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Torsional characteristics
columns:section warping
of
thin-walled
open
section
2Uniform torsion
1Characteristics
d Msv
=
=
dz GIt
In whichGItorsional
rigidity of the section;
t
Gshearing modulus of elasticity;
torsional constant
It
1.89
1
3
I t = b i (t i )
3
1.90
bi
t the
length and thickness of the i element.
i
M sv
=
z
GI t
1.91
3Shear stress
If a thin-walled open section is allowed to warp freely,the
shear stresses in each element are parallel to the middle line of the
cross section,and their magnitude is proportional to the distance
from that line,the shear stress on the middle line is zero(see Fig.143).Shear stress at any point of the flange is
M sv
s =
It
1.92
Fig.1-42,44
For the applied torque is balanced by the moment caused by
shear stresses, if the wall of the section t s is thin,as shown in Fig.144,the length of the shear stress is less and so the higher shear
stress
3Nonuniform torsion
St.Venant Torsion
s acts
s
Msv
Nonuniform torsion
Warping normal stressflange bending moment Mf
Mf flange shear force Vf
Vf torsional moment M=Vfh
sv
Mf
Mf
Vf
B=Mfh
Mfconstitute
double moment B
Vftorsional moment M
M=Vfh
1.93
Vf
h/2
dz
y
d 2u h
d 2
M f = EI f
= EI f
2
2
dz
dz 2
If
1.94
h
u=
2
d u h d
= 2
2
2 dz
dz
2
Mf
Vf
x
dz
y
From the relationships between the bending moment in the upper
flange Mf and the shear force Vf that
Vf =
dM f
dz
h
d 3
V f = EI f
2
dz 3
1.95
Eq1.93becomes
EI f h 2 d 3
M =
3
2
dz
1.96
or
d 3
M = EI 3
dz
1.97
in which
I f h2
I yh2
tb 3 h 2
(1.98)
I =
=
=
2
4
24
I is a significant property of the cross section in the
calculation of the restrained torsioncalled the warping
constant or sector moment of inertia. Eq.1.98can be
used for a doubly symmetric I section.
= M
sv
+ M
1.99a
Mt =GIt EI
1.99b
Substitution of Eq.1.89gives
M sv = GI t
1 M sv2
dU sv =
dz
2 GI t
or
1
d
dU sv = GI t
dz
2
dz
2
d
dz
Integrating over the length gives the strain energy in the entire
member due to St.Venant torsion.Thus
U sv
1 t
2
= GI t ( ) dz
2 0
1.100
2)Warping Torsion
1
2
dU = EI f (u ) dz
2
2
h
I
h
Notice that u = and I = f
,so the expression becomes
1
2
dU = EI ( ) dz
4
1.101
U = U sv + U
1 l
1 l
2
2
= GI t ( ) dz + EI ( ) dz
2 o
2 o
1.102
os
y
Fig.1-48
1simply supported
zero warping, zero rotation
Equilibrium equation
sv
M = 0
os
y
M t1 M sv M = 0
M
t1
sv
warping torsion
Mt1 GIt + EI = 0
dA
E
dz
z
z
os
y
x
a)
s
dA
b)
Fig.1-48
c)
dA
Torsion of fiber DE DE
F1
DD torsional angle
EE torsional angle +d
The angle between DE and the
plumb lineDE) .
d
=
dz
Force
dA
dz
s
d
E
F2
D
D
d
dM t1 = F2 = dA =
dA
dz
2
Integrating,we have
I d
d
d
2
2
M t1 =
dA
=
I
=
A
=
Ni
dz A
dz
A dz
In which i0 is the polar radius of gyration.
(1.103)
i02 = 2dA / A = ( I x + I y ) / A
A
EI (GI t Ni02 ) = 0
1.105
)
)
)
)
z=0, =0,
no torsion
z=0, =0,
free warping
z=l, =0,
no torsion
z=l, =0 free warping
= 0
= 0
M
thus
h
=
EI f = 0
2
= 0
2 EI
N = ( 2 + GI t ) / i02
l
I f h 2 tb3h 2
I =
=
2
24
A=2251+200.6=62cm2
Ix=0.6203/12+225110.52=5913 cm4
Iy=21253/12=2604cm4
h0=200
t=10
EI
Solving N cr =
l2
2 EI
N = ( 2 + GI t ) / i02
l
h=218
t=10
Example 14
I t = ( 2 25 13 + 20 0.63 ) / 3 = 18.11cm 4
I = I f h 2 / 2 = 1 253 212 /(12 2) = 287109.4cm 4
2 EI y
2 EI
+ GI t
2
= l 2
= (912083 + 1430690 ) / 8517 = 275 .6 N / mm 2
i0 A
2Torsional-flexural buckling
It mostly takes place in singly symmetric thin-walled
compressive columns.There is bending deformation beside
torsional deformation when the element is buckling.see
Fig.1.51.
EI (GI t Ni02 ) = 0
1.105
Q
N
s
x o s o
x
dz
a
u0
u
=du/dz
Bending moment My by
axial force in plane xz
M y Nu
Shear force
Q=
dM y
dz
t2
du
= N
a
dz
M t1 + M t 2 M sv M = 0
EI (GI t Ni ) + Nau = 0
2
0
1.108
EI y u + Nu0 = 0
u0 = u + a
EI y u + Nu + Na = 0
Conclusion:
2
EI y u + Nu + Na = 0
4Critical load
z
Assume:
= A sin
l
Thus
1.110
1.111
z
u = B sin
l
a 2 2
( N y N cr )( N N cr ) ( ) N cr = 1
i0
Ny =
2 EI y
l
1 2 EI
N = 2 ( 2 + GI t )
i0
l
i =a +
2
0
Ix + I y
A
5Discussion
Double symmetric section
a=0use the smaller one between Ncr=Ny and Ncr=N
y f y
d 2u d 2 v
u=v= 2 = 2 =0
dz
dz
at
z = 0, l
d 2
= 2 =0
dz
at
z = 0, l
(5.59)
(5.60)
(5.61)
x
The moment about the x and y axes, denoted by vectors
in the figure, are given by
M x = M x cos = M x
M y = M x cos( + 90) = M x sin = M x
(5.62)
(5.63)
M z = M x cos(90
du
du
du
) = M x sin
= Mx
dz
dz
dz
(5.64)
d 2v
EI x 2 + M x = 0
dz
d 2u
EI y 2 + M x = 0
dz
d
du
GJ
Mx
=0
dz
dz
(5.65)
(5.66)
(5.67)
d 2 M x2
GJ 2 +
=0
dz
EI y
or
d 2
2
+
k
=0
2
dz
(5.68)
(5.69)
= A sin kz + B cos kz
(5.70)
A sin kl = 0
(5.71)
sin kl = 0
This gives
kl =
(5.72)
M cr =
GJEI y
l
Obviously, the critical moment is proportional to the
torsional stiffness GJ and the bending stiffness EI y
For which
M cr
Sx
cr =
GJEI y
lS x
cr =
or
(5.73)
cr =
l
2
I
h
hb y 12 GE
GE
=
3
3 4 I x bh
l /b
3
Iy
Ix
(5.74)
d 2u d 2 v
u =v= 2 = 2 =0
dz
dz
d 2
=
=0
2
dz
at
z = 0, l
at
z = 0, l
The strain energy: due to bending about the y axis and the
energy due to twisting about the z axis.
2
2
l d u
l d
l d
1
1
1
2
U = EI y 0 ( 2 ) dz + GJ 0 ( ) dz + E 0 ( 2 ) 2 dz
2
dz
2
dz
2
dz
2
(5.76)
(5.77)
V = 2 M
Where is the angle of rotation about the x axis at each end
of the beam.
1 l du d
=
dz
(5.85)
2 0 dz dz
Thus the potential energy of the external loads given by
Eq.(5.77) becomes
l du d
V = M
dz
(5.86)
0 dz dz
(5.87)
1 B2M 2
U +V =
2 EI y
2
z
1
2
0 sin l dz + 2 GJB l 2
l
4
1
+ E B 2 4
2
l
2 2
z
M
B
2
0 sin l dz EI y
l
z
0 cos l dz
l
z
0 cos l dz
l
(5.93)
and since
l
z
1
2 z
0 sin l dz = 0 cos l dz = 2
l
Eq.(5.93) reduces to
1 GJB 2 2 EB 2 4 M 2 B 2l
U +V =
+
3
4
l
l
EI y
(5.94)
Thus
GJ 2 E 4 M 2l
+ 3
=0
l
l
EI y
from which
M cr =
l
2
EI y GJ + E 2
l
(5.96)
at
at
at
z = 0, l
z = 0, l
(5.97)
z = 0, l
u = A 1 cos
(5.98)
2 z
= B 1 cos
1
16 A2 4 l
2 2 z
U + V = EI y
cos
dz
4
0
2
l
l
1
4 B 2 2 l 2 2 z
+ GJ
sin
dz
2
0
2
l
l
1
16 B 2 4 l
2 2 z
+ E
cos
dz
4
0
2
l
l
4 AB 2
M
l2
2 z
0 sin l dz
l
(5.99)
or
2
=
l
2
8 EI y A l 2 2 MB = 0
2
2
=
2GJBV + 8 E B 2 2 MA = 0
B
l
l
2
4 EI y 2 A ( M ) B = 0
l
( M ) A + GJ + 4 E 2 B = 0
l
(5.101)
(5.102)
Hence
2
2
4 EI y 2 GJ + 4 E 2 M 2 = 0
l
l
from which
2
M cr =
l
2
EI y GJ + 4 E 2
l
(5.103)
w0 =
l/2
Pz 2 dz 2
2 EI y
(5.106)
V = Pw0 =
l/2
P2 z2 2
dz
2 EI y
(5.107)
EI y d u
l GJ d
dz
2 dz + 0
2 dz
2 dz
2
2 2 2
l/2 P z
E d 2
+
dz
dz
2
0 2
0
2 EI y
dz
l
(5.108)
or
(5.109)
U + V =
l/2
l GJ d
l E d
P z
dz +
dz +
dz (5.110)
2
0 2
0 2
4 EI y
dz
dz
2 2
assume that :
= B sin
z
l
(5.111)
Thus
P2 B2
U +V =
4 EI y
l/2
2 2
z
GJB
2
2
2 z
z sin
dz +
cos
dz
2
l
2l
l
EB 2 4 l 2 z
+
sin
dz
4
0
2l y
l
Using the definite integrals
z
l3 2
0 z sin l dz = 8 6 + 1
l
l
l
2 z
2 z
0 sin l dz = 0 cos l dz = 2
l/2
(5.112)
(5.113)
Hence
d (U + V )
dB
B P 2l 3 2 GJ 2 E 4
=
+ 1 +
+ 3 =0
2
2 8EI y 6
l
l
from which
4 2
Pcr = 2
l
3
2
EI y GJ + E 2
2
+6
l
(5.115)
E 2
(5.139)
EI y GJ + 2
l
M cr =
l
4 2
Pcr = 2
l
3
E 2
EI y GJ + 2
2
+6
l
(5.140)
Pl
M cr =
= 1.36
4
l
E 2
EI y GJ + 2
l
(5.141)
M cr = C1
l
E 2
EI y GJ + 2
l
(5.142)
E 2
M cr = C1
EI y GJ +
2
kl
( kl )
(5.144)
Chinese code
(1)If there are slabs connected with the beam, no
stability need to be calculated.
(2)Otherwise for welded simple supported I beam:
Mx
f,
bWx
y t1 2
4320 Ah
235
b = b 2 [
1+ (
) + b ]
y Wx
4.4h
fy
Where b
stability coefficient, b
coefficients related
loading and loading point, b
coefficient related to
symmetric of section
0.4646 0.1269
b = 1.1 (
) + 3/ 2
b
b
'
(1)h / b0 6
(2)l1 / b0 : 95,65,57