Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
www.kssc.or.kr
Department of Civil Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, 402 Taiwan
Abstract
The calculation of warping constant (Cw) for an open thin-walled open section is a tedious and difficult task and thus
presenting an obstacle to routine design. Although Cw formulas and values for selective cold-formed steel sections are available
in the AISI design manuals, most practicing engineers have limited idea of evaluating the warping constants for sections not
listed in the AISI design manuals. This paper proposes a detailed step-by-step numerical procedure for evaluating the warping
constant of a general open thin-walled section. Comparison shows virtually no difference between the calculated values and
those listed in the AISI design manuals. The proposed procedure is a reliable and useful tool for computing the warping
constant for an arbitrary cold-formed steel open section, which does not need a sophisticated computer software.
Keywords: warping constant, torsional stress, thin-walled section, cold-formed steel, torsional property
1. Introduction
Open thin-walled sections subjected to torsion will
result in pure torsional shear stress, warping shear stress
and warping normal stress. Evaluation of these torsioninduced stresses is not a routine job for practicing engineers
as the major difficulty arises from the determination of
sectional warping constant (Cw). Complex formulas for Cw
usually involving mathematical integrations are available
from previous researchers (Bleich, 1952; Galambos,
1968; Kollbrunner and Basler, 1969; Heins, 1975; Yu,
1991). Computation of warping constants for open thinwalled sections can be greatly simplified by recognizing
the linear variation of unit warping properties between the
two consecutive intersection points of plate elements. As
a result, the sophisticated integral forms for Cw can be
represented by numerical expressions suitable for computer
coding as has been done in the past (Hancock 1978; Yoo
and Acra, 1986; Kubo and Fukumoto, 1988; Trahair,
1993; Lue and Ellifritt, 1993, 2003; Salmon and Johnson,
1994; Papangelis and Hancock, 1995; Ellifritt and Lue,
1998; Lin and Hsiao, 2003). Although the Cw values and
formulas for nine selective practical sections are provided
in the AISI design manual (2002), the formulas presented
are rather complicated to most users. When the open
section is irregular or not available in the AISI Manual, a
guide for computing Cw for such shapes is warranted. A
simple and reliable approach for evaluating Cw values
*Corresponding author
Tel: +886-4-2285-0990, Fax: +886-4-2286-2857
E-mail: dmlue@dragon.nchu.edu.tw
298
Figure 1.
I
--Yo = -1--Eo (So xtds)ds = -1--Eo wxtds = ---wx
Iy
Iy
Iy
where
Iwx = Eo wxtds
(2a)
Iwy = Eo wytds
(2b)
wx
wy
Cw = Eo W2ntds
(3)
where
Wn = -1--Eo wotds wo
A
wo = So ods
(3a)
(3b)
A = Eo tds
(3c)
299
xy
Figure 3.
(6a)
(6b)
i=1
n
i=1
n
i=1
i=1
(6c)
(6d)
i=1
n
i=1
ij
ij
Figure 4.
(7)
i=1
where
x i Ai
A x dA i = 1
- = -------------Xc = ----------------n
d
A
A
Ai
i=1
n
y dA i
A
Yc = ------------------ = -------------A dA n Ai
y i Ai
=1
i=1
(4)
1
Wnj = ----- 2A
(7a)
(7b)
i=1
oi
oj
ij
oij
300
4. Numerical Example
The cold-formed C-section with lips, 8CS2.5105, is
used here to demonstrate the proposed procedure and the
evaluation of sectional warping constant. The section is
divided into 5 plate elements and their related joint
numbers are as shown in Fig. 1 (D = 8.000 in., B = 2.500
in., t = 0.105 in., d = 0.885 in., A = 1.46 in. , a = 7.895
in., b = 2.395 in., and c = 0.8325 in., based on the 2002
AISI design manual).
2
I = 0.00000 in.5
wx
ij
wy
ij
I = 25.52550 in.5
wy
wy
wx
wy
oi
oj
nj
ni
nj
ij
ij
C = 1--3
w
W
(
2
ni
+ W W + W2 )t L = 16.693 in.6
ni
nj
nj
ij
ij
=1
ij
L (in.)
ij
0.83250
2.39500
7.89500
2.39500
0.83250
a.
Element no.
(in.)
1.71739
0.83250
1.42973
3.94750
2.39500
9.45426
0.67761
7.89500
5.34973
3.94750
2.39500
9.45426
1.71739
0.83250
1.42973
wj
wi+
Lij
ij
ij
Lij
1( )
2( )
2( )
3( )
3( )
4( )
4( )
5( )
5( )
6( )
i
j
i
j
i
j
i
j
i
j
ij
Joint
i
Iwx
1.42973
10.88399
16.23372
25.68798
27.11771
a
wi
wj
0.00000
1.42973
10.88399
16.23372
25.68798
-
1.42973
10.88399
16.23372
25.68798
27.11771
Table 5.
xj
yi
yj
1.717
1.717
-0.678
-0.678
1.717
-
1.717
-0.678
-0.678
1.717
1.717
3.115
3.948
3.948
-3.948
-3.948
-
3.948
3.948
-3.948
-3.948
-3.115
wixi
wjxj
tijLij
1
2
3
4
5
0.000
2.455
-7.375
-11.000
44.116
2.455
-7.375
-11.000
44.116
46.572
0.0874
0.2515
0.8290
0.2515
0.0874
1--(+)
3
0.0715
-0.4124
-5.0775
2.7760
2.6424
0.0000
=1
( wi x i
+ w x )t
j
ij
Lij
1
+ --6
tij
Iwx
(in.)
(in.)
0.83250
0.10500
2.39500
0.10500
7.89500
0.10500
2.39500
0.10500
0.83250
wjxi
0.000
-0.969
-7.375
27.880
44.116
2.455
18.692
-11.000
-17.406
46.572
= 0.0000 in.
Lij
0.10500
wixj
Iwx
n
(in.)
xi
Element no.
Iwy
1( )
2( )
2( )
3( )
3( )
4( )
4( )
5( )
5( )
6( )
0.00000
1.42973
10.88399
16.23372
25.68798
-
ij
Iwx
wj
Element no.
1
= --3
wi
Table 4.
a.
301
1--( + )
6
0.0358
0.7428
-2.5388
0.4390
1.3212
0.0000
5 a
( wi xj
+ w x )t
j
ij
Lij
=1
302
Table 6.
Element
no.
1
2
3
4
5
1--(+)
3
wiyi
wjyj
tijLij
0.000
5.644
42.965
-64.083
-101.403
5.644
42.965
-64.083
-101.403
-84.472
0.0874
0.2515
0.8290
0.2515
0.0874
0.1644
4.0746
-5.8354
-13.8719
-5.4159
-20.8842
Iwy
1
= --- (w y + w y )t
3
wjyi
0.000
5.644
-42.965
-64.083
-80.018
4.454
42.965
64.083
-101.403
-107.047
1
+ --- (w y + w y )t
6
woj
0.0649
2.0373
2.9177
-6.9359
-2.7253
-4.6413
5 a
oij
ij
Lij
=1
Table 7.
a.
= 25.5255 in.
1--( + )
6
Lij
ij
=1
Element no.
wiyj
Iwy
a.
Iwy
(in.)
Unit warpings
Lij
(in.)
woi
and
oij
woj
Lij
(in. )
3.49818
0.8325
2.91223
3.94750
2.3950
9.45426
-1.10318
7.8950
-8.70959
3.94750
2.3950
9.45426
3.49818
0.8325
2.91223
Joint
1(i)
2(j)
2(i)
3(j)
3(i)
4(j)
4(i)
5(j)
5(i)
6(j)
woi
woj
0.00000
2.91223
12.36650
3.65690
13.11117
-
2.91223
12.36650
3.65690
13.1117
16.02340
(in. )
8.01170
5.09947
-4.35480
4.35480
-5.09947
-
(in. )
5.09947
-4.35480
4.35480
-5.09947
-8.01170
oi
oij
ij
Table 8.
Element no.
1
2
3
4
5
Joint
1(i)
2(j)
2(i)
3(j)
3(i)
4(j)
4(i)
5(j)
5(i)
6(j)
oi
oj
and W
t L (in. )
Wni
nj
ij
ij
0.0874
0.2515
0.8290
0.2515
0.0874
Wni
Wnj
Element no.
1
2
3
4
5
(in. )
64.1873
26.0046
18.9643
18.9643
26.0046
-
Joint
1(i)
2(j)
2(i)
3(j)
3(i)
4(j)
4(i)
5(j)
5(i)
6(j)
Wni
Wni Wnj
(in. )
(in. )
26.0046
18.9643
18.9643
26.0046
64.1873
Wnj
40.8554
-22.2071
-18.9643
-22.2071
40.8554
tij Lij
(in. )
2
(Cw )i = (Wni + WniWnj + Wnj )tijLij 3 = (64.187 + 40.855 + 26.005 ) 0.0874 3 = 3.818 in.
( C w )i
(in. )
6
0.0874
3.8184
0.2515
1.9080
0.8290
5.2403
0.2515
1.9080
0.0874
3.8184
16.693
a.
303
b.
Cw
(Cw )i = 16.693in.
=1
Table 10.
Section
D
(in.)
1200T200-68
12.250
1000T125-97
10.356
800T150-43
8.161
550T125-54
5.698
400T125-30
4.141
350T125-18
3.622
See Figure 1 for the notations.
Table 11.
Section
D
(in.)
12CS4070
12.000
10CS4105
10.000
10CS2085
10.000
9CS2.5059
9.000
8CS3.5070
8.000
7CS4105
7.000
See Figure 1 for the notations.
2.00
1.25
1.50
1.25
1.25
1.25
0.0713
0.1017
0.0451
0.0566
0.0312
0.0188
1.140
1.270
0.496
0.452
0.203
0.113
8.43100
2.12200
0.97150
0.31542
0.08552
0.03842
C (in. )
provided by
AISI manual
8.4300
2.1200
0.9720
0.3150
0.0855
0.0384
6
4.00
4.00
2.00
2.50
3.50
4.00
0.070
0.105
0.085
0.059
0.070
0.105
1.47
1.99
1.27
0.881
1.12
1.67
80.763
81.736
12.996
11.905
24.098
38.092
C (in. )
provided by
AISI manual
80.8
81.7
13.0
11.9
24.1
38.1
6
Cw
b ta
3b + 2a
= ----------------------------
12 a + 6b
(8)
304
Table 12.
Section
D
(in.)
8ZU1.25105
8.000
6ZU1.25075
6.000
4ZU1.25048
4.000
3.625ZU1.25060
3.625
2.5ZU1.25090
2.500
1.5ZU1.25036
1.500
See Figure 1 for the notations.
Table 13.
Section
D
(in.)
12ZS3.25085
12
10ZS2.75070
10
9ZS2.25105
9
8ZS3.25065
8
7ZS2.25059
7
4ZS2.25070
4
See Figure 1 for the notations.
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
D
(in.)
10HU5075
10.000
8HU8105
8.000
6HU3060
6.000
4HU4105
4.000
3HU4.5135
3.000
3HU3075
3.000
See Figure 1 for the notations.
Table 15.
Section
D
(in.)
4LS4135
4.000
4LS4075
4.000
3LS105
3.000
3LS060
3.000
2.5LS2.5090
2.500
2LS2135
2.000
See Figure 1 for the notations.
1.06
0.612
0.299
0.349
0.416
0.135
1.54600
0.61180
0.16410
0.16045
0.09527
0.01273
Table 14.
Section
0.105
0.075
0.048
0.060
0.090
0.036
3.25
2.75
2.25
3.25
2.25
2.25
0.085
0.070
0.105
0.065
0.059
0.070
1.70
1.19
1.57
1.04
0.763
0.696
98.874
37.536
29.668
30.470
9.456
3.383
0.075
0.105
0.060
0.105
0.135
0.075
1.98
2.71
0.954
1.45
1.74
0.761
98.410
222.060
6.039
6.893
5.655
1.143
0.135
0.075
0.105
0.060
0.090
0.135
1.120
0.636
0.669
0.392
0.489
0.576
0.09072
0.06314
0.04203
0.02857
0.02556
0.01922
Cw (in.6)
provided by
AISI manual
1.5500
0.6120
0.1640
0.1610
0.0953
0.0127
Cw (in.6)
provided by
AISI manual
98.60
37.50
29.70
30.50
9.46
3.38
Cw (in.6)
provided by
AISI manual
98.40
222.00
6.04
6.89
5.66
1.14
Cw (in.6)
provided by
AISI manual
0.0907
0.0631
0.0420
0.0286
0.0256
0.0192
Section
D
(in.)
4LU4135
4.000
4LU4090
4.000
3LU3135
3.000
3LU3090
3.000
2.5LU2.5105
2.500
2LU2135
2.000
See Figure 1 for the notations.
0.135
0.090
0.135
0.090
0.105
0.135
1.047
0.703
0.777
0.523
0.503
0.507
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
305
Cw (in.6)
provided by
AISI manual
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Comparisons of Cw values for selective double channels with unstiffened flanges back-to-back sections in 1991
AISI Manual
Cw (in.6)
Cw (in.6)
D
B
t
A
Section
calculated by
provided by
(in.)
(in.)
(in.)
(in.2)
authors
AISI manual
2-7C3135
7.0
3.00
0.135
2.568
6.2300
6.2300
2-7C3105
7.0
3.00
0.105
2.013
5.0500
5.0500
2-6C3135
6.0
3.00
0.135
2.298
4.5500
4.5500
2-6C3105
6.0
3.00
0.105
1.803
3.6900
3.6900
2-3C2.25105
3.0
2.25
0.105
1.015
0.3620
0.3620
2-2C2.25105
2.0
2.25
0.105
0.805
0.1550
0.1550
See Figure 1 for the notations.
Table 17.
Comparisons of Cw values for selective double channels with stiffened flanges back-to-back sections in 1991
AISI Manual
Cw (in.6)
Cw (in.6)
D
B
t
A
calculated
by
provided
by
Section
(in.)
(in.)
(in.)
(in.2)
authors
AISI manual
2-12CS7135
12.0
7.00
0.135
5.411
478.00
478.00
2-8CS6135
8.0
6.00
0.135
4.018
138.00
138.00
2-7CS5.5135
7.0
5.50
0.135
3.586
82.30
82.30
2-5CS4135
5.0
4.00
0.135
2.544
15.90
15.90
2-4CS4135
4.0
4.00
0.135
2.274
10.40
10.40
2-3.5CS4135
3.5
4.00
0.135
2.139
8.09
8.09
See Figure 1 for the notations.
Table 18.
2 2
2
3
2 2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ 12a c + 12a bc + 6a c -
a
b
t
----------Cw = 12
2
3
2
6a b + (a + 2c) 24ac
(9)
2 2
2
3
2 2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ 12a c + 12a bc + 6a c
a
b
t
----------Cw = 12
2
3
2
6a b + (a + 2c) 24ac
306
(10)
2
2 2
------------(
2
a
+
4
c
)
+
2
t 3
3t
t
t
--Cw = 2
2 2
Amc 2
2 4
2
2 m a
b
a
---------[ 8b c + 2m(2c(c a) + b(2c 3a))] + ----------[ (3c + b )(4c + a) 6c ] -----------
6
4
3
(11)
+ 2a-
----------b-----------Cw = bta
(From this study)
12 a + 2b
2
(12)
2
(13)
2
4
3
3
2
3
+
(
a
+
b
)
(
2
b
sin
+
a
cos
)
6
abc
a2 b3 ( 2 a + b ) +
3
+ 4abc (2a + 4b + c)sincos
3
3
2
2
2
3
2
t
+ c (2a + 4a b 8ab + a c 16b 4b c)cos2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cw =
12
a + 2( b + c)
(14)
2
4
3
3
2
3
3
+ 4abc (2a + 4b + c)sincos
3
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
t
+
(2a + 4a b 8ab + a c 16b 4b c )cos
c
Cw = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12
a + 2( b + c)
(15)
(16)
+
(
a
+
b
)
(
2
b
sin
+
a
cos
)
6
abc
a2 b3 ( 2 a + b ) +
3
+ 4abc (2a + 4b + c)sincos
3
3
2
2
2
3
2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------t
+ c (2a + 4a b 8ab + a c 16b 4b c)cos2
----Cw =
12
a + 2( b + c)
307
(17)
2 2
2
3
2 2
12a c + 12a bc + 6a c
a
b
t
Cw = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2
3
12
6a b + ( a + 2c )
where
=1
(18)
6
Cw = 0
Warping constant for equal leg angles with lips:
4 3
2
a c (4a + 3c )
Cw = t------------18Ix
(From 1991 AISI Manual)
(21)
2
3 3
ta ------------8b c -
Cw = -----
12 b3 + c3
(This study and 1991, 1996, 2002 AISI Manuals) (22)
Warping constant for two channels with stiffened
(23)
(19)
308
Figure 5.
References
AISI (1991). Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual, Washington,
DC, American Iron and Steel Institute.
AISI (1996). Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual, Washington,
DC, American Iron and Steel Institute.
AISI (2002). Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual, Washington,
DC, American Iron and Steel Institute.
Bleich, F. (1952). Buckling Strength of Metal Structures.
309