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By
ZAINAL AZIMUDIN BIN ZAINAL ABIDIN
SGI 140016
ABSTRACT
This report summarizes on the geological and stratigraphic distribution over Labuan Island.
The study was conducted by completing a litho-log of the sedimentary sequences describing
on the sedimentation of the rock. Generally there are 9 types of facies that is composed
together in various localities. 5 of the facies consist of sandstones with various sedimentary
features. 2 facies consist of shale and others are sub-facies that is not dominant like
conglomerate and coal. These lithofacies is then being interpreted into 5 different facies
association with interbedded relations. From the sedimentary sequences that have been
studied, a general implication towards petroleum system can be concluded.
CONTENTS
Page
Abstract
LIST OF FIGURES
1.
INTRODUCTION
2.
LITERATURE REVIEW
3.
METHODOLOGY
4.
RESULT
4.1
Facies Analysis
11
4.2
Facies Association
14
4.4
19
5.
CONCLUSION
19
6.
REFERENCES
20
7.
APPENDIX
21
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Description
Page
Shale Formation since both Brondijk (1962) and Wilson (1964) does not
of the beds for dipping layer. (B) Shows the methods on using the Jacobs
10
10
21
21
22
the sequence.
A4
A5
Coal clast sandstone of Tg. Kubong with size ranging from 2 cm to 5cm.
Shale dominated facies on the left part of the outcrop moving to the centre.
22
23
Coal bed over Kg, Ganggarak shows a thin planar beddings which had
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Field log
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1. INTRODUCTION
Geology of Labuan Island is an important study of the geological and stratigraphic
distribution which is closely related to the geology of the offshore Sabah that is the Sabah
Basin and the East Baram Delta. This paper roughly explains on the stratigraphic geological
distribution of the facies and facies association for the entire outcrop of different locality in
Labuan Island.
The study covers on 6 different localities which cover an outcrop by the seashore and
hill cut nearby the main road as shown in figure 1. The localities that we have visited is Kg.
Ganggarak, Kiamsam Shell Terminal, Kg. Bebuloh, Tg. Layang-Layangan, Bkt. Kubong
Army Camp, Tg. Kubong and Bethune Head. Most of the outcrops have easy to moderate
accessibility since the vegetation that covers it is minimal. The rock beddings of the outcrop
are mostly tilted near to vertical exaggeration, making the succession easy to be recognized
and to be study.
The main objective of the study is to investigate and analyse the sedimentation process
that involve in creating the facies association and sedimentation structure. More detailed
objectives of the study are as follows:
1. To study on the stratigraphic succession of the outcrop of different localities in
Labuan Island.
2. To analyse the facies characteristic and facies associations within different localities.
3. To investigate on the process and environments involve in creating the stratigraphic
successions in Labuan Island.
4. To analyse potential petroleum system of Labuan Island based on the geological and
stratigraphic analysis.
2. BACKGROUND
Stratigraphic unit for Labuan Island is rather special since most of the
lithostatigraphic unit is being argued by one researcher to another. The main argument is the
presence of Setap Shale Formation in between the older Temburong Formation and younger
Belait Formation. The Setap Shale Formation was described by Liechti et al.s (1960) in their
compilation as the oldest unit as Temburong Formation. However, the theory is being
disproved by Brondijk (1962) and Wilson (1964) suggesting that Setap Shale is not a part of
Temburong Formation but another formation in between Belait and Temburong Formation.
Mazlan (1994) suggested that Setap Shale Formation is not there as a whole unit but
actually similar to Temburong Formation. Furthermore, he also added up the sequence
facies of Layang-Layang unit as a member of Temburong Formation. This paper will
generally discuss all the stratigraphic units despite which are correct resemblance of the true
lithostatigraphic of the area.
Figure 1. Stratigraphic subdivision of Labuan Island based on previous study. Mazlan (1994)
disagree with all the previous authors on the existence of Setap Shale Formation since both
Brondijk (1962) and Wilson (1964) does not describe the clear evidence of succession
boundaries. (Modified from Mazlan, 1994.)
Temburong Formation
Temburong Formation is the oldest formation of Labuan Island which covers roughly
the southern part of the island. It is the core structure of the Labuan anticline and considered
to be the same as the upper part of the West Crocker Formation is Sabah. Temburong
Formation based on outcrop observation by previous researcher mention that it consists
mainly of deformed deep water argillaceous deposits with rhythmic repetitions of siltstones
and shale interbedded together with claystone, limestone and special sandstone. Special
sandstone for the Temburong Formation would refer to its depositional characters.
Hutchison (2005) reported that Wilson (1964) has subdivided the Temburong
Formation of Labuan into a few sub-facies; (1) Nosong Formation: Consist of sandstone with
abundant lignitic films., (2) Kiam Sam Series: Consist of alternating layers of sandstone and
shale., (3) Limbayong Formation: Consist of claystone with some thick sandstone layers.
and, (4) Upper Sabong Formation: Consist of nodular claystone with thin sandstone and
some limestone layers. Addition to all the sub-facies described by Wilson (1964), Hutchison
(2005) add up what Mazlan (1994) have reported on the Layang-Layang Beds. LayangLayang Units as believed by Mazlan (1994) is a member of the Temburong Formation while
disagree as what Wilson (1964) suggested that Layang-Layang Units is as a part of Belait
Formation. Layang-Layang Units is mainly composed of siltstone and shale with thin
sandstone beds passing up into heterolithic sandstone with mudstone intercalations.
Depositional environment of the Layang-Layang Units has now changed to shallowing
upwards based on the thickening and coarsening-upwards trend and change from low-angle
parallel beddings to cross-stratification.
3. METHODOLOGY
The research and data gathering was conducted mainly on describing and analysing
the stratigraphic facies of the outcrop of different localities within the island of Labuan. The
methods used in gathering the data can be separated into a few different stages. The
equipments required to collect the data via these various stages is a geological compass
with clinometer, hand lens and 1 meter wooden staff. The initial step of collecting the
stratigraphic data is the reconnaissance stage. Reconnaissance stage is the primary step to
investigate on where is the younging direction of the outcrop of different localities. Since the
rock beds of the outcrop are not in horizontal position; mostly tilted beds, of all the localities,
therefore, determining the younging direction is very important. Younging direction of the
outcrop can be determined by observing carefully on the sedimentary structures distributed
along the stratigraphic line. Among the famous sedimentary structure is the ripple marks,
load cast, scour marks and burrow tracks.
The second stage of collecting stratigraphic data is by conducting the bedding
orientation measurement. The most common measurement that is required to define the
beds orientation is the dipping angles, dipping directions and strike direction of the beds.
Measurements of the beds dip-strike angles and directions would be very important for the
next important stage of the data collections that is the Jacob Staff measuring technique.
Jacob staff measuring technique is a technique used to measure the thickness of
tilted rock beds. Measuring the thickness of beds on horizontal plane would not give the true
thickness of the beds as describe in the figure XX.A. In order to measure the true thickness
of the beds, individuals must have the dipping angle of the beds together with its exact
dipping direction. From this information, we can point the staff to the correct direction, tilting
the staff according to the dipping of the beds as shown in figure XX.B. Based on the scale on
the wooden staff, we can easily collect the true thickness data. All the thickness, lithology
and descriptive properties of the rock is then being recorded into a log sheet for analysis
purposes.
Figure 2. (A) Shows on the differences of horizontal measurement and true thickness of the
beds for dipping layer. (B) Shows the methods on using the Jacobs Staff technique to
measure dipping beds. (Adapted from Coe, A.L. et al, 2010, Geological Field Technique)
Figure 3. Map of Labuan showing the location of the outcrop locality. (Adapted from Mazlan,
1994)
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4. RESULTS
4.1 Facies Analysis
This facies analysis will focus on the lithology distribution with specified characteristic which
will be described as lithofacies. This study is only limited to lithofacies not the biofacies and
palynofacies. Lithofacies described as different rock types with specified sediment structure
which correlate to specified process involve in making these types of facies. Generally, for all
localities, there are 9 types of facies that is composed together or separately. The facies that
has been selected and grouped were described in the tables below.
Code
Facies
Description
Fine to medium grain sized sandstone with hummocky
cross stratification (H) and/or with planar cross bedding
Sandstone with
(C). Thickness of the beds varies from 15 cm to 1.5 m.
F1
hummocky cross
The sedimentary structure size varies according to bed
stratification.
thickness. Most of the hummocky structure is difficult to
identify due to weathering surface of the rock.
Thin layer of shale with horizontal planar lamination and
minor cross lamination. Usually interbedded with thin to
F2
Shale (thin).
thick layer of sandstone. Thin of the shale refer to less
dominant feature of the facies.
Fine to medium grain sized sandstone with simple
Sandstone with
horizontal bedding and lamination. Usually interbedded
F3
horizontal planar
with thin layer of shale. More friable than any other
bedding.
sandstone.
Sandstone with wave ripples cross lamination. Fine to
F4
Ripple Sandstone.
11
F6
Dominant shale.
F7
Conglomerate.
Structureless
sandstone.
F8
Friable condition of coal due to weathering. Thickness
F9
Coal beds
12
be interpreted as a good porosity. The thickness of the beds varies from 0.1 to 4 meter thick.
However, the beds are not stack up together with other sandstone but interbedded with
shale.
F4 : Wave ripple sandstone or can also be interpreted as current ripple. Different between
these two is the properties of the ripples. Wave ripple tend to have a symmetrical wavy beds
while current ripple may be asymmetry. These describe the direction of the wave either
unidirectional or bidirectional. Appendix 3 shows the wave ripple cross lamination of Tg.
Kubong.
F5 : Sandstone with coal or mud clast or lamination can occur usually after the coal or mud
being eroded, transported and deposited within sandstone beds. In order to bring the coal or
clast down, it requires a high energy environment such as in tide-influenced or fluvial
channel. Appendix 4 shows the coal fragment that has been consolidated inside sandstone
of Tg. Layang-Layangan.
F6 : Dominant shale refer to deposition of interbedded sandstone and shale with dominant
shale portion. Shale favour a lower energy depositional environment creating a thicker shale
portion to sandstone. Example of depositional area with dominant shale deposition is like in
prodeltaic system and offshore to deep marine. Example of dominant shale composition is in
outcrop Kg. Bebuloh as shown in appendix 5.
F7 : Conglomerate rock in this study exist in minimal portion if compared to shale and
sandstone. However, conglomerate brings good information in describing what environment
that influences the deposition of the surround rock. Conglomerate rock usually being
deposited in high energy environments such as in fluvial dominated channel, where the
deposition tend to be fining upward leading to heavier pebbles to drop at the bottom within
sand. Conglomerate in Kg. Ganggarak and Tg. Kubong can be correlated together. ?
13
F8 : The structureless sandstone logged in Kg. Ganggarak have the thickness of 12.5 meter
and appear as a massive sandstone. The sand grains are well cemented and does not
appear to have good porosity.
F9 : Coal appear dominantly at Kg. Ganggarak with coal beds thickness around 2 meter.
The coal are friable which means it does not take enough force to break it with your hand.
This friable condition may be due to weathering effect. The coal also tend to break into its
planar structure as shown in appendix 6.
4.2 Facies Asssociation
Code Facies Associations
FA1
Interbedded sandstone
FA2
sandstone. (Shale)
May
have
minimal
micro
hummocky
cross
stratification. (Offshore)
FA3
FA4
Sequence of sandstone
beddings and/or
cross stratification.
shoreface to foreshore.
Sandstone shale
14
interbedded with
horizontal planar
FA5
domination.
FAULT
15
16
17
18
5. CONCLUSION
Sedimentary sequences of Labuan Island consist of 9 types of facies that is composed
together in various localities. 5 of the facies consist of sandstones with various sedimentary
features. 2 facies consist of shale and others are sub-facies that are not dominant like
conglomerate and coal beds. These lithofacies is then being interpreted into 5 different
facies association with interbedded relations. Generally, we can conclude that Kg.
Ganggarak is deposited dominantly in fluvial dominated channel, Kg. Kubong in prodeltaic
environment, Kg. Bebuloh in offshore to deep marine environment and Tg. Kubong in upper
to lower shoreface environment.
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REFERENCES
Brondijk, J.F., 1963. Sedimentation in Northwest Borneo. Proc. Brit. Borneo Geol. Conf.
1961, Ceol SUrD. Dept. Bull. 4,19-26.
Coe, A. L. et al., 2010. Geological Field Technique. Department of Earth and Environmental
Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, UK. 26-28.
Madon, M.B.H., 1994. The stratigraphy of northern Labuan, NW Sabah Basin, East
Malaysia. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin 36, 1930.
Madon, M.B.H.,1997. Sedimentological aspects of the Temburong and Belait Formations,
Labuan (offshore west Sabah, Malaysia). Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin 41, 6184.
Madon, M.B.H., Khee Meng, L., Anuar, A., 1999. Sabah Basin. The Petroleum Geology and
Resources of Malaysia. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS), pp. 499542
.
WILSON, R.AM., 1964. The Geology and Mineral Resources of the Labuan and Padas
Valley Area, Sabah, Malaysia. Geol. SUrD. Borneo Region, Mnlaysia, Mem. 17, 150 p .
20
APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Hummocky cross stratification at Kg. Ganggarak at the first 9 m of the log just
before the fault.
21
Appendix 3. Wave ripple cross lamination of sandstone shows the younging direction of the
sequence.
Appendix 4. Coal clast sandstone of Tg. Kubong with size ranging from 2 cm to 5cm.
22
Appendix 5. Shale dominated facies on the left part of the outcrop moving to the centre. The
thickness of the lithology of outcrop Kg. Bebuloh is 90m.
Appendix 6. Coal bed over Kg, Ganggarak shows a thin planar beddings which had become
friable due to weathering effect.
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