectly conducting spheres. Some representative computations obtained with a computer program developed by
using the preceding formulation are given and compared
with an analytic approximation. Unfortunately, we were
not able to find appropriate data in the literature for comparison with our results.
As a first step, we define the accuracy criteria that will aid
us in evaluating the numerical results. In our solution we
force the boundary condition to be obeyed only at a finite
number of selected points on the boundary. Naturally, one
can question the behavior of the fields on the boundary
between the matching points because it can, in general, be
quite different from what is required by the boundary condition, thereby rendering the results inaccurate. Toward this
end, we carry out a study of the convergence of the boundary
condition error AEb, defined by

+ Einc)I
AEb = 1bc=
hx
X (Es
Ei sI
nc l
on S.

This boundary-condition check certainly does not totally


validate the solution, but it can immediately indicate faulty
results.
An additional criterion that must be satisfied in the loss-

Pmn
mn

=p

power conservation law within some acceptably low error, is

not likely to be defective.


We consider a plane wave traveling in a lossless medium
incident upon a grating of scatterers at some angle (inc, 4,inc).
The incident field is given by Eq. (2) with
kinc = k(sin

ZP
E

kvj

ffic 2)

In the followingexample, we consider a grating composed


of spherical scatterers of radius r = 0.2Xand periods d1 = d2
= 0.8X, Abeing the wavelength of the incident wave. As

-20
CS

0
Cs

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

r r
Fig. 4. Plots of max(AEb,) and APversus r/r for the case of a plane
wave normally incident (inc = inc= 0) upon an orthogonal array
with periods d = d 2 = 0.8X composed of perfectly conducting
spheres of radius r = 0.2Xobtained with N = 44 patch-current
sources per sphere.

-20

-40..

(26)
,

where the primed sums indicate that the summations are


taken over only the propagating modes. In Eq. (26),
=
pin Pinc
= z` 1EincJ2

inc5 + cos

Zfinc
cos Zinck + sin Zincsin

of the power flow along the z

mn

pine

(28)

are the power flowsper unit area of the mnth Floquet modes
in the -z direction for reflected modes and in the +z direction for transmitted modes. Here, q is the intrinsic impedance of the medium. The power-conservation check by no
means totally validates the solution. However, we surmise
that a solution of a relatively large number of unknowns,
which satisfies not only the boundary conditions but also the

axis. Hence, it is important to check if the sum of the


reflected and transmitted powers equals the incident power.
To that effect, we examine the power conservation error AP,
defined by
-

12
1E

(25)

Wnlnax

pinc

(29)

NUMERICAL RESULTS

less case is the conservation

_ kzmn

mn

(27)

'AP

xr

-60

max(^EC)

-80
10

.... 11.111-1.1.1
30

50

70

IT

is the power flow per unit area in the z direction of the


incident field and

Fig. 5. Plots of max(AEb,) and AP versus N for the case of Fig. 4


with the sources situated on a sphere of radius r = 0.2r.

1717
Opt. Soc. Am. A
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Vol.
etal.7, No. 9/September 1990/J.
Boag

Boag et al.

Table 1. Efficiencies Pj~

/pinc,

Power-Conservation Error, and Boundary-Condition Error for the Case of a


TM-Polarized

p: 1 0 /pinc ()()
p~o/pdnc
pt 1 0 /pinc

150

300

5.47
43.14
20.55
30.84
0.3 X 10-2
0.08

59.80
20.12
14.85
0.9 X 10-3
0.08

00

0 inc

85.6145

%)-

14.3855
0.8 X i0-5
0.02

P-/pinc (%
AP' (%
MaX(AEbN) (%

Plane Wave of Wavelength Xa


600

450

5.35

5.23

65.28
19.82
9.55
0.1 X 10-3
0.05

a Plane waveof wavelengthXincident in the xz plane ((pin, = 00 at various angles oin upon a grating with periods di
Spheres of radius r = 0.2X obtained with N = 54 patch-current sources situated on spheres of radius rt = 0.2r.

7 0
mentioned above, previous studies -1 have shown that it is
advantageous to place the sources on surfaces similar in

shape to the actual boundary.

With this in mind, the

8 5
sources Mqi are placed on a concentric sphere of radius r 1,r
<r. We use 2N patches of dimensionss S~ 2 =0. 135X and

space them evenly on the sphere. The boundary conditions


are matched atM =N points. Plots of max(AEb~)andA.?as
a function of rs at normal incidence for N = 44 are depicted
0.2r seems to be the optimal

in Fig. 4. Observe that rs

source location. Both the power-conservation error and the


maximum-boundary-condition

error increase as one moves

away from this optimum. This increase is rapid if the


sources approach the center (rs -~ 0), while it is relatively
gradual as the sources approach the boundary of the body.
5
Plots of max(AEC and APas a function of Nfor 7 = 0.2r are
shown in Fig. 5. The approximately

exponential decay of

the errors with increasing number of sources observed in Fig.


5 clearly demonstrates the fast convergence of the procedure
at hand. Table 1 presents the efficiencies p~n/pinc in the
various spectral orders for several incident

angles.

Also

shown are the power conservation error AP' and the maximum-boundary-condition error max(AEb,).
It should be emphasized that, for any calculated quantity
of interest, one should examine the numerical convergence
by comparing the results for an increasing number of sources
and match points. If the computed results are sufficiently
close,it can be assumed that a satisfactory accuracy has been
achieved. To validate the solution, one should at the same
time check the behavior of the error in the boundary condition between the matching points and examine the decrease
in the power-conservation error. These checks are easily
executed with summations of analytic terms. As explained
earlier, neither of these checks totally validates the result.
However, they can undoubtedly

resembles that obtained

d2

4.67

4.55

71.14
21.75
2.44
0.2 X 10-2
0.04

63.47
23.90
8.08
0.4 X 10-2
0.03

0.8Xcomposedof perfectly conducting

for the case of scattering

ing can be formally represented as an infinite series of multi-

ple scattering among the individual scatterers composing


the grating.' 3 In this way, the scattering characteristics of
the infinite grating can be expressed in terms of those of the
single scatterer. An analysis that neglects the mutual interactions among the scatterers is presented for the two-dimensional case in the Appendix of Ref. 8. This is a first-order

approximation that is expected to be accurate only if the


period is large compared with the wavelength in the surrounding medium. It should be pointed out that, if a grazing mode is excited, this first-order approximation is often
not satisfactory. The presence of a grazing mode strongly
enhances the mutual interaction among the scatterers. It
can be shown, further, by analogy with Ref. 8 that the effi-

cienciesof the propagating Floquet modes p:,,/pinc (with the


exception of the zeroth-order transmitted mode) are related
to the respective values of the scattering cross section o-(O,0)
of the single scatterer at (0 In, ,),where 0 In and ckIn are the
mode angles. This relation can be expressed as follows:

source location, the solution converges. The rate of convergence might be sensitive to the location of the sources,
though usually not heavily.
Figure 6 shows plots of the 0 component of the surfaceinduced current J givenby
= At X

(Hinc+ H )

on S

(31)

X d21)
pinco Oiclcs O0 I~n(kldl

2
Figure 7 shows a plot of ra(O, 0)/[Icos 0I(kdld 2) ] obtained by

using the exact eigenvalue solution for the single spherical


scatterer of radius r

0.2X as a function of 0 in the xz plane

1J.1/IHncI
2.5
2.0
1.5

(30)

versus 0 in the xz plane for various values of periods d, = d2 .


Note that, for di = d2= 2.5X,the surface current closely

d,1 ,=0.8X

be added that, even for choices that are less than optimal in

from a

single sphere designated as di= d2=


The scattering mechanism from the doubly periodic grat-

serve as useful tools for

testing whether the result is trustworthy. One can also,


without appreciable difficulty, consider additional source
locations, each providing a check against the others. It may

750

----d12=1.52.

1.0

--- d 1,2 =2.5k

. . . dl,2 =-

0.5
0.0
0

45

90

135

180

0 (eg)
Fig. 6. Magnitude of induced electric surface current Jo versus 0
for gratings of various periods and for the single-scatterer case.

1718

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A/Vol. 7, No. 9/September

Boag etal.

1990

0.15

have been demonstrated. It has also been shown that in the


limiting case of widely spaced spherical scatterers the numerical solution agrees well with an approximate analytic
solution.

0.10:

Y. Leviatan's present address is the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052.

0.05-

REFERENCES

0.00

I
|........

45

90

135

180

1. J. P. Montgomery, "Scattering by an infinite periodic array of


thin conductors on a dielectric sheet," IEEE Trans. Antennas
Propag. AP-23, 70-75 (1975).
2. C. C. Chen, "Transmission

0 (deg)
* n*c *
Va lues of reflection and transmission efficiencies p/pnc
at discrete mode angles (asterisks) and the corresponding plot of
Fig. 7.

7ra(O,OVO[cI
os 01(kdid2 )2] versus 0 for P= 0 (solid curve) for the case
of normal ii aicidence(inc = inc = 0) upon a grating with periods di

= d2= 2.5Xcomposed of perfectly conducting spheres of radius r =

0.2X.

for the no mal incidence of the x-polarized plane wave on a


rectangula r grating defined by d = d2 = 2.5X. Owing to

symmetry,

it is sufficient

to show the interval

from 0 to 180

shown are computed efficiencies appearing in


degon
. Also
~d
csoomsouw
tnedae ffici e ci es ppear ng i n1
nd side

the left-ha

of relation (31) for various propagating


modes wit. Ihthe wave vectors lying in the xz plane. Note

that the continuous curve nearly coincides with the calculated discrete values,

5.

DISCI USSION

The techni ,que presented in this paper provides a complete


analysis of diffraction by doubly periodic arrays of smooth

c onducting bodies. The main feature of the methhenducti


bodes. loted
the
meth-l
od is that tIliepatch currents located mai
awayfetro
from the physical
boundary produce a set of smooth periodic analytically derivable fielids on that boundary. Thus boundary conditions
can be con veniently imposed in the point-matching sense.
The genera d method has been applied in this paper to orthogonal gi atings composed of spherical perfectly conductperfectly

ing scatter ers.

The

numerical

convergence

and accuracy

through a conducting screen perfo-

rated periodically with apertures," IEEE Trans. Microwave


Theory Tech. MTT-18, 627-632 (1970).

3. T. Cwik and R. Mittra,

"The cascade connection of planar

periodic surfaces and lossy dielectric layers to form an arbitrary


periodic screen," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. AP-35, 1397-

1405 (1987).
4. C. C. Chen, "Transmission of microwavethrough perforated flat
plates of finite thickness," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory

Tech. MTT-21, 1-6 (1973).


5. G. H. Derrick, R. C. McPhedan, and L. C. Botten, "Theory of

crossed gratings," in Electromagnetic Theory of Gratings, R.


Petit, ed. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1980), Chap. 7.

6. G. H. Derrick, R. C. McPhedan, D. Maystre, and M. Nevibre,


"Crossed
8, 39-52 gratings:
(1979). a theory and its applications," Appl. Phys.
7. Y. Leviatan, A. Boag, and A. Boag, "Generalized formulations
for electromagnetic scattering from perfectly conducting and

homogeneous material bodies-theory

and numerical solu-

tion," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 36, 1722-1734 (1988).


8. A. Boag, Y. Leviatan, and A. Boag, "Analysis
of two-dimensional electromagnetic scattering from periodic grating of cylinders
using a hybrid current model," Radio Sci. 23, 612-624 (1988).
9. A. Boag, Y. Leviatan, and A. Boag, "Analysis of two-dimensional electromagnetic scattering from non-planar periodic surfaces

using a strip current model," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 37,


1437-1446 (1989).

10. A. Boag, Y. Leviatan, and A. Boag, "Analysis of diffraction from


echelette gratings, using a strip-current model," J. Opt. Soc.

Am. A 6, 543-549 (1989).


11. A. Hessel, "General characteristics of traveling-wave antennas,"
in Antenna

Theory,

R. E. Collin and F. J. Zucker, eds.

(McGraw-Hill,New York, 1969), Chap. 19.


12. F. J. Harris, "On the use of windows for harmonic analysis with
the discrete Fourier transform," Proc. IEEE 66, 51-83 (1978).
13. V. Twersky, "Multiple scattering by double-periodic planar array of obstacles," J. Math. Phys. 16, 633-643 (1975).

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