Overview: chapter 6, 7 & 8

Internal flow

External flow
(Re, Eu, Ma) CDrag (Re)

Pipe flow
(Re, Eu)

Open channel flow

(Re, Fr)

Viscous flow over an object

Flow within boundary layer

Inviscid
flow
outside
boundary
layer

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Overview: chapter 6, 7 & 8

Flow within boundary layer

Pipe flow
(Re, Eu)

(Re, Eu, Ma) CDrag (Re)

Laminar flow

Turbulent flow

Re 2300

Re 4000

Major/frictional losses
Minor/local losses

Flow on a flat surface

(Blasius solution)

Curved surface
(Von-karman solution)

Boundary layer thickness ()

Drag coefficient

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Flat surface

Curved surface
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Inviscid flow: chapter 8

Flow outside boundary layer

2 ( )

( ) 0

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Irrotational flow:

( ) 0

----- (1)

Potential flow region

x
x

r
r

y
y

z
z

z
z

1
r

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Irrotational flow:

( .) p g ( )
t

1
( .) ( . ) ( )
2

2
p

( )
g

p 2


gz ( ) 0
2

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2D irrotational flow:
0
2

0
2

x
x

x
y

y
y

velocity potential function

stream function
1

r
r

1
r
r

1

r

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Viscous flow in pipes

Chapter 6
Dr J Rathore

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Contents:
Type of flow (laminar / turbulent flow in pipes)
Major and minor losses associated with pipe flow

Darcy-Weisbach equation (Frictional/major losses)

Minor losses
Sudden expansion, contraction, elbows, joints, valves etc
Pumping power requirement

Fully developed laminar flow in circular pipes (chapter 4)

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Pipe flow:
Pipe: Flow sections of circular cross-section

Duct: Flow sections of non-circular cross-section

Smaller diameter pipes are usually referred as tubes (Heat exchange).

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Importance of pipes
1. City water/our homes
2. Irrigation systems/sewer water system
3. Animal/plant circulation systems
4. Oil and crude supply lines

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Pipes

Simple flow circuit

hL major hL minor

p1 12

p2 22

z1 h pump

z2 hL
g 2 g

g 2 g

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Laminar and turbulent flow:

Laminar: Highly ordered fluid
motion with smooth stream lines

1. Reynolds number

Re 2300

Turbulent: Highly disordered fluid motion

characterized by velocity fluctuations and eddies.

1. Reynolds number

Re 4000

2. Regular and predictable behavior

2. Irregular and chaotic behavior

3. Analytical solution possible

3. No analytical solutions exist

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Fully developed laminar flow:

Basic pipe flow is governed by a balance between viscous and pressure forces.

p1 (r 2 ) ( p1 p)(r 2 ) (2rl) 0

p 2

l
r
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Fully developed laminar flow:

avg

1R
max
z dA
A0
2

Hagen-Poiseuille equation

p1 p2
p 2

l
r

32avgl
D2

p D
w

l 4

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Fully developed laminar flow:

p
p1 p2

u2 u1
p1 12
p2 22

z1

z2
g 2 g
g 2 g
g
Darcy-Weisbach equation (1860):

L avg
hf f
D 2g

32avg L
D2

p1 p2

hf
g

hf

32avg L
gD 2

------ (6.10)

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Turbulent flow :
Darcy-Weisbach equation :

hf f

L avg

D 2g

f (Re)
f (Re,

For laminar flow

For turbulent flow

Turbulent flow :
1. Most commonly encountered in pipe flows
2. Mixing is one positive application of turbulence

Heat transfer

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Problem 6.36:
SAE 30W oil at 20C (refer Table A-3) flows in the 3 cm diameter pipe as shown in
Fig, which slopes at 37. Assuming steady laminar flow, for the pressure
measurements shown,
1. Determine, whether the flow is up or down?
2. Determine the flow rate in m3/hr.
3. Suppose it is desired to add a pump between A and B to drive the oil upward
from A to B at a rate of 3 kg/s. At 100 percent efficiency, what pump power is
required?

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Home assignment :
1. Solved examples 6.3

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Viscous flow in pipes

Chapter 6
Lecture - 2

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Turbulent flow :
Darcy-Weisbach equation :

For laminar flow

For turbulent flow

hf f

L avg

D 2g

f (Re) f lam
f (Re,

------ (6.10)

hf

32avg L
gD 2

64

------ (6.13)
Re

) ------ (6.48)

Turbulent flow :
1. Most commonly encountered in pipe flows
2. Mixing is one positive application of turbulence

Heat transfer

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Velocity profile in turbulent flow:

Uniform velocity distribution compare to laminar flow

Laminar flow velocity profile

1
n

u r
1
Vc R

Turbulent flow velocity profile

1. Logarithmic variation
2. Power law variation
One seventh law is often used as a
reasonable approximation to measured
velocity profiles across most of the
pipes.
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Colebrook equation (1939):

f (Re,

/ D
1
2.51

2.0 log

f
3.7 Re f

------ (6.48)

At higher Reynolds number

f ( )
D

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Colebrook equation (1939):

/ D
1
2.51

f (Re, )
2.0 log

D
f
3.7 Re f

------ (6.48)

Table 6.1,
page 381

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Moodys chart (1944) for pipe friction : Fig 6.13

Pipes

f (Re)

f ( )
D

f (Re,

Ex 6.7:
Oil, with = 900 kg/m3 and = 10-5 m2/s, flows at 0.2 m3/s through 500 m of 200
mm diameter cast iron pipe. Determine
1. The head loss due to friction and
2. The pressure drop if the pipe slopes down at 10 in the flow direction.

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Moodys chart (1944) for pipe friction : Fig 6.13

Pipes

Ex 6.7:
Oil, with = 900 kg/m3 and = 10-5 m2/s, flows at 0.2 m3/s through 500 m of 200
mm diameter cast iron pipe. Determine
1. The head loss due to friction and
2. The pressure drop if the pipe slopes down at 10 in the flow direction.

hf f

L avg

D 2g

p1 2
p2 2
L 2

z1

z2 f
g 2 g
g 2 g
D 2g
p1 p2
L 2

f
( z1 z2 )
g
D 2g
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Minor or Local losses in pipe systems:

Sudden expansion/contraction, sharp entrance/exit, valves, elbows, joints etc

Sudden expansion Assumptions:

1. Constant pressure across the left hand side of the CV (pwall = p1)
2. No wall shear stress

pwall p1

V1 A1 V2 A2
m
(V2 V1 )
p1 A1 ( pwall )( A2 A1 ) p2 A2 m
( p1 p2 ) A2 (V22 A2 V12 A1 )

p1 p2
2
2 A1

V2 V1

A2

Problem (3.59)

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Sudden expansion:
pwall p1

p1 p2
2
2 A1

V2 V1

A2

A1
V2 V1
A2

u u
( 2 1 ) hL
g

p1 p2 V12 V22

( y1 y2 )
minor
g
2g
2

V12
A1
V2
1 2
V12 V22
2 A1

1 k SE
hL minor V2 V1

2 g A2
2g
g
A2 2
2

------ (6.101)

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Fig 6.22: SE/SC

2

k SE

A1 d
1 1 2
A2 D
2

Sudden expansion and contraction losses

based on velocity head in the small pipe
2

------ (6.101)

k SC

d2
0.421 2
D
------ (6.102)

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Sharp entrance/exit:

From a pipe to reservoir

From a reservoir to pipe

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Fig 6.21 (b):

1. Entrance and exit loss
coefficients for rounded
and bevel inlets.
2. Exit losses are K ~ 1 for
all shapes of exit
(sharp, beveled, or
rounded)

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Valves:

Fig 6.17: Typical commercial valve

geometries (a) gate valve (b) globe valve
(c) angle valve (d) swing-check valve (e)
disk-type gate valve

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Table 6.5: Resistance Coefficients for Open Valves, Elbows and Tees

1.
2.

These fittings may be connected by either internal screws or flanges.

Table 6.5 represents losses averaged among various manufacturers, so there is
an uncertainty as high as 50 percent.
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Fig 6.18b:

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Fig 6.18b:

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Fig 6.20: smooth walled 45, 90, 180 bends

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Fig 6.20: rough walled 90 bends

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Fig 6.23: Losses in gradual conical expansion

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Pipe flow problems:

Three most common types of problems

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Ex 6.16:
Water, = 1000 kg/m3 and = 1x10-6 m2/s, is pumped between two reservoirs at
0.0057 m3/s through 120 m of 5 cm diameter pipe and several minor losses, as
shown in Fig. The roughness ratio is /d = 0.001. Compute the
1. Major loss
2
2
L
V
V
2. Total minor loss
hloss f
K
D 2g
2g
3. Pump horsepower required.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Sharp entrance
Open globe valve
0.3 m bend
Regular 90 elbow
Half open gate valve
Sharp exit
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Loss

Sharp entrance

0.5

Open globe valve

6.9

0.3 m bend

0.25

Regular 90 elbow

0.95

Half open gate valve

Sharp exit

V2
V2
h minor K
13.6
2g
2g

p1 12

p2 22

z1 h pump

z2 hmaj or hminor
g 2 g

g 2 g

44

Home assignment:
Problem 6.53
Use Colebrook equation for friction factor.

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Problem 6.120:
As shown in Fig, there are 40 m of 5 cm pipe, 24 m of 15 cm pipe, and 50 m of 7.5 cm
pipe, all cast iron. There are three 90 regular elbows (one elbow is used to direct the
water into the turbine is not shown in the sketch) and a fully open globe valve, all
flanged. The exit elevation is zero. The water flow rate is 16 m3/hr. Assume sharp
entrance and exits. Interpolate the data wherever necessary. (Take water = 1000 kg/m3
and water = 1x10-6 m2/s)
1.
2.
3.
4.

Tabulate all minor loss coefficients involved.

Calculate total minor losses.
Calculate the total frictional losses.
Determine the turbine power output.
Loss

Sharp entrance
90 regular elbow with
radius 5 cm
Sudden expansion
90 regular elbow with
radius 15 cm

Open globe valve

Sharp exit

46

Ex:
Water from a treatment plant is pumped into a distribution system at a rate of 4.38
m3/sec, a pressure of 480 kPa, and a temperature of 20C. The diameter of the pipe
is 750 mm and is made of cast iron.
1. Estimate the pressure 200 m downstream of the treatment plant if the pipeline
remains horizontal.
2. After 20 years in operation, scale buildup is expected to cause the equivalent
surface roughness of the pipe to increase by a factor of 10. Determine the effect
on water pressure 200 m downstream of the treatment plant.

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