Lab Level 0

EC221
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (Hons)
CIVIL (Infrastructure), FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA ,PULAU PINANG
LAB REPORT
: OPEN ENDED LAB ( LEVEL 0 )
COURSE CODE & NAME
: CEW 531 - FLUID & HYDRAULIC LABORATORY
LECTURER NAME
: ............................................................................................
TOTAL
MARK (%)
GROUP CEW 531
DATE SUBMIT
DATE RECEIVED
EC 221 ...
.....
...
No.
1.
STUDENT ID
GROUP MEMBERS NAME
SIGNATURE
2.
3.
4.
Instruction to Students (Reminder)
Lab report must be prepared after conducting a lab. One (1) week duration is given for lab repot (COMPILE) submission after the end of each
level of open ended lab. Any plagiarism found or not properly cited and late submission, the group will be penalized and marks will be
deducted.
At the end of this laboratory, student should be able to

CO2
PO4
NO
Analyse and solve water engineering problems based on data obtained from the laboratory sessions.
Ability to undertake problem identification, formulation & solution.
RUBRIC MARKS
ELEMENT
0-2
3 -4
Analysis and
interpretation
of data
Data
collected
is not
relevant and not sufficient
to analyse and interpret.
Discussion of
results and
Conclusion
No discussion on the
experimental results.
No attempt is made to
conclude.
The objectives of the lab are
not answered.
56
78
9 10
Data collected is relevant

but insufficient to analyse
and interpret.

and sufficient to analyse
and interpret.

and sufficient to analyse
and interpret.
Data collected is relevant,

related to the objectives and
sufficient to analyse and
interpret.
Significant errors are found

in data analysis and
interpretation.
Errors are found in data

analysis and interpretation.
Minor mistakes are found in

interpreting data.
Discussion on experimental
results is very difficult to
follow. Information is
inaccurate that makes the
report unreliable.
Limited discussion on
Sufficient discussion on
Discussion on experimental
results is clearly stated.
Errors can be identified but

some information is
accurate.
No significant error is made.
Provide accurate information.
Conclusion is derived from

the collected and analysed
data but it does not answer
the objectives.
Conclusion is derived from

the collected and
analysed data but does
not directly answer the
objectives.
Conclusion is clear and

derived from the collected
and analysed data.
Conclusion directly answers
the objectives.
Conclusion is excellent and

derived from the collected and
analysed data. Conclusion
clearly answers the objectives.
Accurate interpretation of
data.
LABORATORY REPORT MARKS - LEVEL 0

ELEMENT OF ASSESSMENT
NO.
EXPRIMENT NAME
ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION OF DATA
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
A1.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
10
10
A2.
CENTRE OF PRESSURE
10
10
A3.
ORIFICE COEFFICIENT
10
10
A4.
BERNOULLI s EQUATION
10
10
TOTAL MARKS
CEW 531
EXPERIMENT A-1 :
PREAMBLE
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
OEL ( LEVEL 0 ) PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS-
(Level 0)
INTRODUCTION
A quantity of liquid has a definite volume or a definite boundary
which is different if compares with gases. Gases will expand to fill the
space available and it can only be considered as a definite volume if
it is constrained on all sides by fixed boundaries. The volume of liquid
changes slightly with pressure and temperature, but for gas these
changes can vary a lot. For most engineering purposes liquids can be
considered as incompressible since its volume and density do not
change significantly with pressure, whereas gases usually have to be
treated as compressible. Similarly, the effects of varying temperature
can often be ignored for liquids (except in certain special cases), but
must be taken into account when dealing with gases.
Mass density, or mass per unit volume, is a basic liquid
property and is given by
mass
m
(kg/m3)
volume V
------
(1a)
Specific gravity, SG or relative density is the ratio of the density of

a liquid to the density of water at 4C ( water 1000 kg / m3 ) under
atmospheric pressure. Typical values of specific gravity for paraffin,
carbon tetrachloride and mercury are 0.8, 1.6 and 13.6 respectively.
SG
fluid
(dimensionless)
water
------
(1b)
Similarly specific weight, should not be confused with density or

specific gravity. Just as density is used to characterize the mass of a
fluid system, the specific weight is used to characterize the weight of
the system. Specific weight is used in some textbooks in place of
density and is the weight force per unit volume of a fluid. It only has a
fixed value when the gravitational acceleration, g is constant.
g (N/m3)
------
(1c)
To determine the density of a liquid it is necessary to measure the

mass of a known volume of liquid. We can use a beam balance to
weigh quantities of fluid and this is calibrated in grams (unit of mass).
The quantity to be weighed is balanced by sliding weights along the
lever arms. The volume is the more difficult quantity to determine. It
can be achieved through 4 methods: measuring beaker, eureka can,
density bottle and hydrometer.
1
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
Specific gravity can be determined directly from the density of a

liquid as measured. The value is simply divided by the density of water
to obtain the specific gravity. A convenient alternative method is to
use a specially calibrated instrument called a hydrometer.
OBJECTIVES
To determine the density, specific gravity and specific weight of a
liquid using a Measuring Beaker, a Eureka Can, Density Method and
Hydrometer.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the experiment, students should be able to
i.
Determine the density, specific gravity and specific weight of
liquid using different measuring methods.
ii.
Identify the differences between each measuring methods.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
The engineers are often requested to determine the forces produced

by static or moving fluids and when doing this the above differences
between liquids and gases can be very important. Generally it is easier
dealing with liquids because, for most purposes, it can be assumed
that their volume and density do not change with pressure and
temperature. In the study of hydrostatics, we are primarily concerned
with the forces due to static liquids. The force that results from the
pressure acting in the liquid at a given point depends on the depth
below the free surface. Mass density, or mass per unit volume, is a
basic property which must be known before any calculations of forces
can be made.
WAYS & MEAN
EQUIPMENT
(b)
(a)
(c)
Figure 1a : (a) Eureka Can ; (b) Density Bottle 50 ml & 100 ml ;

(c) Beaker (right)
2
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
PROCEDURE
(a)
Using a Measuring Beaker

1. Weigh the empty clean and dry measuring beaker using the
triple beam balance and record the mass.
2. Fill the beaker with water and read the volume as
accurately as possible.
Record the volume and
temperature of the fluid.
3. Weigh the beaker plus water and record the mass. The
mass of water can be obtained by subtracting the mass of
empty beaker.
4. The density will be :
mass in grammes 10 6
3 (kg / m 3 )
volume in ml
10
5. Calculate average density
6. Repeat steps 1-6 by using a given liquid to replace water.
(b)
Using a Eureka Can

1. Take a solid object (marble) which can fit in the can.
2. Measure the dimensions of the object and calculate its
volume. Record the volume.
3. Place the Eureka Can at the edge of the working surface
and fill it with water until it overflows.
Record the
temperature of the liquid.
4. Weigh an empty beaker and record its mass. Place the
beaker under the spout.
5. Carefully lower the object into the can until it is fully
immersed and collects the water in the beaker.
6. Weigh the beaker with the collected water. Record its mass.
The mass of water can be calculated by subtracting the
mass of empty beaker.
7. Calculate the average mass density
8. Repeat steps 1-7 using other liquid provided.
(c)
Using a Density Bottle

1. Weigh a dry bottle and stopper. Record their mass.
2. Fill the bottle with water and replace the stopper. Record
the temperature of the liquid.
3. Carefully dry the external surface of the bottle. Remove any
excessive water from the stopper and make sure the water
in the hole is level with the top of the stopper.
4. The volume of water is 50 cm3 (ml) when the water is level
with the top of the stopper.
5. Weigh the bottle with stopper and water. Record the mass.
Calculate mass of water by subtracting mass of empty
bottle with stopper.
6. Calculate the average mass density.
7. Repeat steps 1-6 using the other liquids provided.
CEW 531
(d)
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
Using a Hydrometer
1. Place the tall glass cylinders on the flat working surface.
2. Fill up the cylinders with the given liquid.
3. Insert the hydrometer into the glass cylinders carefully and
allow it to settle in the centre of the cylinder.
4. Do not let the hydrometer touch the cylinders sides which
may cause errors due to surface tension effects.
5. After the hydrometer has settled, read and record the scale
at the bottom of the free water surface (bottom of the
meniscus).
6. Take out the Hydrometer and repeat steps 3-6 for three
times.
7. Repeat steps 3-6 by using other liquid provided.
DATA ACQUISITION
Data required for this experiment are the volume and mass of the
given liquids.
REPORT
DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS

i.
Record the mass and volume of the liquids given.
ii.
Calculate the density and specific weight of the
liquids.
(10 marks)

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
REFERENCE
Discuss your experimental results and findings.

Is temperature a factor in determining density?
Why?
Will the results be the same if this experiment is
conducted at a different altitude? Why?
Which method will produce the most accurate
result? Why?
Elaborate advantages and disadvantages of each
method.
Conclude the findings in your experiment.
(10 marks)
TQ Education and Training Ltd. 2000. TQ Instruction Manual F314 Hydrostatics and Properties of Fluids.
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
PART 1 : ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

EXPERIMENT A-1 :
(Level 0)
A) USING MEASURING BEAKER METHOD

Liquid 1 Used :
Temperature
WATER
oC
Sample
Mass of
Mass of
Mass of
Volume of
No.
empty beaker
beaker+water
water
water
water
(gm)
(gm)
(gm)
(cm3)
(g/cm3)
(2)
(3)
(4) = (3) - (2)
(5)
(6) = (4/5)
(1)
Average liquid =
Density of
g/cm
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA ( SAMPLE CALCULATION)
Specific gravity
of liquid
5
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015

EXPERIMENT A-1 :
(Level 0)
A) USING MEASURING BEAKER METHOD

Liquid 2 Used :
Temperature
oC
Sample
Mass of
Mass of
Mass of
Volume of
No.
empty beaker
beaker+water
water
water
water
(gm)
(gm)
(gm)
(cm3)
(g/cm3)
(2)
(3)
(4) = (3) - (2)
(5)
(6) = (4/5)
(1)
Average liquid =
Density of
g/cm
Specific gravity
of liquid
6
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015

EXPERIMENT A-1 :
(Level 0)
B) USING EUREKA CAN METHOD

Liquid 1 Used :
Volume of solid object, V
WATER
cm3
Sample
Mass of
Mass of
Mass of
Density of
No.
empty bottle
bottle + liquid
liquid
liquid
(g)
(g)
(g)
(g/cm3)
(2)
(3)
(4) = (3) - (2)
(5) = (4/V)
(1)
1
2
3
Average liquid =
g/cm
Specific gravity
of liquid
7
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015

EXPERIMENT A-1 :
(Level 0)
B) USING EUREKA CAN METHOD

Liquid 2 Used :

cm3
Sample
Mass of
Mass of
Mass of
Density of
No.
empty bottle
bottle + liquid
liquid
liquid
(g)
(g)
(g)
(g/cm3)
(2)
(3)
(4) = (3) - (2)
(5) = (4/V)
(1)
1
2
3
Average liquid =
g/cm
Specific gravity
of liquid
8
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015

EXPERIMENT A-1 :
(Level 0)
C) USING DENSITY BOTTLE

Liquid 1 Used :
WATER
50 cm3
Sample
Mass of
Mass of
Mass of
Density of
No.
empty bottle
bottle + liquid
liquid
liquid
(g)
(g)
(g)
(g/cm3)
(2)
(3)
(4) = (3) - (2)
(5) = (4/V)
(1)
1
2
3
Average liquid =
g/cm
Specific gravity
of liquid
9
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015

EXPERIMENT A-1 :
(Level 0)
C) USING DENSITY BOTTLE

Liquid 2 Used :
Sample
Mass of
Mass of
Mass of
Density of
No.
empty bottle
bottle + liquid
liquid
liquid
(g)
(g)
(g)
(g/cm3)
(2)
(3)
(4) = (3) - (2)
(5) = (4/V)
(1)
1
2
3
Average liquid =
g/cm
Specific gravity
of liquid
10
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015

EXPERIMENT A-1 :
(Level 0)
C) USING HYDROMETER
Liquid 1 Used :
Stem Readings
Sample No.
Name of Liquid
1
2
3
Average
Specific gravity
of liquid
11
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
PART 2 : DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

EXPERIMENT A-1 :
12
(Level 0)
CEW 531
EXPERIMENT A-2 :
PREAMBLE
OEL ( LEVEL 0 ) CENTRE OF PRESSURE-
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
CENTRE OF PRESSURE ON A PLANE SURFACE
(Level 0)
INTRODUCTION
The centre of pressure may be defined as: The point in a plane at
which the total liquid thrust can be said to be acting normal to that
plane. The experimental location of the center of pressure on the fully
submerged rectangular face of the torroid can be determined by
taking the moments about the pivot,
F y W L
(1.1)
WL
F
The force acting on the rectangular face is given by
F hg A ghg A
(1.2)
where A b d
and hg y2
d
2
(1.3)
The experimental depth of the center of pressure from the free surface
of water is obtained from
h p,exp y y1
(1.4)
The theoretical depth of the center of pressure can be derived by the

following equation
h p ,theo
Ig
Ah g
hg
(1.5)
bd 3
where I g
12
If the rectangular face of the torroid is partially submerged, the depth
from the free surface of water to the center of gravity is given as
hg
y2
2
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
The force acting on the rectangular face is given by
F h g A g
by 22
2
(1.6)
where A b y 2
The theoretical depth of the center of pressure is given by equation
(1.5)
where I g
by 23
12 .
Notation:
L = the length measured from the pivot to the load hanger

y1 = the depth measured from the pivot to the free surface of the water
y2 = the depth measured from free surface of water to the base of the torroid
y1 y2 = 0.200 m
y = depth from pivot to the center of pressure
b
d
= the width of the rectangular face of the torroid

= the depth of rectangular face of torroid
hg =
the depth from the free surface of water to the center of gravity (cg) of the
rectangular area of the torroid submerged in water
hp =
the depth from the free surface of water to the center of pressure (cp) of the
rectangular area of the torroid immerged in water
F = the hydrostatic thrust on the rectangular face of the torroid
W = the weight on the load hanger ,= mg.

OBJECTIVES
To determine the position of the center of pressure on the rectangular
face of the torroid.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
i.
ii.
Students are able to identify the position of the center of

pressure of different immerged vertical plane surfaces.
Students are able to determine experimental depth, h p ,exp and
theoretical depth, h p ,theo of the center of pressure.
i.
Students are able to discuss the concept of magnitude,

direction and actual location of the hydrostatic force acting on
the immersed surface.
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
PROBLEM STATEMENT
As an object moves through a fluid, velocity of the fluid varies around

the surface of the object. The variation of velocity produces a
variation of pressure on the surface of the object. Integrating the
pressure times the surface area around the body determines
the thrust on the object. We can consider this single force to act
through the average location of the pressure on the surface of the
object. We call the average location of the pressure variation as
the center of pressure in the same way that we call the average
location of the weight of an object as the center of gravity.
WAYS & MEAN
EQUIPMENT
PROCEDURE
i. Measure the width (b) and depth (d) of rectangular face of
torroid.
ii. Measure the length from pivot to load hanger (L).
iii. Adjust the three (30 foot screws until the apparatus is balanced
(This will be indicated by the spirit level situated on the left side of
the apparatus).
iv. Using the rider, adjust balance arm until it is level.
v. Fill the tank with water to maximum depth (~200 mm from the
base of the rectangular face of the torroid).
vi. Place weights on the load hanger (500g).
vii. Adjust water level by opening/closing the outlet valve to restore
the balance arm to the horizontal position.
viii. Record the weights on the hanger and measure y2.
ix. Repeat steps vii and viii by reducing the weights (50g) on the
load hanger
3
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
DATA ACQUISITION
Data required for this experiment are the dimension of centre of
pressure apparatus
, depth of submersion
and the
weight on the load hanger
.
REPORT

i) All parameters and data from the experiment should
be converted to appropriate units and tabulated
accordingly.
(10 marks)
ii) Students are required to determine the the theoretical

and experimental depth from free surface to the center
of pressure at different weights (min = 50 gm & max = 500
gm) on the load hanger.
i.
ii.
iii.
REFERENCE
Discuss and conclude your findings in the

experiments.
Discuss the factors that contribute to the difference
in h p ,exp and h p ,theo .
(10 marks)
If a different fluid is used in the tank, will there be

any changes to the location of center of pressure?
Explain.
TQ Education and Training Ltd. 2000. TQ Instruction Manual F314 Hydrostatics and Properties of Fluids.
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015

EXPERIMENT A-2 :
(Level 0)
Table A-2(1) : Dimension of centre of pressure apparatus

Notation
Notes
Dimension
Length measured from the pivot to the load

hanger
Quadrant to pivot
y1 y2
Depth of rectangular face of torroid
Width of the rectangular face of the torroid
Table A-2 (2): Dimension of centre of pressure apparatus

Submersion
depth
y2
(m)
Weight on the
load hanger
W
(g)
Hydrostatic
Thrust
F
(N)
Position of centre of pressure

h p exp
h ptheo
(m)
(m)
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015

EXPERIMENT A-2 :
(Level 0)
CEW 531
OEL ( LEVEL 0 ) ORIFICE COEEFICIENT MEASUREMENT-
EXPERIMENT A-3 :
PREAMBLE
ORIFICE COEFFICIENT MESSUREMENT
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
(Level 0)
INTRODUCTION
From application of Bernoullis equation (conservation of mechanical energy

for a steady, incompressible, frictionless flow): the ideal orifice outflow
velocity at the jet vena contracta (narrowest diameter) is
(1.1)
where is the height of fluid above the orifice. The actual flow rate of the jet
is defined as:
(1.2)
where
is the cross-sectional area of the vena contracta, given by:

(1.3)
where
is the area of orifice and
and, therefore,
, hence
is the coefficient of area contraction
(1.4)
The product
is called the discharge coefficient,
, so finally
(1.5)
If
is assumed to be constant, then graph of
be linear and the slope,
plotted against
Under varying head, the coefficient discharge can be calculated from

(1.6)
where slope is obtained from time
vs plot.
will
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
Orifice
Ac (at vena
contracta)
Ao
Figure A.3(1) : Orifice opening
OBJECTIVES
To determine the coefficient of discharge for a small orifice

based on flow under constant head and flow under varying
head
LEARNING OUTCOMES

i.
Determine the coefficient of discharge
under static and
varying heads.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Flow meters are used in the industry to measure the volumetric

flow rate of fluids. Differential pressure type flow meters (Head
flow meters) measure flow rate by introducing a constriction in
the flow.
The pressure difference caused by the constriction is correlated
to the flow rate using Bernoulli's theorem. If a constriction is
placed in a pipe carrying a stream of fluid, there will be an
increase in velocity, and hence an increase in kinetic energy, at
the point of constriction.
From energy balance as given by Bernoullis theorem, there must
be a corresponding reduction in pressure. Rate of discharge
from the constriction can be calculated by knowing this pressure
2
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
reduction, the area available for flow at the constriction, the

density of the fluid and the coefficient of discharge Cd.
Coefficient of discharge is the ratio of actual flow to the
theoretical flow and makes allowances for stream contraction
and frictional effects. Venturi meter, orifice meter, and Pitot tube
are widely used head flow meters in the industry.
The Pitot-static is often used for measuring the local velocity in
pipes or ducts. For measuring flow in enclosed ducts or channels,
the Venturi meter and orifice meters are more convenient and
more frequently used.
The Venturi is widely used particularly for large volume liquid and
gas flows since it exhibits little pressure loss. However, for smaller
pipes orifice meter is a suitable choice. In order to use any of
these devices for measurement it is necessary to empirically
calibrate them. That is, pass a known volume through the meter
and note the reading in order to provide a standard for
measuring other quantities.
WAYS & MEAN
EQUIPMENT
Figure A.3(2) : Orifice apparatus

PROCEDURE
i.
ii.
Measure the orifice diameter, removing the orifice plate if

necessary and measure the internal dimensions of the
header tank.
Connect the apparatus to the bench, levelling by
adjusting the feet, ensuring the overflow pipe runs into the
3
CEW 531
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
sump tank.
Raise overflow pipe to a suitable level, release water into
the head tank.
Control the flow until the water is just spilling into the
overflow.
Record the head, h on the scale and measure the flow
rate, Q using the volumetric tank and stopwatch.
Confirm the reading by intercepting the jet with a
measuring cylinder.
Repeat at three different water levels, h.
For flow under varying head, the overflow pipe is raised to
obtain maximum head. Fill the tank to overflow level and
close the flow control valve.
Start a stop watch when the level reaches the first
convenient scale mark (noted as h1). Take a reading of
the head (h2) at 20 seconds intervals
DATA ACQUISITION
The value of CD can be obtained according to the different

types of flows which are flow under constant head and flow
under varying head respectively
REPORT
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Measure the actual flow rate and estimate

the theoretical flow rate.
Plot
versus
under constant head
conditions.
Plot
versus
under varying head
conditions.
Determine the value of CD from the graph
under both flow conditions.
(10 marks)
i.
ii.
iii.
Discuss the results and findings from data

analysis.
If the values of CD obtained by the two
methods differ, which values are considered
more reliable? Give your explanations.
Conclude your findings in the experiment
REFERENCE
(10 marks)
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015

EXPERIMENT A-3 :
(Level 0)
Diameter Orifice
Diameter of Tank
Case 1: Constant Head Experiment
Head
h
(m)
Volume of
Water
(L)
Time of
Collection
(s)
Actual Flowrate
Qact
(m3/s)
Theoretical Flowrate
Qtheo
(m3/s)
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015

EXPERIMENT A-3 :
(Level 0)
Case 2 : Varying Head Experiment

Time
(sec)
Head
(h)
CEW 531
SEPT2014 - JAN2015

EXPERIMENT A-3 :
(Level 0)
CEW 531
OEL ( LEVEL 0 )
EXPERIMENT A-4 :
PREAMBLE
BERNOULLI EQUATION -
BERNOULLI EQUATION
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
(Level 0)
INTRODUCTION
Bernoullis principle, which is normally known as Bernoullis

equation, defines the conservation of energy in terms of nonviscous, incompressible and frictionless fluid in steady flow. By
considering two points, 1 and 2, on a streamline:
(6.1)
The term in equation 6.1 represents the pressure head

,
velocity head
and vertical elevation
. The sum these
three terms is known as the total head or total energy. When the
locations of the points 1 and 2 in the pipe are in the same datum
position where
and
, Bernoullis equation can be
written as:
(6.2)
OBJECTIVES
To verify Bernoullis principle when applied to the steady flow of

water
LEARNING OUTCOMES

i.
Determine the pressure and velocity head at each point in
the horizontal pipe through a tapered duct apparatus
ii.
Develop the correlation between the pressure head,
velocity head and total head with the horizontal distance
along the tapered tape.
iii.
Identify the accuracy of Bernoullis Theorem for fluid flow in
a horizontal tapered pipe
CEW 531
OEL ( LEVEL 0 )
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
PROBLEM STATEMENT
It is important to understand that an increase in the speed of the

fluid will have subsequent effect on the pressure or fluid potential
energy. From the principal of conservation energy, the sum of all
forms of mechanical energy in a fluid along a streamline is the
same at all points on that streamline. This requires that the sum of
kinetic energy and potential energy remain constant. Thus an
increase in the speed of the fluid occurs proportionately with an
increase in both its dynamic pressure and kinetic energy, and a
decrease in its static pressure and potential energy.
WAYS & MEAN
EQUIPMENT
PROCEDURE
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Record the diameter of the manometer tube at each

point and measure the distance from the first tube to the
other tube.
Set up the equipment on the hydraulic bench so that its
base is horizontal; that is necessary for accurate height
measurement from the manometers.
Ensure that the equipment is connected to the 14
tapered section converging in the direction of flow.
Ensure that the bench valve and the flow control valve
are closed and start the pump. Gradually open the
bench valve to fill the manometer with water and make
sure there is no air trapped in each manometer.
Adjust the bench valves and flow control valve and retighten the flow control valve when the manometer levels
reach a convenient height.
2
CEW 531
OEL ( LEVEL 0 )
vi.
vii.
viii.
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
Then, open the flow control valve in order to give a

convenient difference between the highest and lowest
manometer levels and take the level reading of all tubes.
Take three sets of reading for volume and time in order to
get the average flow rate through the system.\
Repeat step vi and vii by adjusting the flow control valve
to give high and low flow rates for both highest and
lowest static pressure.
DATA ACQUISITION
Students should carry out a timed volume collection, using

volumetric tank, in order to determine the volume flow rate. The
measurement of the total pressure head distribution can be
conducted by traversing the total pressure probe along the
length of the tapered duct.
REPORT

From the collected data,
i.
Calculate discharge rate and total head at each
experiment
ii.
Plot the graph of pressure head (h), velocity head
(v2/2g), and total head versus horizontal distance
in a single graph sheet for each experiment.
(10 marks)

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
REFERENCE
Discuss your results and findings from the data

analysis.
Give your comments on the plotted graph
regarding the changes of pressure head (h),
velocity head (v2/2g) and total head to the
changes of cross sectional area of pipe.
Comment on the validity of the Bernoullis
equation, factors affecting the accuracy of this
experiment and its applications in civil engineering.
Conclude your findings in the experiment
(10 marks)
1. Munson,B.R, Young, D.F. and Okiishi, T.H. 2002. Fundamental of Fluid

Mechanics,4th Edition. New York: John Willey & Sons. Pg 112-113
2. Amfield Limited. 2001. Intruction Manual : F1-!5 Bernoullis Theorem
Demonstration.
CEW 531
OEL ( LEVEL 0 )
SEPT2014 - JAN2015

EXPERIMENT A-4 :
BERNOULLI EQUATION
(Level 0)
Test 1
No
Tube
Tube
Tube cross
Distance
Manometer
Velocity
Total head
diameter sectional area from 1st tube
level
head theory (h + v2/2g)
(h)
(v2/2g)
2
(mm)
(mm )
(m)
(mm)
(m)
(m)
(1)
1
Volume, Time,t Flow rate

V
(s)
(m3/s)
3
(m )
(3)
(2)
2
3
4
5
Average
Test 2
No
Tube
Tube
Tube cross
Distance
Manometer
Velocity
Total head
level
(h)
(v2/2g)
(mm)
(mm2)
(m)
(mm)
(m)
(m)
(1)
1

V
(s)
(m3/s)
(m3)
(3)
(2)
2
3
4
5
Average
CEW 531
OEL ( LEVEL 0 )
SEPT2014 - JAN2015

EXPERIMENT A-4 :
BERNOULLI EQUATION
(Level 0)
Test 3
No
Tube
Tube
Tube cross
Distance
Manometer
Velocity
Total head
level
(h)
(v2/2g)
2
(mm)
(mm )
(m)
(mm)
(m)
(m)
(1)
1

V
(s)
(m3/s)
3
(m )
(3)
(2)
2
3
4
5
Average
Test 4
No
Tube
Tube cross
Tube diameter sectional
area
(mm)
(mm2)
(1)
1
Distance Manometer
from 1st
level
tube
(h)
(mm)
(m)
Velocity
head
theory
(v2/2g)
(m)
(3)
Total
head (h +
v2/2g)
Volume, Time, Flow rate

V
t
(m3/s)
(m3)
(s)
(m)
(2)
2
3
4
5
Average
CEW 531
OEL ( LEVEL 0 )
SEPT2014 - JAN2015
CEW 531
OEL ( LEVEL 0 )
SEPT2014 - JAN2015

EXPERIMENT A-2 :
(Level 0)

Lab Level 0

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EC221

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (Hons)

CIVIL (Infrastructure), FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

: OPEN ENDED LAB ( LEVEL 0 )

COURSE CODE & NAME

: CEW 531 - FLUID & HYDRAULIC LABORATORY

GROUP CEW 531

GROUP MEMBERS NAME

At the end of this laboratory, student should be able to

Data collected is relevant

Data collected is relevant

Data collected is relevant

Data collected is relevant,

Significant errors are found

Errors are found in data

Minor mistakes are found in

Errors can be identified but

No significant error is made.

Provide accurate information.

Conclusion is derived from

Conclusion is derived from

Conclusion is clear and

Conclusion is excellent and

LABORATORY REPORT MARKS - LEVEL 0

ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION OF DATA

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

OEL ( LEVEL 0 ) PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS-

Specific gravity, SG or relative density is the ratio of the density of

Similarly specific weight, should not be confused with density or

To determine the density of a liquid it is necessary to measure the

OEL ( LEVEL 0 ) PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS-

Specific gravity can be determined directly from the density of a

The engineers are often requested to determine the forces produced

WAYS & MEAN

Figure 1a : (a) Eureka Can ; (b) Density Bottle 50 ml & 100 ml ;

OEL ( LEVEL 0 ) PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS-

Using a Measuring Beaker

Using a Eureka Can

Using a Density Bottle

OEL ( LEVEL 0 ) PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS-

DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Discuss your experimental results and findings.

OEL ( LEVEL 0 ) PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS-

PART 1 : ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

A) USING MEASURING BEAKER METHOD

(4) = (3) - (2)

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA ( SAMPLE CALCULATION)

OEL ( LEVEL 0 ) PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS-

PART 1 : ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

A) USING MEASURING BEAKER METHOD

(4) = (3) - (2)

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA ( SAMPLE CALCULATION)

OEL ( LEVEL 0 ) PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS-

PART 1 : ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

B) USING EUREKA CAN METHOD

Volume of solid object, V

(4) = (3) - (2)

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA ( SAMPLE CALCULATION)

OEL ( LEVEL 0 ) PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS-

PART 1 : ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

B) USING EUREKA CAN METHOD

Volume of solid object, V