Catanduanes State University

PANGANIBAN CAMPUS
Panganiban, Catanduanes
TOPIC
: Five-Kingdom Classification System
REPORTER
: Billey Queen C. Tumala & Nenia Jean Molina
SUBJECT
: NSG. 2 (Biological Science)
PROFESSOR
: Emy Rose Vergara

THE FIVE-KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

Further developments in biology gave rise to new kingdom
classifications. With the invention of more powerful microscopes, biologists
were able to see clearly two fundamental kinds of calls based on structure:
the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Studies in ecology and physiology
showed differences in the mode of nutrition of organisms. Considering these
findings, R.H. Whittaker proposed a five-kingdom classification system in
1969. He created a new kingdom exclusively for prokaryotes the kingdom
Monera. He classified molds, yeasts and mushrooms under another new
group, the Kingdom Fungi. He retained the names of the three kingdoms of
Ernst Haeckel: Kingdom Protista Plantae and Animalia but with modifications
in the species under each one.
KINGDOM MONERA
Unicellular prokaryotic organisms lacking distinct nuclei and
membrane-bound organelles; nutrition principally by absorption but some
are photosynthetic and chemosynthetic.
Phylum Cyanophyta
Phylum Schizophyta

Blue-green algae
Bacteria

KINGDOM PROTISTA
Unicellular or colonial eukaryotic organisms with distinct nuclei and
organelles; nutrition by photosynthesis, absorption or ingestion.
Phylum
Phylum
Phylum
Phylum

Chrysophyta
Pyrrophyta
Xanthophyta
Protozoa

Golden algae
Dynoflagellates
Yellow-green algae
Protozoans (Trypanosoma, Chilomonas)

KINGDOM FUNGI
Multinucleate plantlike or organisms lacking photosynthetic pigments;
nutrition absorptive.
Phylum Myxomycophta
Slime molds
Phylum Eumycophyta
True fungi

Class
Class
Class
Class

Deuteromycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes
Zygomycetes

Imperfect fungi
Sac fungi (yeast and mildews)
Club fungi (mushroom and rusts)
Bread molds

KINGDOM PLANTAE
Multicellular eukaryotic organisms with rigid cell walls and chlorophyll;
nutrition principally by photosynthesis.
Phylum Chlorophyta
Green algae (Spirogyra, Volvox)
Phylum Rhodphyta
Red algae (predominantly marine; seaweeds)
Phylum Phaeophyta
Brown algae (almost entirely marine; kelp)
Phylum Bryophyta
Liverworts, hornworts, mosses
Phylum Tracheophyta
Vascular plants
Subphylum Lycopsida
Club mosses
Subphylum Sphenopsida
Horsetails
Subphylum Pteropsida
Ferns
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Multicellular organisms without cell walls or chlorophyll; nutrition
principally ingestive with digestion in an internal cavity.
Phylum Porifera
Phylum Coelenterata
Class Hydrozoa
Class Scyphozoa
Class Anthozoa
Phylum Ctenophore
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria
Class Trermatoda
Class Cestoda
Phylum Aschelminthes
Phylum Bryozoa
Phylum Mollusea
Class Amphineura
Class Gastropoda
Class Scaphopoda
Class Pelecypoda
Class Cephalopoda
Phylum Annelida
Class Polychaeta
Class Oligochaeta
Class Hirudinea
Phylum Anthropoda
Class Crustacean
Class Arachnida
Class Chilopoda

Sponges
Radially symmetrical marine animals
Portuguese man-of-war (Hydra Jellyfish)
Jellyfish
Sea anemones and corals
Comb jellies
Flatworms
Free-living flatworms (planaria)
Parasitic flukes
Roundworms (Trichina, necator)
Rotifers
Moss Animals
Soft bodied, unsegmented animals
Chitons
Snails and slugs
Tooth Shells
Clams and mussels
Squids and octopuses
Segmented worms
Sand worms
Earthworms
Leeches
Joint-legged animals; with exoskeleton
Lobster, crabs, barnacles
Spiders, scorpions, ticks
Centipedes

Class Diplopoda
Class Insecta
Phylum Echinodermata
Class Crinoidea
Class Asteroidea
Class Ophiuroidea
Class Echinoidea
Class Holothuroidea
Phylum Hemichordate
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum
Subphylum
Subphylum
Class
hagfishes)
Class
Class
Class
Class
Class
Class

Millipedes
Grasshoppers, termites, beetles
Marine; spiny radially symmetrical animals
Sea lilies and feather stars
Starfish
Brittle stars
Sea urchin and sand dollar
Sea cucumbers
Acorn worms
Dorsal supporting rod (notochord) at some stage;
Dorsal hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal gill slits
Lirochordata
Tunicates
Cephalochordata Lancelets
Vertebrata
Vertebrates
Aguatha
Jawless
fishes
(lampreys,
Chondrichthyes
Ostechthyes
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
Mammalia
Order Monotremata

Cartilaginous fishes (sharks, rays)

Bony fishes
Frog, toads, salamanders
Snakes, lizards, turtles
Birds
Mammals
Duckbill

platypus,

spiny

anteater

Order
Order
Order
Order
Order
Order
Order
Order
Order
Order
Order
Order

Marsupiallia
Insectivora
Edentata
Rodentia
Lagomorpha
Cetacea
Carnivora
Proboscidea
Sirenia
Perrisodactyla
Artiodactyla
Primates

Opossums, kangaroos
Shrews, moles
Bats
Rats, mice, squirrels
Rabbits and hares
Whales, dolphins, porpoises
Dogs, beans, skunks
Elephants
Manatees
Horse, hippopotamus, zebra
Pigs, deer, cattle
Monkeys, apes, humane

Catanduanes State University

PANGANIBAN CAMPUS
Panganiban, Catanduanes

TOPIC
: Kingdom Monera
REPORTER
: Glydel F. Calizar & Mary Grace Bonifacio
SUBJECT
: NSG. 2 (Biological Science)
PROFESSOR
: Emy Rose Vergara

KINGDOM MONERA
Organisms belonging to this kingdom are pokaryotics unicellular and
microscopic. Organisms with these characteristics are essentially bacteria.
Bacteria Morphology
Bacteria came in three basic shapes: spherical, rod, and spiral (with cells
arranged in singly, in pairs, tetrads, clusters or chains)
Coccus those with spherical cells
Diplococcus spherical cells occur in twos
Tetrads they occur as four cells
Staphylococcus bacteria arranged as irregular clusters
Streptococccus those in chains
Bacillus rod-shaped bacteria
Streptobacillus those which form chains
Spiral cell is curved or twisted
On solid media, bacteria usually appear moist and like butter in consistency.
They form discrete colonies on ogor plate.
With few exceptions, bacteria are the smallest organisms in the world. They
range from 0.1 to 10 micrometers (m).
Spherical mycoplasma smallest (0.1 to 0.3 m)
Rod-shaped epulopiscum fisetson biggest discovered in 1985 which
can reach 80 x 600 m
Spherical thiomararita namibiensis discovered in 1999 is 750 m.
The only subcellular structures are the cell wall, plasma membrane,
cytoplasm, nucleoid and ribosomes.
Unique structures found in some bacterias:
Plasmids extra-chromosomal genetic materials, most often responsible for
bacterial resistance to antibiotics
Endospores dormant structures resistant to environmental stress. These
structures enable bacterial cells to survive such adverse conditions as lack of
food and water, extremes in temperature and presence of toxin.
Capsule and Slime Layers gelatinous polysaccharide materials found
outside the cell wall.

 Capsule if the material sticks firmly to the cell wall so that it is not
removed easily.
Slime Layer if loosely attached so that it is easily washed off; help
pathogenic (disease-causing) bacteria attached securely to host and
evade engulfment by the hosts phagocytic cell.
Granules composed of reserved organic and inorganic substances
Fimbriae and Pili are short thread like appendages tinier and shorter
than the flagella.
Fimbriae are for attachment
Pili serve as the passageway for the transfer of plasmids from one
cell to another.
GROWTH
Some bacteria make their own food by photosynthesis.
Heterotrophs obtain their food by absorbing nutrients from dead or a
living organisms or from organic waste materials. They are an unusual group
of organisms regarding their need of air.
Aerobes require atmospheric oxygen, while others Anaerobes do not.
Facultative Anaerobes those that can live with or without air, other
bacteria are also peculiar in the temperature they like to live. Some thrive
under extremely cold or hot conditions.
Psychrophites those that grow at 15oC or higher.
Thermophiles those that survive heated temperatures off 55 degrees C or
higher.
Pyrococcus abyssi and Pyrodictium occultum grow at 80oC to 113oC
found in the hot areas of the seabed.
Mesophiles live in not too hot or too cold temperature of 20 oC to 45oC;
bacteria that infest man and warm blooded animals.
REPRODUCTION
Bacteria reproduce only by asexual means. The most common way is by
binary fission in which cell divides along its short axis into two identical cells.
Reproduction is fast, one cell divides into two cells in a matter of hours, even
minutes.
Scherichia coli a bacillus residing in our intestines, divides every 15
to 20 minutes.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis commonly called tubercle bacillus
because it causes tuberculosis divides every 13-15 hours.
Speed of Reproduction is analogous to one woman giving birth to a
baby every 15 to 20 minutes or every 13-15 hours.
Occurrence
Because bacteria thrive under vastly diverse conditions, expect to find them
almost everywhere in the soil where they are most abundant; in bodies of
water, airborne, on the surface of living and dead plants and animals. They
can reside right in the organs of healthy people, in our skin and on the
surfaces of our eyes, ears, nose mouths, respiratory tract intestines, urethra

and genetalia. In our skin, bacterial population is dense in most areas such
as the armpit which can have at any time as 1 million / cm2.
Staphylococcus predominant species which cause pimples and boils but are
otherwise not harmful.
Gorynebacterium the surface of our eyes and external ears are lodging
places of some bacterias. The mouth, tonsils, nose and nasopharynx are
normally inhabited by gorynebacterium, staphyloccus and other species.
Escherichia coli an important species in the intestine which produces
Vitamin K essential for blood clotting.
The benefits they give is not immediately apparent but these normal
microflora protect us from infectious diseases by residing in the spaces in our
body that otherwise can be occupied by pathogens.
Relevance
Among the 5,000 known bacterial species, most are neither destructive nor
directly beneficial to us; the few which are either useful or harmful affect us
in many ways. It can spoil foods; eating green mangoes dipped in bagoong or
alamang, these two condiments are produced by mixed species of bacteria.
Eating chicharon without vinegar vinegar is produced using acetobacter
aceti, commonly known as vinegar bacteria. Antibiotics we intake, some of
these are produced using bacteria. When we change and wash clothes daily,
the modern detergents we used are incorporated with bacterial enzymes to
make them more effective in removing stains. Bacteria can be harmful. Many
dreaded human diseases as well as those that destroy plants and animals
are caused by bacteria. Examples of these are:
The plague that killed million to 40 million people in the Middle Ages
caused by the tiny invaders. (smith, 1980)
Tuberculosis, frightening disease
The word anthrax drew fear from people around the world after the
World Trade Center attack in September 2001, raising the spectre of
biological warfare or bioterrorism the possibility of employing these
microorganisms as a mode of warfare in the future.
Reduced yield from our countrys major crops is caused by bacterial
diseases; rice leaf blight and leaf steak, tomato soft rot and wilt,
banana wilt and pineapple brown rot.
With the advent of genetic engineering, bacteria are being used to make
products needed by man, or to modify plants and animals and increase their
usefulness. Modern technology is using E. coli to produce human insulin. By
the methods of gene transfer using bacteria, disease and insect-resistant
plants have been developed.