ECUADOR

April 2012

An overview from the REDD

Countries Database
An independent database of REDD activities on the ground

Lead research institution: EcoDecisin

www.theredddesk.org/countries/ECUador
Also available in Spanish

REDD in Ecuador
Ecuador is a relatively small country (about half the size of
France or 283,561 km2) with an extremely varied geographical
landscape and extraordinary biological diversity (MAE 2010a).
Ecuador is considered to be one of the worlds megadiverse
countries (Mittermeier et al. 1997) and the Amazonian region
includes large tracts of intact natural forest of global conservation
significance (Bass et al. 2010). Ecuador is divided into four distinct
biogeographic regions: the Amazon, the Andes, the Pacific coastal
plain and the Galapagos Islands. The vast majority of forest
biomass - approximately 10 million hectares - is in the Amazon
region (80%), with about 13% near the coast and the remaining
7% in the Andean highlands (Stern & Kernan 2011). The country
has experienced major changes to its forest cover for many
decades, mostly due to agricultural expansion and illegal logging.
According to data from 2000, an estimated 198,000 ha of forest
were being lost every year, equivalent to an annual deforestation
rate of 1.5% (CLIRSEN 2003). Recent data from the Ministry of
Environment, however, indicate that the national deforestation
rate is significantly lower than the earlier figure and is closer to
61,765 ha per year (equivalent to 0.6% per year) (MAE 2011a). This
figure, however, excludes deforestation in the humid north-western
area of the country and alternative types of imagery are now
being acquired to provide a more accurate figure for the national
deforestation rate.
The principal driver of deforestation in Ecuador is the expanding
agricultural frontier, followed by other drivers that vary in
importance depending on the geographical region, including
agroindustry (e.g. African oil palm), logging, mining and
infrastructure. Most of the countrys coastal forests have already
been deforested for agriculture, and fragile habitats such as dry
forests, mangroves and other wetlands have been lost or severely
degraded. In the Amazon, broad areas have been affected by
oil extraction and subsequent human colonization. The growth
of palm oil plantations has decimated natural forests near the
northwest coast and gold mining has caused deforestation, habitat
degradation and water contamination, particularly in the southern
Amazon region (Stern & Kernan 2011). Reducing deforestation in
Ecuador is a national priority and the National Development Plan
(known as the Plan for Good Living, 2009-2013) aims to reduce
deforestation in Ecuador by 30% by 2013. To help achieve this goal,
the Ministry of the Environments Socio Bosque Program (SBP)
began in 2008 to conserve natural forests by providing financial
incentives to private and community forest owners to keep their
forests standing.

Ecuador has been a participant in the UN-REDD programme

since Oct 2009 when it was formally accepted as an observer
country. Since the acceptance of its National Joint Program (NJP)
in March 2011, Ecuador became a beneficiary country and joined
the group of twelve pilot countries that are implementing activities
in preparation for REDD. At the national level, a framework to
regulate REDD activities is under development. These activities
will be implemented at the national level with the possibility for
sub-national projects. All measurement, reporting and verification
(MRV) will be carried out at the national level (MAE 2011b). To
date, the sub-national activities underway in Ecuador are largely
feasibility studies for potential REDD+ projects, reforestation
projects and include a few REDD projects that are preparing
project design documents (PDDs).

Elements of REDD
Management and Coordination
The Ministry of Environment (MAE) is the official governmental
partner to the UNREDD programme and coordinates all REDD
initiatives and activities in Ecuador. During the readiness phase the
MAE is responsible for implementation of the NJP and ensuring
that the NJP is in compliance with the provisions of the National
REDD+ Plan (PNREDD+).
The NJP is governed by an Executive Board that will guide,
coordinate, supervise and monitor implementation of the NJP. The
Board will be chaired by the Undersecretary of the Environment
(SCC) within the MAE, together with the UN resident coordinator
in Ecuador, with participation of the three UN agencies involved
in the program (FAO, UNDP and UNEP). The Executive Board can
also invite other stakeholders to join
the Committee including other government agencies, civil society,
and representatives of indigenous groups and other forestdependent communities. Fund management arrangements will
be jointly defined by the MAE and UN agencies.
In October 2010, a specific working group on REDD+ was
established under Executive Decree No. 495 called the Interinstitutional Committee on Climate Change (CICC). The CICC
performs as a high-level institution to coordinate and facilitate the
integrated implementation of national policies related to climate
change, the National Strategy for Climate Change and the countrys
responsibilities under the United Nations Framework Convention
for Climate Change (UNFCCC).

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Stakeholder engagement
Ecuador has coordinated several actions at the national level to
engage key stakeholders in the national REDD+ process. The
REDD+ engagement programme, which is supported by UNREDD, aims to provide information, opportunity for consultation
and capacity building on the PNREDD+. The objectives of the
engagement program are to assist stakeholders to understand
REDD+ and the implications for implementation, reach
agreements about REDD+ and generate interest in participation,
involve key actors through mechanisms to promote participation
and build local capacity to implement the PNREDD+ (MAE 2011c).
The National Advisory Committee (COASNA) was established to
ensure that the implementation of the NJP is an inclusive process
with equal representation of interests. COASNA is comprised of
government and civil society stakeholders, including indigenous
peoples and will initially consist of a representative and acting
representative of the National Planning Secretariat (SENPLADES)
and the Ministry of Agriculture, Ranching, Aquaculture and
Fishing (MAGAP), to facilitate governance and coordination among
different levels of government as stated in the mandate of the
2009-2013 National Plan for Good Living (MAE 2011b).
Ecuador has also established a review group for the NJP and has
convened various workshops and a series of public meetings that
serve as primary forums for stakeholder engagement around the
UN-REDD process. Finally, the national Social and Environmental
Standards (SES) Committee has engaged with a wide variety of
stakeholders to develop standards and safeguards for REDD+ in
Ecuador.
Rights and tenure
Land tenure in Ecuador is an important determinant of land-use
and deforestation dynamics in the country. The agrarian reform
that took place during the 1960s and 70s required that land
beneficiaries demonstrate that land in their possession was being
used. This drove thousands of peasant farmers to occupy forested
areas in the northwest and the Amazon regions of Ecuador,
causing large-scale deforestation and destruction to forested
ecosystems (Morales et al. 2010). The resulting situation is that
many indigenous territories are now populated by colonists - in
many cases with encouragement from the government - and the
remaining forest resources are fragmented across a large number
of individual, cooperative and communal landowners (Morales et
al. 2010).
Ecuador does not have a forest concession system for production
forests; instead, forest tenure is held by either the state, private
landowners, or indigenous peoples and local communities.
By far the largest owners of forests in Ecuador are indigenous
communities (including Afro-Ecuadorians), who hold roughly
7.5 million ha of native forest (Palacios and Revelo 2005 cited in
Aazco et al. 2010). Government lands include native forests within
the National System of Protected Areas (SNAP), which account for
around 4.8 million hectares, and the so-called forest patrimony,
which cover over 2 million hectares. While forests within the SNAP
are not allowed to be used for commercial purposes, they may be
used for subsistence by indigenous communities. Land under forest
patrimony, on the other hand is a combination of production and
conservation forests (Aazco et al. 2010).
Forest patrimony is, in theory, controlled by the state, but in
practice these lands are often in the possession of settlers,
communities and logging companies and the issue of control of
these lands remains one of the key issues to resolve within the
forestry sector (Aazco et al. 2010). Data on forest tenure is also
conflicting, and statistics on land ownership include a significant
overlap given that Ecuador has a total forest area of 10 million
hectares.

Compliance (enforcement and incentives)

Ecuador has a number of forest-related laws and policies relating to
the enforcement and providing incentives for sustainable land-use
practices. The Forestry Law, currently being updated, specifically
details a range of prohibited actions that include (illegal) logging,
grazing, transport of forest products, forest destruction and
invasions on forested land.
The National Forestry Directorate (DNF), within the MAE, is
responsible for compliance with forest management policies and
other aspects of the Forestry Law. To date, the focus within the
DNF has been on controlling the transport of illegal timber on the
highways and the Directorate has had a limited role in controlling
illegal activities within the forest. It has been proposed by the
Ministry of Environment, though, that the future strategy for law
enforcement be concentrated mainly within the forest industry
(50% of the DNFs effort allocation), with additional controls in
the forest itself (30% effort) and on highways (20% effort); almost
the reverse of the current situation. Enforcement at sawmills and
other industrial operations will involve engagement of additional
authorities including the military, police, local governments and
the countrys Internal Revenue Service (MAE 2010b).
The Socio Bosque Program (SBP), though not formally a REDD+
program, is an incentive-based policy for forest conservation.
From its initiation in September 2008 to December 2011, the SBP
has achieved conservation agreements with private individuals
(114,701 ha) and indigenous community partners (768,522 ha)
to conserve a total of 883,223ha of native forests, humid Andean
grasslands (pramos) and other native vegetation formations,
with estimated benefits for more than 70,000 people (MAE
2011f). MAE is considering a range of additional incentives which
may be monetary in the form of direct financial compensation
(as is the case with the SBP), tax breaks for sustainable activities
(e.g. for forested lands or imported machinery) or non-financial
incentives such as facilitation in the acquisition of logging permits,
administrative services through mobile offices in timber production
zones, free technical assistance from MAE to develop management
plans, or the deregulation of plantations (MAE 2010b). Further
incentives to promote sustainable forest management and
reforestation are also currently under consideration (MAE 2010b).
Reference Levels
Ecuador will use an historical reference level (RL) for deforestation
rates based on 1990 levels (MAE 2011a), and the government has
recently begun a process to develop a national reference level for
emissions from deforestation. The first component of this RL is
the estimation of carbon stocks associated with different types
of land use and vegetation cover, with an emphasis on forest
ecosystems, which is being estimated as part of the National
Forestry Evaluation. The second component is the calculation of
the historical rate of deforestation that entails reliable estimation
of the area and location of previous deforestation events.
In February 2011, the MAE made publically available the first
results on historic forest cover and land use for continental
Ecuador for the two periods 1990-2000 and 2000-2008, based
on a comparison of LANDSAT and ASTER images (MAE 2011a).
The study estimated that Ecuadors total forested area in 2008
was 9,599,679 ha, and that the deforestation rate in Ecuador was
74,300 ha/yr between 1990 and 2000, and 61,800 ha/yr between
2000 and 2008.
It is important to note, however, that these preliminary figures
exclude about 30% of the total land area in Ecuador, primarily in
the Esmeraldas Province in the North West of the country, due to
a lack of cloud-free satellite images. Given that much of this area
is forested land that has undergone large-scale deforestation and
forest degradation in the past two decades (Sierra et al. 2003;
Stern & Kernan 2011), the actual figures for historical deforestation
are likely to be significantly higher than current estimates . The

REDD Countries Database ECUADOR

MAE plans to use historical reference data to focus national efforts

across geographic areas with increased historical deforestation
rates and to increase effectiveness of the Forest Governance Model.
Safeguards
Ecuador aims to comply with the safeguards that are outlined
within the Cancun Agreements (UNFCCC 2010). These safeguards
will be integrated into the Monitoring, Reporting and Verification
(MRV) system currently being developed, with emphasis on the
rights of indigenous peoples and local communities, conservation
of biodiversity, ecosystem services and other social and
environmental benefits.
In addition to its commitments under the UNFCCC, Ecuador is
one of five pilot countries to develop voluntary national REDD+
Social and Environmental Standards (SES). This process includes
an extensive stakeholder consultation process, workshops with
diverse actors, revision by the Ministry of the Environments
legal department and the establishment of a National Standards
Committee. During the SES implementation phase in Ecuador,
an information and monitoring system for safeguards will be
developed to link REDD+ SES with the UN-REDD program to
ensure compliance with safeguards as well as multiple benefits
from REDD+ implementation. This monitoring plan will be used
in the Socio Bosque Program as a pilot effort, to be scaled up for
use in the National REDD+ Plan (MAE, 2011b). In March 2010, the
MAE and UNEP-WCMC began a joint program to identify social
and environmental benefits from the implementation of REDD+
in Ecuador (MAE 2011c) and the global UN-REDD Programme
will also produce tools and guidance to assess biodiversity and
ecosystem services in forested areas that will be used in Ecuador.
Monitoring, Reporting and Verification
Historically, Ecuador has been poorly equipped to monitor
deforestation and forest degradation; national and regional
data on forests are largely outdated, unreliable, incomplete and
inconsistent and the current administration has subsequently made
great effort and investment to create reliable data on the state of
the nations forests, the first results of which were published earlier
this year (MAE 2011a).
The MRV program in Ecuador consists of four principal projects.
The MAE developed a historical scenario to determine where
deforestation and land use change occurred over time, during the
periods 1990-2000 and 2000-2008. In Feb 2011, the SBP reported
its first results with a national historical deforestation map based
on LANDSAT and ASTER satellite imagery with minimum possible
cloud cover (MAE 2011a). Ecuador anticipates but has not yet done
a projected reference scenario. The National Forestry Evaluation
programme, financed by the FAO, is being developed to procure
data on tree species and biomass from plots in diverse forest types
throughout the country with information on some forest types
(e.g. dry forest and part of Amazonia) to be completed in Jan
2012 (MAE 2010b). MAE is currently developing a national forest
monitoring system which is expected to be implemented in 2012.

Section Summaries
Statistics
Ecuador is a relatively small country (283,561 km2; about half the
size of France) with an extremely varied geographical landscape
and extraordinary biological diversity due to its equatorial location,
the presence of the Andean mountains that run the countrys
length, and the influence of marine currents on the coast (MAE
2010a). Ecuador is considered to be one of the worlds megadiverse
countries (Mittermeier et al. 1997) and the Amazonian region
includes large tracts of intact natural forest of global conservation
significance (Bass et al. 2010).

Ecuador is divided into four distinct biogeographic regions: the

Amazon, the Andes, the Pacific coastal plain and the Galapagos
Islands. The most recent figure for the total forested area of
Ecuador is 9,599,679 ha (MAE 2011a) and around 80% of the
forest is located in the Amazon Basin, which makes up 47% of
the national territory (RAISG 2009). Of the remaining forest
area, about 13% is near the coast and the final 7% in the Andean
highlands (Stern & Kernan 2011). The percentage of natural
forests vs. plantations has yet to be determined but is currently
under analysis.
The annual rate of change in forest cover in Ecuador is variable
between time periods and information sources due to different
methods of analysis. According to data from 2000, an estimated
198,000 ha of forest were being lost every year, equivalent to an
annual deforestation rate of 1.5% (CLIRSEN 2003). Recent data
from the Ministry of Environment, however, indicates an annual
change in forest cover on continental Ecuador of 0.68% (74,300
ha/yr) for the period between 1990-2000 and slightly lower, 0.63%
(61,800 ha/yr), between 2000 and 2008 (MAE 2011a). The MAE
study divided continental Ecuador into six regions: (1) Amazon,
(2) Eastern Andean slopes, (3) Western Andean slopes, (4) interAndean valleys, (5) Coastal plain and (6) Southern Andes. The
results, however, have an estimated error of up to 30% due to the
difficulty of finding cloud-free images for certain regions of the
country, particularly in the north-western Esmeraldas Province
(coastal plain).
For decades, Ecuador has experienced major changes to its forest
cover. The principal drivers of deforestation in Ecuador are
ever-increasing areas of subsistence and commercial agriculture
and cattle ranching, illegal logging and the exploitation of
non-renewable resources such as oil, gold and other minerals,
accompanied by road construction and subsequent colonization.
Most of these commercial activities are important to the countrys
economy; Ecuador is a largely agricultural country, and oil and its
by-products are an important source of foreign exchange.
Institutions
The Ministry of the Environment (MAE) is the focal point for
REDD+ activities in Ecuador and develops and implements
policy for REDD+ readiness. The Ministry is comprised of two
Departments: the National Department Climate Change Mitigation
and the National Department for Climate Change Adaptation. As
an indication of the priority and inter-sector relevance that the
government has placed on the issue of climate change, a high level
Inter-Institutional Committee on Climate Change (CICC), led by
the MAE, was formed in 2010 under Executive Decree.
Plans and Policies
Numerous other government institutions at the national or
provincial level are or potentially will be involved in REDD+
implementation. Many civil society organizations (CSOs), private
sector entities and indigenous groups are also involved in
REDD+ to differing degrees.
Ecuador has a number of national-level governmental plans and
policies that support efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation
and forest degradation. The most relevant for REDD+ is the
National REDD+ Plan (PNREDD+) currently being developed
under the Ministry of Environment (MAE) to coordinate efforts
to reduce deforestation in Ecuador. One of the crosscutting
components of the National REDD+ Plan is to ensure additional
social and environmental benefits in the implementation of
REDD+, including improved benefits for local and indigenous
communities that depend on forests for their livelihoods and
wellbeing. As such, Ecuador is developing national REDD+
Social and Environmental Standards (SES) to be implemented
alongside PNREDD+.

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The National Climate Change Strategy, 2010-2030 (approved by
Executive Decree, July 2009) is the overarching climate change
policy in Ecuador and comprises the National Mitigation Plan
and the National Adaptation Plan. The MAE is responsible for
the development and implementation of the strategy which aims
to protect the countrys biodiversity that is considered a strategic
resource for the well-being and development of Ecuadorian
society. The National Plan for Good Living (2009-2013) sets the
environment as a national priority and as one of its central axes
it proposes the conservation and sustainable management of
natural heritage and biodiversity, and mitigation and adaptation
to climate change. It also aims to reduce social and environmental
vulnerability and to reduce the national deforestation rate by
30% by 2013 (SENPLADES 2009). The National Environmental
Policy enacts policies that are considered relevant to reach a
level of well-being for all Ecuadorians including the sustainable
management of the environment. Finally, the Forest Governance
Model (FGM) within the National Strategy for the Development of
Sustainable Forestry emphasizes the maintenance and restoration
of environmental goods and services provided by forests to local
communities and society in general.
Legal Framework
Ecuador has a number of laws relating to the conservation, and
sustainable use of forests, as well as the conservation of natural
areas and biodiversity, all of which are currently in the process
of being revised. These laws, some of which are mentioned
below, provide guidance on the use of natural resources as well
as enforcement measures to protect forests. The Forestry and
Conservation of Natural Areas and Wildlife Law has been in
effect since 1981. The forestry component emphasizes forest
management, production forests (native forests and plantations),
forestry control and research. The Biodiversity Law (2004) focuses
on the protection of the biodiversity of Ecuador including genetic
and ancestral resources. The Water Law (2004) focuses on water
conservation, its use (domestic and irrigation), clean-up and
quality improvement, the location of underground water sources
and citizens rights to access and use.
The Constitution of Ecuador (2008) is the supreme law of
Ecuador and provides the framework for the organization of the
Government and the relationship between the government and
citizens. The Constitution was approved by public referendum
and became effective on Oct 20, 2008 when it was published
in the Official Register. Article 74 of the Constitution regulates
environmental services to ensure that people, communities and
indigenous groups have the right to benefit from the environment.
It also states that environmental services are not susceptible to
appropriation; that their production, provision and use will be
regulated by the National Government. It is therefore commonly
understood that carbon sequestration from forests, which is
considered to be an environmental service, may not be sold or
appropriated, making it unclear how Ecuador would be able
to participate in a market based solution to REDD+. The MAE
is consequently now leading a process to define the regulatory
framework for environmental services in the country that will
include incentive mechanisms, usage rights and provisions for
the equitable distribution of economic benefits from their use
(MAE 2011b). The interpretation of Article 74 is currently under
scrutiny for its applicability to present and future REDD+ activities
and the level at which they may be carried out. Other articles
including Articles 400, 403 and 414 include specific mandates to
protect biological diversity, to conserve forests and protect at-risk
populations.
Ecuador is a signatory of many international environmental
conventions as well as some international treaties related to the
protection of endangered biological species (e.g. sharks, marine
turtles, vicuas).

ActivitieS
There are a range of preparatory REDD+ activities underway in
Ecuador, ranging from national level programs to those at
the project level. Ecuador has been a member of the UN-REDD
programme since Oct 2009 and in March 2011 - upon acceptance
of its National Joint Program (NJP) - Ecuador joined the group of
twelve pilot countries under the UN-REDD programme that are
implementing REDD activities. These activities include an initiative
to ensure multiple benefits for REDD+ implementation, and the
development of a legal, financial and institutional framework
for REDD+.
In addition to the activities carried out under the UN-REDD
programme, the government of Ecuador is implementing two
further national-level forest programs that will contribute towards
REDD. The Socio Bosque Program (SBP) is an incentive-based
program for forest conservation, coordinated by the MAE, which
has been running in Ecuador since September 2008. Under SBP
owners of land receive economic incentives to guarantee the
permanence of native forests over the medium- to long-term.
All legal landowners can participate in the program but priority
is given to areas with rapidly changing land use and forest cover
(i.e., high rates of deforestation), areas that are critical for the
maintenance of ecosystem services that provide benefits for society
and areas with a high incidence of poverty. PROFORESTAL is
a national reforestation program, created in 2008, to establish
industrial ad communal plantations and agroforestry systems with
the twin objectives of protecting native forests and generating jobs
in the rural sector. Under PROFORESTAL indigenous groups,
local communities and private property owners signs agreements
with PROFORESTAL who then provide up-front capital including
labour costs and technical assistance to establish the plantation.
Following timber harvests, landowners must then return a
percentage of their income from timber sales to PROFORESTAL.
Some difficulties and limitations have been highlighted within this
program including uncertainty and conflict in land ownership,
gaps in technical know-how, and a lack of coordination among
government institutions (Zambrano-Barragn 2010, in Lawson
et al. 2011).
A number of subnational activities are also underway in Ecuador
and are at various stages of development. These activities are
predominantly pilot projects led by national or international civil
society organisations and the private sector. The most developed
of these are the Awacachi and Orellana projects that aim to protect
community forests that are threatened by land use change.
Financing
The major sources of funding for REDD+ activities in Ecuador
are the national government, FAO, GIZ, KfW, and the UN-REDD
Programme that will support Ecuador in the REDD readiness phase
through 2013. Non-governmental funds for REDD+ have typically
been spent on capacity building and training, communication,
research and investigation, and feasibility studies for project-level
REDD activities among other things (EcoDecision 2010).
The current major funding sources for REDD-related programs
and activities in Ecuador are as follows. From 2008-2011, the
government of Ecuador spent USD 14.5 million on the Socio
Bosque Programme. FAO provides financial support of about USD
1 million for a project to support the National Forest Evaluation.
GIZ provides technical support for activities related to climate
change mitigation. The UN-REDD programme has pledged USD 4
million over a three-year period from 2011-2013 to support REDD
Readiness activities in Ecuador, although as of early 2012 none of
this has actually been disbursed. Finally, the German Development
Bank (KfW) has pledged 13.5 million to support REDD activities
in Ecuador until 2015.

References
REDD in Ecuador
BASS, M. S. ET AL. 2010. Global Conservation Significance of
Ecuadors Yasun National Park. Available: www.plosone.org

REDD Countries Database ECUADOR

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT. 2010a. Cuarto Informe Nacional

Para el Convenio Sobre la Diversidad Biolgica. Available: www.
cbd.int/doc/world/ec/ec-nr-04-es.pdf
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT. 2011a. Estimacin de la Tasa de
Deforestacin del Ecuador Continental. Socio Bosque Program.
Available: http://sociobosque.ambiente.gob.ec/?q=node/269

CLIRSEN. 2003. Deforestacin en Ecuador.

ECOBONA-INTERCOOPERATION. [Online] Available: http://
www.asocam.org/ECOBONA/sectorforestal/Sectorforestal1.pdf
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT. 2010a. Cuarto Informe Nacional
Para el Convenio Sobre la Diversidad Biolgica. Available: www.
cbd.int/doc/world/ec/ec-nr-04-es.pdf
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT. 2011a. Estimacin de la Tasa de
Deforestacin del Ecuador Continental. Socio Bosque Program.
Available: http://sociobosque.ambiente.gob.ec/?q=node/269

MITTERMEIER, R. ET AL. 1997. Megadiversity: Earths

Biologically Wealthiest Nations. CEMEX.
RED AMAZNICA DE INFORMACIN SOCIOAMBIENTAL
GEOREFERENCIADA (RAISG). 2009. reas Protegidas y
Territorios Indgenas.
Available: http://www.raisg.socioambiental.org
STERN, M. and B. KERNAN. 2011. Report on Tropical Forests and
Biodiversity in Ecuador. USAID.

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT. 2011b. National Program

Document Ecuador. UN-REDD Programme.

Legal
REGISTRO OFICIAL. 2008. Constitucin de la Repblica del
Ecuador. No. 449.

MITTERMEIER, R. ET AL. 1997. Megadiversity: Earths

Biologically Wealthiest Nations. CEMEX.

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT. 2011b. National Program

Document Ecuador. UN-REDD Programme.

STERN, M. and B. KERNAN. 2011. Report on Tropical Forests and

Biodiversity in Ecuador. USAID.

Plans
SENPLADES. 2009. Plan Nacional de Desarrollo para el Buen Vivir
2010-2013. Available:http://www.senplades.gob.ec/web/18607/
plan-nacional-para-el-buen-vivir-2009-2013

Elements of REDD
AAZCO, M. ET AL. 2010. Sector Forestal Ecuatoriano: Propuestas
Para Una Gestin Forestal Sostenible. Serie Investigacin y
Sistematizacin No. 8. Programa Regional
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT. 2010b. La Gobernanza Forestal
Cmo Modelo de Gestin Para Nuestros Bosques. National
Forestry Directorate.
MINSITRY OF ENVIRONMENT. 2011a. Estimacin de la Tasa de
Deforestacin del Ecuador Continental. Socio Bosque Program.
Available: http://sociobosque.ambiente.gob.ec/?q=node/269
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT. 2011b. National Program
Document Ecuador. UN-REDD Programme.
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT. 2011c. Ecuador: Towards REDD+
Implementation.
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT. 2011f. Socio Bosque Program:
Hectares Under Conservation by Individual and Collective
Partners. http://sociobosque.ambiente.gob.ec/?q=node/330
MORALES, M. ET AL. 2010. Seguridad en la Tenencia de la Tierra
e Incentivos Para la Conservacin de Bosques. Available: http://
www.ecolex-ec.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_
view&gid=37&Itemid=59
SIERRA, R. ET AL. 2003. Forest Cover Change from Labour and
Capital Intensive Commercial Logging in the Southern Choc
Rainforests. The Professional Geographer 55(4): 477490.
STERN, M. and B. KERNAN. 2011. Report on Tropical Forests and
Biodiversity in Ecuador. USAID.
Statistics
BASS M. ET AL. 2010. Global Conservation Significance of
Ecuadors Yasun National Park. Available: www.plosone.org
CLIRSEN. 2003. Deforestacin en Ecuador.

Activities
LAWSON, J. ET AL. 2011. Proceso de Preparacin Para REDD-plus
en Ecuador. The Forests Dialogue (TFD) Yale University. Available:
www.theforestsdialogue.org
Financing
ECODECISIN. 2010. Mapeo de Actores y Experiencias en REDD+
en Ecuador. Available: http://ecodecision.com.ec/pdfs/Mapeo%20
de%20Actores%20en%20REDD%20Ecuador%20Mayo2010.pdf

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EcoDecisin was lead research institution for Ecuador content,
with support from the REDD Desk secretariat and members
of the network listed below.

This information is shared under a creative commons license,

and should be referenced as: The REDD Countries Database
(2012), Ecuador: An Overview from the REDD Countries Database,
www.theREDDdesk.org/countries/ecuador

We are constantly seeking to improve the

REDD desk and your feedback is valuable to us.
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The REDD Desk and REDD Countries Database were initiated and are managed by

Primary research for the REDD Countries Database and in-country expertise is provided by

Technical development and graphic design were undertaken by

Company
This work has been made possible by the generous support of