SaigonLAB CCNA Module4

CCNA
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Bringing a True-long Stand Vocation
Module 4: Router and Routing

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Cisco IOS
Configuring a Router
Routing Protocol
Distance Vector Routing
LS & Balanced Hybrid Routing
RIP
EIGRP
OSPF
Lesson 1: Cisco IOS

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Stages of the Router Power-On/Boot Up Sequence

Internal Router Components
How a Cisco Device Locates and Loads Cisco IOS
and Configuration Files
Configuration Register
Lesson 1: Cisco IOS

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Router Power-On Bootup Sequence
Perform power-on self test (POST)

Load and run bootstrap code
Find the Cisco IOS software
Load the Cisco IOS software
Find the configuration
Load the configuration
Run the configured Cisco IOS software
Lesson 1: Cisco IOS

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Router Internal Components

Lesson 1: Cisco IOS

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ROM Functions
Contains microcode for basic functions

Lesson 1: Cisco IOS

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Finding the Cisco IOS Image
Lesson 1: Cisco IOS

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Loading the Cisco IOS Image from Flash Memory
The flash memory file is decompressed into RAM

Lesson 1: Cisco IOS

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Loading the Configuration
Load and execute the configuration from NVRAM

If no configuration is present in NVRAM, enter
setup mode
Lesson 1: Cisco IOS

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Determining the Current Configuration Register

Value
Configuration register value in show version command

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Lesson 1: Cisco IOS

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Configuration Register Values
Check the configuration register value with the

show version command
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Lesson 1: Cisco IOS

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show version Command
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Lesson 1: Cisco IOS

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show flash Command
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Lesson 1: Cisco IOS

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show running-config and show startupconfig Commands
Displays the current and saved

configuration
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Lesson 2: Configuring a Router

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Router Configuration Modes

Configuring a Router from the Command
Line
Configuring Router Interfaces
Configuring the Router IP Address
Verifying the Interface Configuration
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Initial Startup of the Cisco Router

System startup routines initiate router software
Router falls back to startup alternatives if needed
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Bootup Output from the Router
Unconfigured vs. Configured Router

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Router Modes
User EXEC Mode
Router>enable
Privilrged EXEC Mode
Router#configure terminal
Global Configuration Mode
Router(config)#
Prompt
Configuration Mode
Interface
Subinterface
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-subif)#
Controller
Router(config-controller)#
Line
Router(config-line)#
Router
Router(config-router)#
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Ctrl-z (end)

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Router User-Mode Command List
You can abbreviate a command to the

fewest characters that make a unique
character string
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Router Privileged-Mode Command List
You can complete a command string by

entering the unique character string, then
pressing the Tab key
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Router Context-Sensitive Help

Router# clok
Translating CLOK
% Unknown command or computer name, or unable to find computer address
Router# cl ?
Clear clock
Router# clock
% Incomplete command.
Router# clock ?
Set Set the time and date
Router# clock set
Router# <Ctrl clock set ?
hh:mm:ss Current Time
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Router Context-Sensitive Help (Cont.)

Router# clock set 19:56:00
Router# clock set 19:56:00 ?
<1-31>
Day of month
MONTH
Month of the year
Router# clock set 19:56:00 ? 04 8

^
% Invalid input detected at the ^ marker
Router# clock set 19:56:00 ? 04 August
Router# clock set 19:56:00 ? 04 August ?
<1993-2035>
Year
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Enhanced Editing Commands

Router?$ value for customers, employees, and partners.
(Automatic scrolling of long lines)

Ctrl-A
Move to the beginning of the command line.
Ctrl-E
Move to the end of the command line.
Esc-B
Move back one word.
Esc-F
Move forward one word.
Ctrl-B
Move back one character.
Ctrl-F
Move forward one character.
Ctrl-D
Delete a single character.
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Configuring Router Identification

Router Name
Router (config)#hostname wg_ro_c
wg_ro_s(config)#
Message-of-the_Day Banner
wg_ro_c(config)#banner motd #
Enter TEXT message. End with the
character #. You have entered a
secured system. Authorized access
only ! #
Interface Description
wg_ro_c (config)#interface ethernet 0
wg_ro_c(config-if)#description Engineering LAN, Bldg. 18
Sets the local identity or message for the

accessed router or interface
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Configuring a Router Password

Console Password
Router(config)#line console 0
Router(config-line)#login
Router(config-line)#password cisco
Virtual Terminal Password

Router(config)#line vty 0 4
Router(config-line)#login
Router(config-line)#password sanjose
Enable Password
Router(config)#enable password cisco
Secret Password
Router(config)#enable secret sanfran
Service Password-Encryption Commands

Router(config)#service password encryption
Router(config-line)#no service password-encryption

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Configuring an Interface
Router(config)#interface type number
Router(config-if)#
type includes serial, ethernet, token ring, fddi, hssi,
loopback, dialer, null, async, atm, bri, tunnel, and so on
number is used to identify individual interfaces
Router(config)#interface type slot/port
Router(config-if)#
For modular routers, selects an interface
Router(config-if)#exit
Quits from current interface configuration mode
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Configuring a Serial Interface

Enter Global
Configuration
Mode
Specify
Interface
Set Clock Rate
(on DCE
interfaces only)
Set
Bandwidth
(recommen
ded)
Router(config)#
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#exit
Router#
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Disabling or Enabling an Interface
#configure terminal
(config)#interface serial 0
(config-if)#shutdown
-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0, changed state to administratively down
PROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0, changed state to down
Administratively turns off an interface
ter#configure terminal
ter(config)#interface serial 0
ter(config-if)#no shutdown
NK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Seria0, changed state to up
NEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line Protocol on Interface Serial0, changed state to up
Enables an interface that is administratively

shut down
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Configuring IP Addresses
Unique addressing allows communication
between end stations
Path choice is based on destination address
10.13.0.0
10.13.0.0
Router(config)#interface serial slot/port
Router(config-if)#ip address <ip address> <netmask>
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Saving Configurations
wg_ro_c#
wg_ro_c# copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration.
wg_ro_c#
Copies the current configuration to NVRAM
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Interpreting the Interface Status

Router#show interface serial 0/1
Hardware is HD64570
Description : 64kbline to San Jose
Carrier Detect
Keepalives
Operational...Serial0/1 is up, line protocol is up

Connection problem.. Serial0/1 is up, line protocol is up
Interface problem.Serial0/1 is up, line protocol is down
Disabled. Serial0/1 is administratively down, line
protocol is down
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Serial Interface show controller Command

Router#show controller serial 0/0
HD unit 0, idl = 0x121C04, driver structure at 0x127078
buffer size 1524 HD unit 0, V.35 DTE cable
.
.
.
Shows the cable type of serial cables
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Cisco Discovery Protocol
CDP is a proprietary utility that gives you a summary

of directly connected switches, routers, and other
Cisco devices.
CDP discovers neighboring devices regardless of
which protocol suite they are running.
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CDP runs on routers with Cisco IOS

software Release 10.3 or later and on
Cisco switches and hubs.
Summary information
includes:
Device identifiers
Address list
Port identifier
Capabilities list
Platform
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Using CDP
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Lesson 3: Routing Protocol

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Routing Overview
Static and Dynamic Route Comparison
Static Route Configuration
Default Route Forwarding Configuration
Static Route Configuration Verification
The ip classless Command
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Router Operations
To route, a router needs to do the following:

Know the destination address
Identify the sources from which the router can learn
Discover possible routes to the intended destination
Select the best route
Maintain and verify routing information
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Router Operations (Cont.)
Routers must learn destinations that are

not directly connected
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Identifying Static and Dynamic Routes

Dynamic Route
Uses a route that
a network routing
protocol adjusts
automatically for
topology or traffic
changes
Static Route
Uses a route that
a network
administrator
enters into the
router manually
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Static Routes
Configure unidirectional static routes to and from a

stub network to allow communications to occur
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Static Route Configuration

Router(config)#ip route network [mask]
{address | interface}[distance] [permanent]
Defines a path to an IP destination network or

subnet or host
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Static Route Example
This is a unidirectional route. You must have a

route configured in the opposite direction
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Default Routes
Router(config)# ip route
This route allows the stub network to reach all

known networks beyond Router A
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Verifying the Static Route Configuration

Router#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default
U - per-user static route
Gateway of last resort is 0.0.0.0 to network 0.0.0.0
C
S*
10.0.0.0/8 is subnetted, 1 subnets

10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial0
0.0.0.0/0 is directly connected, Serial0
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What Is a Routing Protocol?

Routing protocols are used between routers to
determine paths and maintain routing tables.
After the path is determined, a router can route a
routed protocol.
Routed Protocol: IP
Routing Protocol: RIP,IGRP
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Autonomous Systems: Interior or Exterior

Routing Protocols
An autonomous system is a collection of

networks under a common administrative domain
IGPs operate within an autonomous system
EGPs connect different autonomous systems
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Classes of Routing Protocols
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Administrative Distance: Ranking Routes

I need to send a packet to
Network E. Router B and C
will each get it there.Which
route is best?
RIP
Administrative
Distance=120
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Classful Routing Overview

Classful routing protocols do not include the subnet
mask with the route advertisement.
Within the same network, consistency of the subnet
masks is assumed.
Summary routes are exchanged between foreign
networks.
These are examples of classful routing protocols:
RIP version 1 (RIPv1)
IGRP
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Classless Routing Overview

Classless routing protocols include the subnet
mask with the route advertisement.
Classless routing protocols support variable-length
subnet mask (VLSM).
Summary routes can be manually controlled within
the network.
These are examples of classless routing protocols:
RIP version 2 (RIPv2)
EIGRP
OSPF
IS-IS
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Routing Protocol Comparison Chart

Characteristic
RIPv1
RIPv2 IGRP EIGRP*
IS-IS OSPF
Distance vector
Link state
Automatic route summarition
Manual route summarition
VLSM support
Proprietary
Convergence time
Show
Show
Show
Very
Fast
Fast
Fast
* EIRP is an advanced distance vector protocol with some link features

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Using the ip classless Command

172.16.3.0
10.2.2.0
Router(config)# ip route
Router(config)# ip classless
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Lesson 4: Distance Vector Routing

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Distance Vector Route Selection

Routing Information Maintenance
Routing Inconsistencies with Distance
Vector Routing Protocols
Count to Infinity Prevention
Techniques to Eliminate Routing Loops
Implementation of Techniques to Eliminate
Routing Loops
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Distance Vector Routing Protocols
Routers pass periodic copies of their routing

table to neighboring routers and accumulate
distance vectors
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Sources of Information and Discovering Routes
Routers discover the best path to destinations from each

neighbor
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Selecting the Best Route with Metrics
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Maintaining Routing Information
Updates proceed step by step from router to router
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Inconsistent Routing Entries
Each node maintains the distance from

itself to each possible destination network
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Inconsistent Routing Entries (Cont.)
Slow convergence produces inconsistent routing

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Router C concludes that the best path to network

10.4.0.0 is through Router B
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Router A updates its table to reflect the new but

erroneous hop count
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Routing Loops
Packets for network 10.4.0.0 bounce (loop)

between Routers B and C
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Count to Infinity
The hop count for network 10.4.0.0 counts to

infinity
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Defining a Maximum
A limit is set on the number of hops to prevent

infinite loops
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Split Horizon
It is never useful to send information about a

route back in the direction from which the original
information came
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Route Poisoning
Routers advertise the distance of routes that have

gone down to infinity
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Poison Reverse
Poison reverse overrides split horizon

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Lesson 4: Distance Vector

Routing
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Holddown Timers
The router keeps an entry for the possibly down

state in the network, allowing time for other
routers to recompute for this topology change
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Lesson 4: Distance Vector

Routing
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Triggered Updates
The router sends updates when a change in its routing

table occurs
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Lesson 5: Link-State and Balanced

Hybrid Routing
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How Routing Information Is Maintained with Link State

Link-State Routing Protocol Algorithms
Benefits and Limitations of Link-State Routing
When to Use Link-State Routing Protocols
Balanced Hybrid Routing
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Lesson 5: Link-State and Balanced Hybrid

Routing
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Link-State Routing Protocols
Topological
database
Link-State Packets
SPF
Algorithm
Shortest Path First Tree
After initial flood of LSAs, link-state routers pass

small event-triggered link-state updates to all
other routers
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Routing
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Link-State Network Hierarchy Example
Minimizes routing table entries

Localizes impact of a topology change within an area
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Hybrid Routing
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Link-State Routing Protocol Algorithms
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Hybrid Routing
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Benefits of Link-State Routing

Fast convergence:
Changes are reported immediately by the
affected source.
Robustness against routing loops:
Routers know the topology.
Link-state packets are sequenced and
acknowledged.
Through careful (hierarchical) network design,
resources can be optimized.
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Hybrid Routing
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Caveats to Link-State Routing

Significant demands for resources:
Memory (three tables: adjacency, topology, forwarding).
CPU (Dijkstras algorithm can be intensive, especially
when many instabilities are present).
Requires very strict network design.
Problems with partitioning of areas.
Configuration generally simple, but can be complex when
tuning various parameters and when design is complex.
Troubleshooting easier than in distance vector routing.
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Routing
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Balanced Hybrid Routing
Shares attributes of both distance vector

and link-state routing
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Lesson 6: RIP
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RIP Features
RIPv1 and RIPv2 Comparison
Dynamic Routing Configuration Tasks
Dynamic Routing Configuration
RIP Configuration
RIP Configuration Verification
RIP Configuration Troubleshooting
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Lesson 6: RIP
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RIP
Maximum is six paths (default = 4)

Hop-count metric selects the path
Routes update every 30 seconds
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Lesson 6: RIP
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RIPv1 and RIPv2 Comparison

RIPv1
RIPv2
Classful
Classless
Supports variable-length subnet

mask?
No
Yes
Sends the subnet mask along with the

routing update?
No
Yes
Broadcast
Multicast
RFC 1058
RFCs 1721,
1722, and
2453
No
Yes
No
Yes
Routing protocol
Addressing type
Defined in
Supports manual route
summarization?
Authentication support?
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Lesson 6: RIP
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IP Routing Configuration Tasks
Select routing protocols

Specify networks or interfaces
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Lesson 6: RIP
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Dynamic Routing Configuration

Router(config)#router protocol [keyword]
Defines an IP routing protocol
Router(config-router)#network network-number
Mandatory configuration command for each
IP routing process
Identifies the physically connected network to
which routing updates are forwarded
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Lesson 6: RIP
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RIP Configuration
Router(config)#router rip
Starts the RIP routing process
Selects participating attached networks

Requires a major classful network number
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Lesson 6: RIP
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RIP Configuration Example
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Lesson 6: RIP
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Verifying the RIP Configuration
RouterA# show ip protocols

Routing Protocol is rip
Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 12 seconds
Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180,flushed after 240
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is
Redistributing: rip
Default version control: send version 1, receive every any version
Interface
Send
Recv
Triggered
RIP
Ethernet0
1
1
2
Serial2
1
1
2
Routing for Networks:
10.0.0.0
172.16.0.0
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway Distance
(this router)
120
10.1.1.2 120
Last Update
02:12:15
01:09:01
Distance : (default is 120)
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Key-chain
Lesson 6: RIP
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Displaying the IP Routing Table
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Lesson 6: RIP
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debug ip rip Command
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Lesson 7: EIGRP
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EIGRP Features
EIGRP and IGRP Comparison
EIGRP Configuration
EIGRP Configuration Verification
EIGRP Configuration Troubleshooting
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Lesson 7: EIGRP
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EIGRP
Rapid convergence
Reduced bandwidth usage
Multiple network-layer protocols
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Lesson 7: EIGRP
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EIGRP 2446
IGRP 2446
192.168.1.0/24
RTA
10.1.1.0/24
RTC
RT
B
RTD
172.16.1.0/24
EIGRP and IGRP automatically redistribute routes

between autonomous systems with same
autonomous system (AS) number.
IGRP has a maximum hop count of 255. EIGRP
has a maximum hop count limit of 224.
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Lesson 7: EIGRP
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EIGRP Terminology
Neighbor Table-AppletTalk
Neighbor Table-IPX
Neighbor Table-IPv6
Neighbor Table-IPv4
Next-Hop
Router
Interface
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Lesson 7: EIGRP
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Successors and Feasible successor

I have a route
to Z, with a
metric of 5
RTB is successor to Net

Z
RTB
RT
A
Network Z
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Lesson 7: EIGRP
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Successors and Feasible successor

I have a
route to Z,
with a metric
of 5
I have a route
to Z, with a
metric of 5

Z
RTC is successor to Net
Z
RTB
RT
A
Network Z
RTC
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Lesson 7: EIGRP
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I have a
route to Z,
with a metric
of 5
I have a route
to Z, with a
metric of 5

Z
RTC is successor to Net
Z
RTX is feasible
successor to Net Z
RTB
RT
A
Network Z
RTC
RT
X
I have a route
to Z, with a
metric of 6
RTY
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Lesson 7: EIGRP
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Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) is EIGRP's

route-calculation engine.
Finite-state machine
Tracks all routes advertised by neighbors

Select loop-free path using a successor
and remember any feasible successors
If successor lost, use feasible successor
If no feasible successor, query neighbors
and recomputed new successor
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Lesson 7: EIGRP
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DUAL Discovery Route

A
Neighbor TableIP
Router B information
Router C information
C
DUAL
?
Routing Table
IP
Topology TableIP
Successor (primary route)
Router B information
Router C information
Successor (primary
route)
Feasible successor
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Lesson 7: EIGRP
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Configuring EIGRP
Router(config)#router eigrp autonomous-system
Defines EIGRP as the IP routing protocol

Selects participating attached networks

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Lesson 7: EIGRP
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EIGRP Configuration Example
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Lesson 7: EIGRP
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Verifying the EIGRP Configuration

Displays current EIGRP entries in the routing table
Router#show ip route eigrp
Displays the parameters and current state of the
active process
Router#show ip protocols
Displays information about interfaces configured
for EIGRP
Router#show ip eigrp interfaces
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Lesson 7: EIGRP
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Verifying the EIGRP Configuration (Cont.)

Router#show ip eigrp neighbors
Displays the neighbors discovered by IP EIGRP
Router#show ip eigrp neighbors detail
IP-EIGRPneighborsforprocess101
HAddressInterfaceHoldUptimeSRTTRTOQ
SeqTye
(sec)(ms)Cnt
Num
31.1.1.3Et0/01200:04:4818325000014
Version12.2/1.2,Retrans:0,Retries:0
Restarttime00:01:05
010.4.9.5Fa0/01100:04:07768460804
S
210.4.9.10Fa0/0131w0d1300006
S
110.4.9.6Fa0/0121w0d1300004
S
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Lesson 7: EIGRP
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Verifying the EIGRP Configuration (Cont.)

Router#show ip eigrp topology
Displays the IP EIGRP topology table
Router# show ip eigrp topology
IP-EIGRPTopologyTableforprocess77
Codes:P-Passive,A-Active,U-Update,Q-Query,R-
Reply,
r-Replystatus
P172.16.90.0255.255.255.0,2successors,FDis0
via172.16.80.28(46251776/46226176),Ethernet0
via172.16.81.28(46251776/46226176),Ethernet1
via172.16.80.31(46277376/46251776),Serial0
P172.16.81.0255.255.255.0,1successors,FDis307200
viaConnected,Ethernet1
via172.16.81.28(307200/281600),Ethernet1
via172.16.80.28(307200/281600),Ethernet0
via172.16.80.31(332800/307200),Serial0
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Lesson 7: EIGRP
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debug ip eigrp Command

Router# debug ip eigrp
IP-EIGRP: Processing incoming UPDATE packet
IP-EIGRP: Ext 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 M 386560 - 256000 130560 SM
360960 - 256000 104960
IP-EIGRP: Ext 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 M 386560 - 256000 130560 SM
360960 - 256000 104960
IP-EIGRP: Ext 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 M 386560 - 256000 130560 SM
360960 - 256000 104960
IP-EIGRP: 172.69.43.0 255.255.255.0, - do advertise out Ethernet0/1
IP-EIGRP: Ext 172.69.43.0 255.255.255.0 metric 371200 - 256000 115200
IP-EIGRP: Ext 192.135.246.0 255.255.255.0 metric 46310656 - 45714176
596480
IP-EIGRP: Ext 172.69.40.0 255.255.255.0 metric 2272256 - 1657856 614400
IP-EIGRP: Ext 192.135.245.0 255.255.255.0 metric 40622080 - 40000000
622080
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Lesson 8: OSPF
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OSPF Features
OSPF and Distance Vector Routing
Protocol Comparison
Hierarchical Routing
Shortest Path First Algorithm
Single-Area OSPF Configuration
Loopback Interfaces
OSPF Configuration Verification
OSPF Configuration Troubleshooting
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Lesson 8: OSPF
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OSPF
Open standard
Shortest path first (SPF) algorithm
Link-state routing protocol (vs. distance vector)
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Lesson 8: OSPF
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OSPF Terminology
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Lesson 8: OSPF
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OSPF as a Link-State Protocol

OSPF propagates link-state advertisements
rather than routing table updates.
Link = router interface
State = description of an interface and its
relationship to neighboring routers
LSAs are flooded to all OSPF routers in the area
The OSPF link-state database is pieced together
from the LSAs generated by the OSPF routers
OSPF uses the SPF algorithm to calculate the
shortest path to a destination
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Lesson 8: OSPF
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OSPF Hierarchical Routing
Consists of areas and autonomous systems

Minimizes routing update traffic
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DR
Token
Ring
BDR
Designated router (DR) and backup designated

router (BDR):
A router that is elected by all other routers on the
same LAN to represent all the routers.
Each network has a DR and BDR.
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P=3
P=2
DR
BDR
Hello
P=1
P=1
P=0
The router with the highest priority value is the DR.

The router with the second highest priority value is
the BDR.
The default for the interface OSPF priority is 1. In
case of a tie, the routers router ID is used.
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OSPF Network Types

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Shortest Path First Algorithm
Places each router at the root of a tree and calculates the

shortest path to each destination based on the
cumulative cost.
Cost = 108/bandwidth (bps).
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5 steps of operation:
1. Establish router adjacencies.
2. Elect a DR and BDR (if necessary).
3. Discover routes.
4. Select the appropriate routes to use.
5. Maintain routing information.
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Configuring Single-Area OSPF

Router(config)#router ospf process-id
Defines OSPF as the IP routing protocol
Router(config-router)#network net wildcard-mask area area-id
Assigns networks to a specific OSPF area

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OSPF Configuration Example
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Configuring Loopback Interfaces
Router ID
Number by which the router is known to OSPF
Default: The highest IP address on an active interface
at the moment of OSPF process startup
Can be overridden by a loopback interface: Highest
IP address of any active loopback interface
Can be set manually using the router-id command
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Verifying the OSPF Configuration

Verifies that OSPF is configured
Router#show ip protocols
Displays all the routes learned by the router
Router#show ip route
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Verifying the OSPF Configuration (Cont.)

Router#show ip ospf interface
Displays area ID and adjacency information
Router#show ip ospf interface ethernet 0
Ethernet0isup,lineprotocolisup
InternetAddress192.168.254.202,Mask255.255.255.0,Area0.0.0.0
AS201,RouterID192.168.99.1,NetworkTypeBROADCAST,Cost:10
TransmitDelayis1sec,StateOTHER,Priority1
DesignatedRouterid192.168.254.10,Interfaceaddress
192.168.254.10
BackupDesignatedrouterid192.168.254.28,Interfaceaddr
192.168.254.28
Timerintervalsconfigured,Hello10,Dead60,Wait40,Retransmit5
Helloduein0:00:05
NeighborCountis8,Adjacentneighborcountis2
Adjacentwithneighbor192.168.254.28(BackupDesignatedRouter)
Adjacentwithneighbor192.168.254.10(DesignatedRouter)
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Verifying the OSPF Configuration (Cont.)

Router#show ip ospf neighbor
Displays OSPF neighbor information on a perinterface basis
Router#show ip ospf neighbor
IDPriStateDeadTimeAddressInterface
10.199.199.1371FULL/DR0:00:31192.168.80.37
Ethernet0
172.16.48.11FULL/DROTHER0:00:33172.16.48.1Fddi0
172.16.48.2001FULL/DROTHER0:00:33172.16.48.200
Fddi0
10.199.199.1375FULL/DR0:00:33172.16.48.189Fddi0
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OSPF debug Commands

Router# debug ip ospf events
OSPF:hello with invalid timers on interface Ethernet0
hello interval received 10 configured 10
net mask received 255.255.255.0 configured 255.255.255.0
dead interval received 40 configured 30
Router# debug ip ospf packet
OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.117
aid:0.0.0.0 chk:6AB2 aut:0 auk:
Router# debug ip ospf packet
OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.116
aid:0.0.0.0 chk:0 aut:2 keyid:1 seq:0x0
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SaigonLAB CCNA Module4

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CCNA

Bringing a True-long Stand Vocation

Module 4: Router and Routing

Distance Vector Routing

LS & Balanced Hybrid Routing

Bringing a True-long Stand Vocation

Lesson 1: Cisco IOS

Stages of the Router Power-On/Boot Up Sequence

Bringing a True-long Stand Vocation

Lesson 1: Cisco IOS

Router Power-On Bootup Sequence

Perform power-on self test (POST)

Bringing a True-long Stand Vocation

Lesson 1: Cisco IOS

Router Internal Components

Lesson 1: Cisco IOS

Contains microcode for basic functions

Lesson 1: Cisco IOS

Finding the Cisco IOS Image

Bringing a True-long Stand Vocation

Lesson 1: Cisco IOS

Loading the Cisco IOS Image from Flash Memory

The flash memory file is decompressed into RAM

Lesson 1: Cisco IOS

Loading the Configuration

Load and execute the configuration from NVRAM

Lesson 1: Cisco IOS

Determining the Current Configuration Register

Configuration register value in show version command

Lesson 1: Cisco IOS

Configuration Register Values

Check the configuration register value with the

Lesson 1: Cisco IOS

show version Command

Bringing a True-long Stand Vocation

Lesson 1: Cisco IOS

show flash Command

Bringing a True-long Stand Vocation

Lesson 1: Cisco IOS

show running-config and show startupconfig Commands

Displays the current and saved

Lesson 2: Configuring a Router

Router Configuration Modes

Bringing a True-long Stand Vocation

Lesson 2: Configuring a Router

Initial Startup of the Cisco Router

Bringing a True-long Stand Vocation

Lesson 2: Configuring a Router

Bootup Output from the Router

Unconfigured vs. Configured Router

Lesson 2: Configuring a Router

Privilrged EXEC Mode

Global Configuration Mode

Bringing a True-long Stand Vocation

Lesson 2: Configuring a Router

Router User-Mode Command List

You can abbreviate a command to the

Bringing a True-long Stand Vocation

Lesson 2: Configuring a Router

Router Privileged-Mode Command List

You can complete a command string by

Lesson 2: Configuring a Router

Router Context-Sensitive Help