CE F435/C471-Introduction to FEM

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

Lecture Handout-VIII

BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

Isoparametric Formualation

Introduction
The various elements so far we have seen are having straight edges. To take care of curved boundaries
refined meshes are to be used when straight edged elements are employed. Even with refined meshes
analysts were not happy with the results since unnecessary stress concentrations are introduced. Higher
order elements also do not overcome the problem of suitably approximating curved boundaries. The
isoparametric concept brought out by Taig [1] and latter on generalized by B.M. Irons [2] revolutionized
the finite elements analysis and it also helped in properly mapping the curved boundaries. They brought out
the concept of mapping regular triangular and rectangular elements in natural coordinate system, to
arbitrary shapes in global system as shown in Fig.
Mapped element in
Parent elements in natural
coordinate system

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

global coordinate system

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Introduction (contd)

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Coordinate Transformation

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Basic theorems of Isoparametric Concept

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Assembling Stiffness Matrix

Assembling element stiffness matrix is a major part in finite element analysis. Since it involves coordinate
transformation from natural local coordinate system to Cartesian global system, isoparametric elements
need special treatment. In this article assembling of element stiffness matrix for 4 noded quadrilateral
element is explained in detail. The procedure can be easily extended to higher order elements by using
suitable functions and noting the increased number of nodes.

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Example Problems

2) For the above fig if P is the point (6, 5). On this point the load components in x and y directions
are 8 kN and 12 kN respectively. Determine its nodal equivalent forces.

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Body and Traction forces for a Q4 Element

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Examples
1) For the four-noded linear plane quadrilateral element shown in Figure with a uniform surface traction
along side 23, evaluate the force matrix by using the energy equivalent nodal forces. Let the thickness of
the element be h = 0.1 in.

2) The quadrilateral element shown in Fig. is 20 mm thick and is subjected to surface forces Tx and Ty.
Determine expressions for its equivalent nodal forces. If Tx = 10N/mm2 and Ty = 15 N/mm2, determine the
numerical values of the nodal forces

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Numerical Integration

Newton-Cotes method for one and two intervals of integration Based on

Trapezoid and Simpson 1/3rd rule
Gauss Method for definite integrals
Advantage of using Gauss Quadrature method in finite element.

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 That is, to approximate the integral, we evaluate the function at several sampling points n, multiply
each value yi by the appropriate weight Wi , and add the terms.
Gauss's method chooses the sampling points so that for a given number of points, the best possible
accuracy is obtained.
Sampling points are located symmetrically with respect to the center of the interval.
In general, Gaussian quadrature using n points (Gauss points) is exact if the integrand is a
polynomial of degree 2n - 1 or less.
In using n points, we effectively replace the given function y = f(x) by a polynomial of degree 2n1.
The accuracy of the numerical integration depends on how well the polynomial fits the given curve.
If the function f(x) is not a polynomial, Gaussian quadrature is inexact, but it becomes more accurate as
more Gauss points are used.

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

So if the table is given for g( x)dx integrals, then how to solve for
1

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

f ( x)dx
a

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Evaluation of the Stiffness Matrix and Stress Matrix by

Gaussian Quadrature

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

In the above Eq. we need not use the same number of Gauss points in each direction (that is, i does not have
to equal j), but this is usually done.
For example, a four-point Gauss rule (often described as a 2 x 2 rule) is shown below with i = 1, 2 and j =
1, 2 yields

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

THANK YOU!