The Comma - Part 2

Page 1 of 2

The Comma
Part 2
,

Why else do we use the comma?

In the memo assignment, we presented the rules for comma usage in lists
and with coordinating conjunctions. We will look at two more rules in this
module.

Use a comma to separate introductory elements in a

sentence
With an introductory (dependent) clause, a backdrop is set for the
subsequent independent clause.
Introductory clauses start with adverbs like

after, although, as, because, before, if, since, though, until, when, etc.

- Because the teacher had given poor instructions, the class did
not understand the task they were given.
An introductory phrase (remember that a phrase does not have both a
subject and a verb, unlike a clause) functions the same way an
introductory clause does in that it sets the stage for the independent
clause.

- To get ready for a lesson, a new teacher tends to prepare more

than enough material.

- Smiling broadly, the teacher welcomed her class on the first day
of school.
An introductory word like however, still, furthermore, or meanwhile creates
continuity from one sentence to the next. Other introductory words also
take a comma to separate them from the main clause.

- Furthermore, the schools director had prepared a presentation

about its history.

- Yes, I also attended the assembly.

Use a comma to set off quoted elements
Commas are used to separate direct speech or quoted elements from the
rest of a sentence. Use a comma to separate the quoted material from the
rest of the sentence.

http://www.dndlearn.forces.gc.ca/content/CDA/CFLS/LTTC2011B/online%20learning%... 13/11/2011

The Comma - Part 2

Page 2 of 2

- I know the answer, she cried, so please let me speak!

However, if another punctuation mark is used in the quoted material, a
comma is not always needed:

- I know the answer!

. Please let me speak!

NO comma to

A frequent error in comma usage is called the comma splice. This refers to
the (incorrect) practice of joining two independent clauses together with a
comma, instead of a semicolon or perhaps a transition word.

/ She was ready for the exam, she should do very well.
- She was ready for the exam; she should do very well.
or

- She was ready for the exam, so she should do very well.
Click here for Grammar Girl's audio discussion of the comma splice.

Further Study:
For more on Introductory Elements and Commas, go to
Capital Community College
For more information on the Comma Splice, go to
University of Bristol
Capital Community College Exercise 1
Capital Community College Exericse 2
Links to Comma Practice Exercises:
Capital Community College
Purdue University Owl 1
Purdue University OWL 2
Purdue University OWL 3

http://www.dndlearn.forces.gc.ca/content/CDA/CFLS/LTTC2011B/online%20learning%... 13/11/2011