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Page 1
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2. System Diagram
T = 20C
T x, y 20 70 e 600 xy
y
Ts = 90C
L=5m
3. Assumptions
Steady state condition
Uniform free stream air temperature T = 20 C = constant
Ghosh - 550
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4. Governing Equations
Newton's Law of Cooling
q s h Ts T
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q s k f
T
y
T
y
y 0
5. Detailed Solution
Local Convection Coefficient, h
T
y
y 0
Thus,
q s h Ts T k f
Therefore,
1
T
h
k f
Ts T
y
kf
Ts T
kf
Ts T
kf
y 0
y 0
20 70 e 600 xy
y
T
y
y 0
0 70 600 x e 600 xy
y 0
70 600 x 1
Ts T
42000 k f x
h x
Ts T
Taking the average of the free stream and surface temperatures:
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20 90
2
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Using MatLab, the variation of local convection coefficient can be plotted as:
Variation of Local Convection Coefficient
90
80
70
h (W/m2.K)
60
50
h(x)
40
30
20
10
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
x (m)
3.5
4.5
1
x2
17.02
L
2
1
L
17.02
L
2
8.51 L
h 42.6 W/m2K
6. Critical Assessment
Because the local convection coefficient is a function of x, the average of the convection
coefficient must be obtained by integrating the function over the whole range of the flat plate.
Ghosh - 550
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2. System Diagram
U , T
Velocity B.L.
Thermal B.L.
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3. Assumptions
Steady state condition
Constant air properties
Uniform U , T = constant
4. Governing Equations
Cf
s
1
U 2
2
On the surface, s
u
y
y 0
q s h Ts T
q k f
5. Detailed Solution
Friction Coefficient, Cf
s
u
y
y 0
Ay By 2 Cy 3
y
A 2 By 3Cy
Cf
1
U 2
2
A
1
U 2
2
y 0
y 0
A 2 B 0 3C 0
A
Therefore,
u
y
q s k f
T
y
T
y
y 0
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Convection Coefficient, h
q s h Ts T k f
T
y
y 0
Thus,
h
1
T
k f
Ts T
y
y 0
k f
D Ey Fy 2 Gy 3
D T
y
kf
D T
kf
D T
0 E 2 Fy 3Gy 2
y 0
y 0
0 E 2 F 0 3G 0
Finally,
h
kf E
D T
6. Critical Assessment
It is important to recognize (or know) that for both cases, the friction coefficient and
convection coefficient, an analysis must be done on the surface, which implies y = 0 m.
Bearing, kb
Tb
1
Bearing, kb
Lubricant
x
Shaft
Lubricant
Shaft
100 mm
diameter
200 mm
Water-cooled surface,
Twc = 30C
Ts
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Bearing (kb)
Shaft (Di, )
Bearing
y
(mm)
1
Lubricant
x
Lubricant (, k)
D
o
3. Assumptions
Tb
Shaft
Ts
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4. Governing Equations
2-D Dissipation Function
u v
y x
u
2
2 u v
3 x y
Velocity Distribution in Couette Flow (flow in two infinite parallel plates, but one plate
moving with constant speed)
U
1 p 2
u( y)
y
y ay
a
2 x
T 1 T T
q kT k er
e
ez
r
r
z
T
T
T T
c p u v k k q
y x x y y
x
5. Detailed Solution
Viscous dissipation in the lubricant
Assume v 0 in the gap, and the fully developed flow (assumed) implies
u v
y x
u
2
2 u v
3 x y
U
1 p 2
U
y
y
y ay u ( y )
a
2 x
a
u
0 . Thus,
x
2
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U
y
y a
U Ri
Di
U
a
D
i
2a
Di /2
Ts Tb
Assume that the direction of heat transfer is
becomes:
Twc
in only r direction. Then Fourier's law
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q r k
In our case,
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T
T
or q r kA
r
r
q r k b 2rL
T
(1)
r
T ( r ) C1 ln(r ) C 2
r r
r
r
r
The first boundary condition: Tb = C1 ln(Di/2) + C2
The second boundary condition: Twc = C1 ln(Do/2) + C2
T (r )
Tb Twc
r
Twc
ln
ln Di Do Do 2
q r k b 2rL
r
T Twc 1
Tb Twc
Twc k b 2rL b
ln
r ln Di Do Do 2
ln Di Do r
Therefore,
qr
k b 2L Tb Twc
qL
ln Di Do
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Page 11
Tb Twc
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q L ln Do Di
1465W ln 0.2m 0.1m 81.3C
30C
2Lk b
2 0.07m 45W / m K
U
Ts
The 2-D energy equation may be simplified for the prescribed conditions (see assumptions)
and further assuming v 0 and q 0 , it follows that
c p u
u
T
T
T
k
k
x
x
x
y
y
y
However, because the top and bottom plates are at uniform temperatures, the temperature
field must also be fully developed, in which case ( T/x) = 0. For constant thermal
conductivity the appropriate form of the energy equation is then
0k
u
2T
y 2
y
The desired temperature distribution may be obtained by solving this equation. Rearranging
and substituting for the velocity distribution,
du
d 2T
k
2
dy
dy
2k
y 2 C1 y C 2
0
y 0
C3 = 0
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2
U
2
U
a 0 C 2 C 2 Tb
2k a
2k
2
T ( a ) Tb
2
y2
T ( y ) Tb
U 1 2
2k
a
Tb
Di
2k 2
y2
a2
Di
2k 2
81.3C
2 0.15W / m K
Ts 303.4C
6. Critical Assessment
We have dealt with both heat conduction and convection situation on this problem. Make sure
you understand the difference between them and how to apply an appropriate equation for a
particular case.
Ghosh - 550
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Air
T
U
3.
Assumptions
Steady state condition
Constant properties
Heat-mass analogy applies:
Heat Transfer
Mass Transfer
Nu f 1 Re L , Pr
Sh f 2 Re L , Sc
4. Governing Equations
Reynolds Number: Re L
Prandtl Number: Pr
Schmidt Number: Sc
V L
D AB
T Ts
300 K
2
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hL
kf
hm L
D AB
5. Detailed Solution
Properties:
Air (at Tmean = 300 K, 1 atm)
= 15.89 10-6 m2/s
kf = 0.0263 W/mK
Pr = 0.707
Air-water mixture (at Tmean = 300K, 1 atm)
DAB = 0.26 10-4 m2/s
Saturated water (at Ts = 310 K)
A, sat = 1/vg = 1/22.93 m3/kg = 0.04361 kg/m3
hfg = 2414 kJ/kg
Heat transfer coefficient
First of all, evaluate ReL at Tmean to characterize the flow
Re L
UL
10m / s 1m 6.293 10 5
15.89 10 6 m 2 / s
and substituting into the prescribed correlation for this surface, find
Nu L 0.43 Re L
0.53
Nu L k f
L
0.58
0.707
864.1 0.0263W / m K
1m
0 .4
864.1
22.72 W/m2K
hL
kf
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15.89 10 6 m 2 / s
0.6112
D AB
0.26 10 4 m 2 / s
hm
0.53
0.58
0.6112
0.4
815.2
Sh L D AB 815.2 0.26 10 4 m 2 / s
2.12 10 2 m / s
L
1m
hm L
D AB
kg / s 3.327 kg / h
Rate at which heat must be supplied to the surface for these conditions
Air
qconv
qevap
qin
Applying the first law of thermodynamics,
E in E out 0
q in q conv q evap 0
where qin is the heat supplied to sustain the losses by convention and evaporation.
Ghosh - 550
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q in q conv q evap
h fg
q in h As Ts T m
6. Critical Assessment
Heat-mass analogy has been applied in this problem. Note that convection mass transfer
can be analyzed like convection heat transfer. Equations are very similar to each other.
Notice that the heat loss from the surface by evaporation is nearly 5 times that due to
convection.
The End