Granite Intrusion in A Metamorphic Core Complex: The Example of The Mykonos Laccolith (Cyclades, Greece)

Tectonophysics 501 (2011) 5270
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Tectonophysics
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / t e c t o
Granite intrusion in a metamorphic core complex: The example of the Mykonos

laccolith (Cyclades, Greece)
Y. Denle a,b,, E. Lecomte a,b, L. Jolivet c, O. Lacombe a,b, L. Labrousse a,b, B. Huet a,b, L. Le Pourhiet a,b
a
b
c
UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7193, ISTEP, F-75005, Paris, France
CNRS, UMR 7193, ISTEP, F-75005, Paris, France
ISTO, Universit d'Orlans-CNRS, UMR-CNRS 6113, Campus Gosciences, F-45071 Orlans, France
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 29 July 2010
Received in revised form 11 January 2011
Accepted 13 January 2011
Available online 26 January 2011
Keywords:
Aegean domain
Mykonos island
Metamorphic core complex
Syntectonic pluton
Block rotation
AMS
a b s t r a c t
The Aegean domain is a well-suited place to study the formation of metamorphic core complex (MCC) and to
investigate the role of syn-tectonic granites on their development. In the northern Cyclades, the Mykonos
DelosRhenia MCC is characterized by the intrusion of a kilometer-scale Late Miocene pluton of I-type
granitoids within a migmatitic gneiss dome. New combined AMS (anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility) and
microstructural studies on the Mykonos granitoids together with recently published thermochronological
data allow us to use the granitoids as strain markers.
The Mykonos granitoids form a laccolith-like intrusion with a N70E long axis. The laccolith is strongly
asymmetric with an outlying root zone to the SW and a major body mainly developed to the NE. The laccolith
construction is due to successive pulses of more or less differentiated magma that intruded the Cycladic
Blueschist Unit. The attitude of stretching markers suggests an important (about 60) vertical-axis local
rotation phenomenon in the cycladic upper crust during the exhumation of the Mykonos MCC. Structural data
suggest a four-stage evolution of the Mykonos MCC: (i) a rst stage characterized by at shearing toward the
NNE and by the formation of a domal structure in migmatitic paragneisses with multi-scale generation of
folds with axes either perpendicular or parallel to the regional stretching, as a result of the interplay between
regional N20E-directed extension and EW shortening; (ii) a second stage marked by the emplacement of the
Mykonos laccolith at 13.5 0.3 Ma at the top of the migmatitic paragneisses; (iii) the third stage
corresponding to the development of protomylonitic foliations and lineations in the whole laccolith in high
to medium temperature conditions; and (iv) the late stage marked by an acceleration of the exhumation of
the Mykonos MCC. This exhumation was accommodated by important rotations of upper crustal blocks.
During the end of the exhumation processes, around 10 Ma, deformation localized at the top of the laccolith in
semi-ductile conditions and then in brittle conditions in the major detachment plane.
Our study shows that the Cycladic plutonism event had no role on the initiation of the MCC. However, the
geometry of the Mykonos intrusion supports that the magmas are sucked into the direction of regional
extension and that the intrusion of magmas has caused an acceleration of the last stages of the MCC
development. This acceleration was marked by a very fast exhumation of the laccolith after its emplacement.
2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Metamorphic core complexes (MCC) or extensional gneiss domes
are crustal-scale structures that develop during extension of a thickened
and thermally mature crust (Coney and Harms, 1984; Lister and Davis,
1989; Malavieille, 1993; Whitney et al., 2004). Their overall geometry is
rather simple, with a shallow-dipping detachment separating an upper
plate, without any signicant metamorphism, from a lower plate, the
gneiss dome, showing an evolution toward high-temperature metamorphic paragneisses in the amphibolite facies with frequent partial
Corresponding author at: Gosciences Montpellier, UMR CNRS 5243, Universit
Montpellier II, 34095 Montpellier, France. Tel.: +33 671935063.
E-mail address: Yoann.denele@gm.univ-montp2.fr (Y. Denle).
0040-1951/$ see front matter 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2011.01.013
melting. The relationships between the detachment and the gneiss

dome have been envisaged in various ways and have given rise to
various models. Some models use a pre-existing fault in the brittle upper
crust to develop a MCC (Buck, 1993; Koyi and Skelton, 2001; Lavier et al.,
1999; Rey et al., 2009). In these models, the formation of the dome is a
consequence of the displacement along the detachment. An alternative
view is to consider the detachment not as the primary cause for the
formation of the MCC but instead as a consequence. In this case,
numerical and anologue modeling emphasize the importance of preexisting viscositydensity anomalies such as a granite or a migmatitic
body below the brittleductile transition (Brun et al., 1994; Tirel et al.,
2004, 2008; Vanderhaeghe and Teyssier, 2001).
Field studies of MCC show a spatial and temporal link between
MCC formation and plutonic activity as documented for instance in
Y. Denle et al. / Tectonophysics 501 (2011) 5270
those of the Basin and Range Province (see Crittenden et al., 1980, and
references therein), the Canadian Cordillera (e.g. Vanderhaeghe et al.,
1999), the Variscan belt (e.g. Vanderhaeghe et al., 1999) and the
Mediterranean Region (Daniel and Jolivet, 1995; Lister and Baldwin,
1993). Numerous combined eld and thermochronological studies
suggest a triggering effect of granitic intrusion on the development
of MCC as in the Basin and Range Province (Foster et al., 2001; Lister
and Baldwin, 1993), in the D'Entrecasteaux islands in Papua New
Guinea (Baldwin et al., 1993; Lister and Baldwin, 1993) and in the
North Himalaya metamorphic domes (Aoya et al., 2005). In the
Aegean domain, which is a natural laboratory for studying the coeval
formation of MCC and emplacement of syn-tectonic granites (e.g.
Gautier et al., 1993; Jolivet et al., 2004), Lister and Baldwin (1993)
proposed that granite emplacement triggered continental extension.
An opposite conclusion was however drawn by Brichau et al. (2007,
2008), who showed instead, based on thermochronological studies,
that there is no link between granite intrusion and time-averaged
displacement rates along the detachment, which implies that
magmatism does not necessarily enhance continental extension.
In the northern Aegean domain, the MykonosDelosRhenia MCC
is characterized by the intrusion of a kilometer-scale late Miocene
pluton of I-type granitoids within a migmatitic gneiss dome (Faure et
al., 1991; Lee and Lister, 1992; Lucas, 1999). In this paper, we present
a study of the evolution of the ductile deformation in a 2 km-thick
crustal cross-section within the granitoids and migmatites of the
Mykonos MCC beneath the Nord Cycladic Detachment System (Jolivet
et al., 2010). AMS (anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility) and
microstructural studies in the granitoids combined with recent
cooling rates obtained by Brichau et al. (2008) allow to use the
granitoids as strain markers and then to discuss the role of granitic
intrusions on the development of a MCC. Besides, rotations about
vertical axis are an important ingredient of the tectonic history of the
Aegean region (Kissel and Laj, 1988; van Hinsbergen et al., 2005) and
Miocene granites do not escape such rotations as shown by
paleomagnetic studies (Avigad et al., 1998; Morris and Anderson,
1996). The interplay between detachments and rotation is an
important topic that can be discussed in the light of the Mykonos MCC.
2. Geological setting
The Cyclades form an archipelago in the center of the Aegean
domain. Following an Eocene episode of crustal thickening, this
domain underwent backarc extension since the Oligocene above the
retreating Hellenic slab (Jolivet and Faccenna, 2000; Le Pichon and
Angelier, 1980; Lister et al., 1984; Ring et al., 2001; Vanderhaeghe and
Teyssier, 2001; Vanderhaeghe et al., 2007). The extensional stage was
accompanied by the formation of several MCC and associated
detachments (Gautier and Brun, 1994; Gautier et al., 1993; Mehl et
al., 2005, 2007) as well as by the intrusion of granitic plutons. The
original nappe stack can still be recognized despite an intense
reworking by extension (Bonneau, 1984; Jolivet et al., 2004); from
top to base: (i) the Upper Cycladic Nappe, essentially made of
ophiolitic material and devoid of any Tertiary metamorphic paragneisses constitutes the top of the stack; (ii) the Cycladic Blueschists
(Blake et al., 1981) form the middle part of the stack and are
constituted by metapelites, marbles and metabasites that have
recorded a complex metamorphic evolution with Eocene highpressure and low-temperature (HPLT) paragneisses overprinted by
Oligo-Micocene high-temperature and low-pressure (HTLP) paragneisses (Altherr et al., 1982; Parra et al., 2002; Trotet et al., 2001);
and (iii) the Cycladic basement at the base of the stack; this basement
unit was metamorphosed under amphibolite-facies associated with
partial melting; this metamorphic evolution is mainly Oligo-Miocene
in age with only scarce remnants of the Eocene HPLT stage (e.g.
Altherr et al., 1982). At the scale of the Aegean the transition from
compressional to extensional tectonics corresponds to an acceleration
53
of slab retreat some 3035 Ma ago, as shown by the migration of the

magmatic arc through time (Jolivet and Brun, 2010). The precise
timing of the HPLT and HTLP stages is however still debated in the
details. For Forster and Lister (2009) extension in the southern
Cyclades (Ios island) began at ~35 Ma, i.e. at the EoceneOligocene
transition, whereas for Huet et al. (2009) it began slightly later, at
approximately 30 Ma. These two contrasted views are due to a
disagreement on the interpretation of south-verging shear bands in
the south of Ios island, which are thought to have formed during
extension by Forster and Lister (2009) but instead during the HPLT
shortening stage according to Huet et al. (2009).
Located in the Northern Cyclades (Fig. 1a), the Mykonos, Delos and
Rhenia islands belong to the Mykonos MCC (Faure et al., 1991; Lee and
Lister, 1992) formed in the footwall of the North Cycladic Detachment
System (NCDS), one of the largest detachment of the Cyclades (Jolivet
et al., 2010). The core of the MCC is made of a kilometer-scale laccolith
(Fig. 1b) of I-type granitoids on Mykonos and Delos islands and by
migmatitic paragneisses on Rhenia and Mykonos islands. The laccolith
has a monzogranitic to granodioritic composition with an inverted
zonation, i.e. more mac toward the pluton center (Lucas, 1999). The
roof of the laccolith is cut by the NCDS and its oor is made of
migmatitic gneiss belonging to the Cycladic basement. Emplacement
of the laccolith is dated at 13.5 0.3 Ma using the U/Pb technique on
zircon (Brichau et al., 2008). Various studies (Faure et al., 1991;
Lecomte et al., 2010; Lee and Lister, 1992; Lucas, 1999) show that the
pluton was affected by an intense mylonitic deformation at high
temperature, which supports its syntectonic emplacement.
Avigad et al. (1998) and Lee and Lister (1992) showed that the
Mykonos granitoids are topped by a low-angle normal fault system.
Jolivet et al. (2010) demonstrated that this low-angle normal fault
system belongs to the NCDS and Lecomte et al. (2010) showed that
this system is subdivised into two branches in this area, the so-called
Livada and Mykonos detachments. The Livada detachment corresponds to a low-angle ductile shear zone that reworked the intrusive
contact of the granite within the metabasites of the upper plate. The
Mykonos detachment is a cataclastic-brittle low-angle normal fault.
The hanging wall of the detachment system is constituted by late
Miocene continental sandstones and conglomerates (Sanchez-Gomez
et al., 2002). Low-temperature thermochronology performed by
Brichau et al. (2008) on the Mykonos granitoids allows dating of the
activity of the Mykonos detachment between ca. 14 and 10 Ma. The
detachment slipped at an average rate of 6.0 + 9.2/2.4 km/Ma and
caused ca. 30 km of offset between hangingwall and footwall (Brichau
et al., 2008) and ca. 8 km of exhumation of the footwall (Lecomte
et al., 2010). The Mykonos laccolith and the NCDS are cut by a recent
NS trending graben bounded by a major, west-dipping normal fault
striking N155E and a minor, east dipping conjugate normal fault
striking N170E (Faure et al., 1991), that likely connect close to Elia
(Fig. 1b). Vertical displacement on the eastern normal fault in
Panormos is estimated at 800 m while vertical displacement on the
western normal fault remains lower.
3. Petrostructural, microstructural and kinematic characteristics
of the Mykonos laccolith
Fabrics were measured both in the eld and by using the AMS
technique. This technique allows to dene the orientation of the
magnetic foliation and lineation and the magnetic susceptibility
ellipsoid (considered as a proxy of the nite strain ellipsoid, see
below). The principle of this technique is based on the measurements
of the orientations and magnitudes of the three principal axes
K1 K2 K3 of the magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid. The AMS
technique applied to granitic rocks has been the topic of several
works (Borradaile and Henry, 1997; Borradaile and Jakson, 2010;
Bouchez, 1997, 2000), so there is no need to enter into much detail
hereinafter.
54
24E
26E
38N
38N
Andros
Ikaria
Tinos
Pelagonian unit
Quaternary volcanics
Cycladic Blueschist
Miocene granitoids
Cycladic basement
Detachments
Mykonos
PA
NO
Fig. 1b
28
27
RM
Naxos
Paros
34
12
26E
14
15
b
RHENIA
ISLAND
6/7
AGHIOS
STEPHANOS
DELOS
ISLAND
13
2
1
3
33
36
10 9
11
24E
5
4
BA
Ios
CAP
EVROS
OS
22
18 1716 21 24
25 26
23
2019
MYKONOS
ISLAND
29
30
32
35
31
Normal Faults
Detachment
APPOLONION
PENINSULA
ELIA
17
AMS sites
Upper Cycladic Unit and

Late Miocene to Pliocene sediments
North
n
7
Syenogranite
Monzogranite
Granodiorite
Bt + Hbl Opx granodiorite

with mafic bodies
Bt + Hbl monzogranite
Bt monzogranite
(or leucogranite)
Syenogranite
Late barite veins
Mykonos pluton
Micaschist
3 km
Km
0
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
Migmatitic gneiss
Cycladic blueschists
Cycladic basement
Fig. 1. (a) Tectonic map of the Aegean region showing the main geological units and the location of the MykonosRheniaDelos Archipelago (after Huet et al., 2009). (b) Petrographic
map of the studied area (after Lucas, 1999 modied) and location of the AMS sites. (c) Histogram of the Mean Susceptibility values (Km).
The AMS technique has been used to study 36 samples in the

Mykonos granitoids (Table 1). At each site, two to ve cylindrical cores
were drilled, each of them being then cut into two ca. 10.8 cm3 samples.
Each sample was separately measured at low eld (300 A m 1, 875 Hz)
on a Kappabridge KLY-3 susceptometer. All samples display Mean
Susceptibility values (Km) b 282 SI (Table 1). Such low values are
typical of a dominantly paramagnetic behavior, i.e. where the magnetic
carriers are the iron-bearing silicates (Borradaile and Jakson, 2010;
Rochette et al., 1992). In order to better characterize the magnetic
behavior of our samples, we have performed measurements of the
Mean Susceptibility versus temperature (Km vs T) on 3 samples (Fig. 2).
These samples show a purely paramagnetic behavior with a rather
regular decrease of Km when T increases. These measurements
unambiguously demonstrate the purely paramagnetic behavior of the
Mykonos granites.
In dominantly paramagnetic granites, several studies (e.g. Gleizes et
al., 2001, 2006; Ono et al., 2009) show that there is a good correlation
between magnetic lineation (K1) and foliation (plane normal to K3)
and mineral lineation and foliation, respectively. Moreover, in these
granites Km is proportional to the iron content of the iron-bearing
silicates and thus it can be directly correlated to the modal content in
biotite, amphibole and pyroxene. Finally we have measured the
magnetic anisotropy (Pp% = 100 [(K1 D)/(K3 D) 1]) where D is
the diamagnetic contribution estimated at 14 SI (Rochette, 1987),
and the shape parameter (T = ln[K22/(K1 K3)]/ln[K1/K3]) of Jelinek
(1981). In rocks dominated by paramagnetic carriers, several studies

(e.g. Denle et al., 2008; Gleizes et al., 2001) have shown that the value
of Pp% correlates well with the amount of deformation. In contrast, the
behavior of the shape parameter T is more complex since it depends on
both the deformation regime and the amount of ferromagnesian
minerals in the specimen (Gleizes et al., 2006).
3.1. Petrography and relationships between the different
petrographic types
Mykonos island is formed mainly by plutonic rocks belonging to
the Mykonos laccolith (Fig. 1b). Whereas the top of the laccolith has
been reworked by the Livada detachment (Jolivet et al., 2010;
Lecomte et al., 2010), the original intrusive contact can still be
observed in Cape Evros sector where the granitoids intrude metabasic
rocks belonging to the upper Cycladic unit (Fig. 3a). The major contact
corresponds to a shallow-dipping plane, associated to sills and dikes
swarms. The bottom of the laccolith can be observed in the sector of
Appolonion where the granitoids intrude mainly paragneisses
belonging to the Cycladic basement and more rarely micaschists.
This contact is subhorizontal and diffuse with numerous enclaves of
paragneisses and marbles in the granite (Fig. 1b).
Following optical microscopy examinations, four petrographic
types were identied in the laccolith. From the more differentiated
ones to the mac ones (Fig. 1b), these types are: (1) a syenogranite
55
Table 1
AMS measurements of the plutonic rocks of the Mykonos laccolith. Rt: Rock types, Mf: Magnetic foliation, Ff: Field foliation, Fl: Field lineation, E12, E23, and E31: within-site 95%
condence semi-angles (according to the statistics of Hext, 1963) between, respectively, principal axes K1K2, K2K3 and K3K1.
Site
Rt
Mi
Km
K1
Mf
Ff
Fl
Pp%
12
23
31
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Opx
Hbl
Hbl
Hbl
Hbl
Bt
Bt
Bt
Bt
Bt
Bt
Bt
Hbll
Hbl
Hbl
Hbl
Bt
Hbl
Hbl
Hbl
Hbl
Opx
Bt
Opx
Opx
Bt
Hbl
Opx
Opx
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
P
P
P
P
S
S
M
P
P
S
M
P
M
P
M
P
S
P
P
C
P
S
P
S
S
P
C
S
S
3
3
3
2
4
2
3
2
4
4
3
3
2
2
3
5
4
4
6
3
6
5
5
6
6
4
9
6
6
5
5
6
4
4
5
3
100
63
84
79
89
42
98
236
113
127
119
129
100
159
172
51
106
121
68
161
118
100
188
77
133
119
108
114
282
119
193
200
56
113
214
224
57/13
215/10
27/15
215/5
223/3
252/12
182/0
54/14
243/34
56/13
55/21
59/22
33/38
56/43
83/15
60/7
244/26
247/27
252/0
246/11
67/23
107/32
73/39
53/15
71/16
83/6
153/57
80/27
19/80
61/17
57/31
51/12
231/6
265/29
62/25
196/6
10E17
4W16
141E16
163W6
37W23
136W14
180E2
34E55
129SW37
84N26
3E29
143E22
164E46
174E47
145E17
157NE7
138SW27
154SW27
91N7
156S11
5E25
174E35
144E40
16E24
150E16
4E7
94S61
147E29
165E84
153E17
147E31
126E13
31N18
15N30
172E26
179W19
166E27
18E10
10E20
0E0
0E0
153NW12
67NW5
55NW18
(115NE30)
20/10
36/2
25/5
25/0
40/0
58/10
55/2
(68)
(57)
55/12
64/12
52/36
6.7
6.9
4.6
5.0
8.2
2.3
12.4
5.0
6.1
5.2
6.6
4.3
3.
7.6
5.6
4.8
4.1
9.4
5.5
8.1
6.2
5.2
5
4.1
7.2
4.8
1.7
3.3
3.1
5.9
4
2.7
6.5
0.6
3.6
3.1
0.63
0.70
0.53
0.35
0.45
0.55
0.90
0.00
0.15
0.18
0.30
0.17
0.15
0.35
0.10
0.02
0.27
0.17
0.03
0.39
0.25
0.64
0.34
0.06
0.30
0.41
0.41
0.22
0.25
0.54
0.24
0.23
0.39
0.55
0.03
0.39
79.8
6.6
21.6
12.2
14.7
6.5
15.8
8.5
19.8
63.2
10.3
29.2
13.2
10.9
6.7
10
3
11
8.5
16.1
10.9
24.2
13.2
13
6.8
14.6
37.3
57.2
15.2
21.5
16.9
11.4
13.5
50
7
41
22.2
5.6
21.6
8.5
5.4
3.6
4.8
2.8
10.6
5.2
7.8
8.8
10.1
8.4
3.5
10
3
8
8.3
7.5
6.9
5.9
6.7
13
3.9
6.4
17.7
45.1
9.5
6.8
10.8
11.4
6.3
19
7
21
20.8
3
11.8
5.1
4
2.3
3.7
2.1
7
5
4.5
6.9
5.8
4.8
2.3
5
2
5
4.2
5.2
4.2
4.8
4.5
7
2.5
4.5
12.6
31.4
5.9
5.2
6.7
7.1
4.3
15
3
15
175E15
142E36
170E40
164E12
0E0
159W21
0E0
151SW16
154E21
161E15
164E44
173E18
161E17
0E0
063/12
173E26
165E65
56/25
234/21
70/00
242/16
69/21
073/15
74/44
64/17
70/15
69/00
Rock types: S: Syenogranite, Bt: Bt monzogranite, Hbl: Hbl + t monzogranite, Opx: Opx granodiorite Microstructures: S: subsolidus, P: protomylonite, M: mylonite, C: cataclase.
Orientation of the linear structures corresponds to trend and plunge.
identied only near Cape Evros sector in a 1 km-wide band intrusive

in metabasites belonging to the Upper Cycladic Unit; (2) a biotite
monzogranite (or leucogranite) cropping out discontinuously at the
contact with country rocks at the bottom of the laccolith in the
Appolonion sector and which makes 10% max. of the surface of the
pluton; (3) a biotite hornblende porphyric monzogranite which
constitutes the major part of the pluton; and (4) a pyroxene porphyric
granodiorite with mac bodies which represents 20% max. of the
surface of the pluton. The values of Km (SI), ranging from 42 to 282,
can be correlated with the rock types as follows (Fig. 1c):
syenogranite and biotite leucogranite 42 b Km b 100, monzogranite
100 b Km b 190, granodiorite 190 b Km b 282. Such a wide range of
susceptibilities reects the diversity of the plutonic rocks in the
Mykonos laccolith.
A subhorizontal layering of magmatic origin with alternations of
biotite granite and pyroxene granodiorite can be observed close to the
contact between these two lithologies on the North-western coast of
Mykonos island (Fig. 3b). Enclaves of biotite granite in hornblende
monzogranite and pyroxene granodiorite can locally be observed
(Figs. 1b and 3b). The pyroxene granodiorite is rich in various enclaves
of basic rocks such as gabbro, diorite, monzodiorite and monzonite
constituted by Pl + Cpx + Qz Afs Hbl (see Whitney and Evans, 2010
for mineral abbreviations) generally concentrated in swarm complexes.
Many enclaves of country-rocks are also observed, mainly at the bottom
contact in the Appolonion sector but sometimes also in the center of the
laccolith (Fig. 1b). Near Cape Evros the granites are cut by a network of
subvertical barite veins striking ~N130E.
3.2. Microstructure and AMS scalar parameters

Deformation was studied on thin sections and through AMS
measurements. As discussed below, the AMS scalar parameters can be
used as tools for characterizing strain heterogeneity. However these
parameters have to be independent of the petrography and so of the
type of magnetic carrier. For the paramagnetic granites of Mykonos
the Pp% vs Km and T vs Km (Fig. 4) diagrams demonstrate this relative
independence.
The microstructural study underlines the presence of two domains
of deformation (Fig. 4). The rst domain is a narrow, max. 2 km wide,
band close to the NCDS. It corresponds to an association of cataclasites
and low-temperature mylonites and ultramylonites. The second
domain of deformation is observed in the major part of the laccolith
and corresponds to an association of high-temperature protomylonites and submagmatic microstructures.
The rst domain of deformation can be studied in details in two
sectors close to the NCDS: Panormos Bay and Cape Evros. At Panormos
Bay, where the granite crops out directly under the Mykonos brittle
detachment (Lecomte et al., 2010), this domain is characterized only
by cataclasis marked in thin section by intensely fractured quartz and
feldspar grains (Fig. 3c). The cataclasites do not present any signicant
structural anisotropy as shown by the very low values of Anisotropy
Total parameter Pp% (ca. 3%). At Cape Evros where the ductile Livada
detachment is preserved below the Mykonos brittle detachment
and at the top of the laccolith, this domain of deformation shows
an alternation of cataclasites, mainly close to the major plane of
56
K (SI)
120
100
11
80
60
4
40
20
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700 T
Fig. 2. K vs T measurements of three samples of the Mykonos laccolith.
(C)
detachment, and of mylonite and ultramylonite bands. The mylonites

and ultramylonites are characterized by (i) intense dynamic recrystallisation in quartz grains (dislocation creep regime 2 of Hirth and
Tullis, 1992), (ii) intense fracturing of feldspars, (iii) replacement of
biotite grains by chlorite, and (iv) a percentage of matrix higher than
60%, which can reach 80% in ultramylonites (Fig. 3d). Intense
fracturing of feldspars, secondary formation of chlorite and formation
of cataclastic bands suggest a low temperature deformation regime.
The mylonites and ultramylonites at Cape Evros are associated with
rather high values of Pp% ranging from 5 to 12%. These values are
lower than those predicted for these types of microstructures (e.g.
Denle et al., 2008). This observation can be explained by the very low
values of Mean Susceptibility (Km) of these samples which reect a
very low content of ferromagnesian mineral species.
The second domain of deformation is observed in the center and at
the bottom of the laccolith. Protomylonites are characterized by slight
dynamic recrystallisation in quartz grains (dislocation creep regime 2
Fig. 3. Photographs of various rocks observed in the Mykonos laccolith, scale bar of microphotographs = 1 mm: (a) eld photograph of the upper intrusive contact of the Mykonos
laccolith (close to site 2), (b) eld photograph showing relationships between the biotite monzogranite and the pyroxene granodiorite (site 20), (c) microphotograph of a cataclasis
in hornblende monzogranite (site 34), (d) microphotograph of a low temperature ultramylonite (site 7), (e) microphotograph of a high to middle temperature protomylonite
(site 9), (f) microphotograph of a subsolidus microstructure (site 12).
PAN
North
57
6
6
4 5
CAP
EVROS
BAY
OS
94 5
5 7 5
C
C
ORM
3 km
2
C
5
7
7
C
5
C
C
73
12
Evolution of the magnetic fabric
Strongly planar
Planar
Planar-linear
T > 0.5
T > 0.25
- 0.25 < T < 0.25
4
Pp%
10
Km
Domains of deformation
Microstructural type and

intensity of the magnetic fabric
Domain 1
Cataclasis,
LT (ultra)mylonites
Domain 2
HT-MT protomylonite
subsolidus
Pp% < 4
Protomylonite 4 < Pp% < 7
Mylonite
Cataclasite
100
200
100
200
T1
0,4
0
Pp% > 7
Km
- 0,4
Fig. 4. Characterization of the deformation in the Mykonos laccolith by means of microstructural and magnetic data such as the Total Anisotropy parameter (Pp%) and the Shape
parameter (T). Numbers on the map correspond to the values of Pp% for each site.
of Hirth and Tullis, 1992), bending and limited fracturing of feldspars

and by a percentage of recrystallized matrix lower than 30% (Fig. 3e).
These microstructures were formed at high to moderate temperature
in the solid state (ca. 500 C) as attested by the presence of plagioclase
grains undergoing bending (i.e. deformed at temperature higher than
their plasticity threshold) and limited fracturing. Submagmatic
microstructures are marked by sub-solidus fracturing of felsdpar
phenocrysts. Near the bottom of the laccolith, mylonitic cm-thick
bands can be observed locally (Fig. 4). These mylonites were also
formed at high to moderate temperature conditions. Finally the
western extremity of the Appolonion peninsula corresponds to a
submagmatic domain devoid of any mylonitic or protomylonitic band
(Fig. 4).
The fabric parameter T shows an evolution from planar to strongly
planar fabrics close to the detachment to planar-linear fabrics at the
bottom of the laccolith (Fig. 4).
in the core of the laccolith (20 to 40) and dips gently to the west in
the western edge of the island, especially in the sector of Appolonion.
At the outcrop scale, lineations are everywhere homogeneously
oriented. However, at the scale of the Mykonos laccolith, the pattern
of stretching lineations shows a curvature from a 33E direction at
Cape Evros, a 61E direction at Kalafati Bay to a nearly EW trend in
the Appolonion peninsula (Fig. 5b). All these lineations are systematically associated with top-to-the-East/North-East sense of shear in
the mylonitic sector close to the detachment but also in the mylonitic
non-penetrative cm-thick bands in the protomylonitic domain. These
stretching lineations are systematically associated with fractures lled
with greenschist-facies minerals: epidote + albite + chlorite + quartz.
These late fractures are nearly vertical and strike perpendicular to the
stretching lineations.
In the various enclaves of country rocks belonging to both
the Cycladic Blueschists and the Cycladic basement, foliations
and lineations are concordant with the mylonitic foliation of the
granitoids.
3.3. Structures
Measurements of the vectorial parameters of AMS show a good
correlation with eld observations (Table 1). We plotted our own
measurements of foliations and associated stretching lineations and
those of Lucas (1999) on Fig. 5.
In the Mykonos granite the foliation (Fig. 5a) shows a consistent
NS trend and it dips gently to the east. At the map scale, foliation
trajectories display an elliptic conguration elongated N80E. In more
details, foliation trajectories are concave toward Delos island which
constitutes the central part of the elliptical structure. At map scale the
foliation contours are concordant with the petrographic zonation.
Along EW cross-sections (Fig. 6) from top to bottom, the foliation
dips very gently to the east close to the detachment, becomes steeper
4. Structural characteristics of the migmatitic RheniaDelos dome

and the root zone of the Mykonos laccolith
Located 5 km to the west of Appolonion Peninsula (Fig. 1b), Delos and
Rhenia islands display three structural domains (Figs. 7 and 8): (i) the
rst domain, located in northern Rhenia, is constituted by migmatitic
paragneisses (metagreywackes or meta-psammites: Fig. 9e), and displays
a domal-like structure; (ii) the second domain, located in a thin
(maximum 1 km width) band in southern Rhenia, is also made of
migmatitic paragneisses and is characterized by steeply plunging foliation
planes; and (iii) the third domain, located in the southeastern part of
Rhenia and in the major part of Delos, is made of several sheets of
granitoids.
58
North
20
38
15
15
10
36
61
20
35 20
10
16
10
27 15
10
24
7
25
27 10 10
20
10
40 11 7
15 20
25
35
35
26
20
40
40
35
26
22
15
30
40
15
25
15
35 25 30
40
30
35
35 45 17 10
25
35
20
70
30 25
35
55 20 15
40
70
10
35 80
30 30
20
65
40
20
20
20
20
50 15 35
20
50
30
40
30
30
15
40
10
20 2520 20
A
15
20 30
15
50
10
25 30
25
35
20
15
35 30
40
35
25 15
20
25
30
35
15
10
10
55
31
25
15
10
15
15
10
15
10
26
13
20
15
19
10
15
10
20
30
18
20
37
20
29
25
20
20
15
30
17
16
30
10
15
46 25
47
30
30
20
10
20
10
16
23
14
10
20
20
45
17
30
84
22
15 20
30
10
15
14
20
10
13 ASM foliation
15
14
Field foliation
30
15
20 Field foliation
(Lucas, 1999)
Foliation trajectories
Normal Faults
3 km
Detachment
North
20
10
10
37
21
25
17
16
5
25
7
0
27
15
17
10
23
15
20
20
10
26
0
11 0
CAP
EVROS
15
12
10
20
34
25
20
20
20
20
10
15
15
5
20
15
15
80
31
15
17
24
29
20
15
15
1015 20
15
15
10
15
10
15
20
14
10
20
20
20
20
6
12
20
25
20
30
20
15
43
20
20
10
15
22
38
15
15
13
15
15
21
20
13
5
29
20
15
10
10
APPOLONION
PENINSULA
15
15
39
10
10
20
KALAFATI
BAY
10
Normal Faults
Detachment
ASM lineation
15
Field lineation
3 km
Field lineation
(Lucas, 1999)
Lineation pattern
59
Eastern Panormos
Bay fault
a
Nor d Cycladic detachment
1 km
SW
NE
b
500 m SW
0
NE
-1 km
Upper Cycladic Unit and Late Miocene

to Pliocene sediments
Ultramylonitic and cataclastic granites
Bt + Hbl Opx granodiorite with mafic bodies
Bt + Hbl monzogranite
Bt monzogranite (or leucogranite)
Migmatitic gneiss
Fig. 6. Cross-sections of the studied area located on Fig. 5a.
4.1. The domal domain

In this domain, migmatitic paragneisses exhibit a at foliation and
are sometimes intruded by sills of ne-grained biotite granite mainly in
the south (Fig. 7). The migmatites are poorly evolved, with a maximum
of 30% of leucosomes (metatexites). The melanosomes show strong
plano-linear fabrics and the leucosomes are transposed along the
foliation planes (Fig. 9a). Foliation trajectories in northern Rhenia dene
half-dome with a N-dipping major axis (Fig. 8a). Foliation trajectories in
the northern half of southern Rhenia dene a second dome isolated from
the northern one by a synform. Stretching lineations are shown by the
elongation of K-feldspar and quartz grains and by the arrangement of
phyllosilicates around a zone axis. 59 lineations were measured in the
foliation plane: they show a homogeneous orientation with a slight
westerly plunge and a mean direction at 262E (Fig. 7b). The fabric is
generally plano-linear (Fig. 9b) with the exception of the western side of
Rhenia where the lineation is difcult to determine (Fig. 9c). In thin
sections, kinematic indicators of non-coaxial deformation support
homogeneous top-to-the-east shearing in the whole sector (Fig. 9c).
In domains located close to the dome core, many meter-scale folds with
north-dipping axial planes and axes parallel to the stretching lineation
are observed (Fig. 9d). Finally, in many outcrops, like in the Mykonos
laccolith, veins lled by greenschist facies minerals (epidote+ albite +
chlorite+ quartz) and striking perpendicular to the foliation can be
observed.
4.2. The transitional domain
This domain consists in migmatitic paragneisses intruded by dikes of
ne-grained biotite granite and is characterized by steeply southdipping foliation planes with 66E mean strike (Figs. 7 and 9f). Tight
folds with steep axial planes roughly parallel to the foliation (Fig. 8g)
and axes parallel to the stretching lineation can be observed at different
scales, from the outcrop scale as metric and millimetric folds (Fig. 9g) to
the map scale where the foliation of this domain shows an antiformal
structure slightly overturned to the south (Fig. 8b). The lineations strike
homogeneously 253E with a slight westerly plunge (Fig. 7b).
4.3. The sheets of granitoids
This domain is constituted by several sheets of granitoids similar to
those observed in the Mykonos laccolith. They form EW-striking bands
with, from north to south, biotite monzogranite, biotite and hornblende
monzogranite and pyroxene granodiorite (Fig. 7). These rocks record an
intense magmatic deformation marked by euhedral feldspar phenocrysts with their long axis aligned along (Fig. 9j) an EW-trending,
slightly east-plunging lineation carried by an EW to NESW steeply
dipping foliation plane (Fig. 7). Thin section observations (Fig. 9h) show
submagmatic microstructures devoid of any solid-state deformation in
quartz and feldspar. Formation of fractures in feldspar with eutectic
recrystallisation seems to correspond to the late stage of this magmatic
deformation (Fig. 9j). Fabric is strongly linear as shown by our eld
measurement of the aspect ratio of enclaves (Fig. 9i) as well as those
made by Lucas (1999). A sheet 30 m-thick of biotite monzogranite lies at
the contact with the micaschists; the contact is generally sharp and
parallel to the foliation plane of the micaschists. The biotite monzogranite also crops out in the center of the plutonic sheet as cm-thick
vertical layers in the biotite and hornblende monzogranite. Sometimes,
the biotite monzogranite is included in the amphibole monzogranite
with intervening quartzo-feldspatic veins at the contact. Finally, within
the basement, the biotite monzogranite form dykes trending generally
parallel to the gneissic foliation. Biotite and hornblende monzogranite
forms a 1 km-wide sheet in contact with the biotite monzogranite to the
north and a 1 km-wide sheet of pyroxene granodiorite to the south. The
contacts between these three units are sharp and are associated with
magmatic layering. In the south of the pyroxene granodiorite sheet we
Fig. 5. Structural features of the Mykonos laccolith. (a) Foliations and foliation trajectories. A and B correspond to the location of the cross-sections of Fig. 6. (b) Lineations and
lineation pattern.
60
North
20
13
30 15
35
Mean 262/2
9 58
5
9 35
10 16
21 21
9
13
43
13 21
83 30
30 11 2316 1023
23
12
30
18
41 2118
10
33
23
10
15
29
Lineations (59)
10
15
Folds
13
51
10 7
20
6 5
19
10 11
30
20
13
27
29
5
51 15
12 7 27
9
12
11
20
36
North
n = 57
150/84
10
Domal domain
10
12
4
23
10
12
5
10
40 44 5 6 5
0
15 10
4 126
13 20
5
28
5 32
21 17
18
26
10 22
15
55
70
15
10
20
15
29
56
Gneissic foliation
Magmatic foliation
This study
30
10 10
30
Gneissic foliation
80
Magmatic foliation
25
Lucas, 1999
2 km
ain
15
12 30
10
75 86
20
18 82
56 77
86 7431
50
72
76
55 60
l
na
ion in
t
i
m
s a
Do Tran om
d
al
m
do
5 9
10
of
ts ids
e
e
Sh nito
a
gr
North
10
20
20
20
30
55
10
30
20
50 60
25
68 40 40
15
45
10 16 30 56
40
40
7550
65 52 80 80
30
80
455080
65
60
60
60
50
76
25
70
48
50
56
80
50
60 50
40
10
5
10
10
18
0
Gneissic lineations
Magmatic lineations
Fold axis
This study
35
15
20
20
5
15
10
15
15 25
15
20
15
15 15
5
30 20
15
10
20
10
10
10
10
14
35
Lineations (Lucas, 1999)
2 km
19
53
100
19
5
10
12
15
6
6
1918
26
15
16
14 2622
20
1414
0
4
3
17
8
10
28
10
0
0
0
5
North
North
North
Lineations
Fm
ea
n=
N
66
82
n = 14
156/8
n
Fm e a
6
= 7
S7
Lineations
n = 17
Mean 253/10
n=5
346/20
n=7
77/2
Folds
Transitional domain
Sheet of granitoids
Transitional domain
Sheet of granitoids
Fig. 7. Structural features of the Rhenia and Delos island. (a) Foliation map and location of cross-sections and stereodiagrams of foliation poles for the different domains (Schmidt's lower hemisphere equal area projection), AB, CD and EF
correspond to the location of the cross-sections of Fig. 8. (b) Lineation map and stereograms.
45
80 60
30 65
70
55
25
20 8070
30
75
75
25
60
70 80 80 70
15
50
60
75 55
65
20
5
15
15
10
30
30
Domal domain
25
40
10
5
35

Fig. 8. (a) Foliation trajectories and dipping domains map of the Rhenia and Delos island. (b) Cross-sections of the studied area located on Figs. 7 and 3d interpretative representation of the structural features of the Rhenia and Delos island.
61
62
Fig. 9. Photographs and microphotographs of various rocks observed in the Rhenia and Delos island, see explanation in the text, scale bar of microphotographs = 1 mm.

Fig. 10. Interpretative sketches. (a) Study in map view of the rotation around a vertical axis of the stretching lineations of the Mykonos laccolith. (b) 3D interpretative representation of the laccolith. (c) Tt history for the eastern and western
side of the Mykonos pluton. All the thermochronologic data are from Brichau et al. (2008). Closure temperature for the different isotopic systems are as follows: UPb (1000 C, Cherniak and Watson, 2000), ArAr on Hornblende (560650 C,
Dahl, 1996a; Harrison, 1981; Villa et al., 1996), ArAr on biotite (300350 C, Dahl, 1996b; Harrison et al., 1985), ZFT (250220 C, Brandon and Vance, 1992; Brandon et al., 1998), ZHe (200170 C, Reiners et al., 2004), AFT (11060 C, e.g.
Donelick, 1991; Green et al., 1989), AHe (8065 C, e.g. Wolf et al., 1996). Distinct behavior of quartz with temperature evolution are from Stckhert et al. (1999).
63
64
observe an alternation of pyroxene granodiorite and biotite/hornblende

monzogranite bodies characterized by subhorizontal magmatic foliations. This sector corresponds to the development of the major body of
the laccolith in the border of the magmatic sheet.
5. Interpretation of the observations and discussion
5.1. Evidence for a continuum of deformation in the Mykonos laccolith
from its emplacement to the late stages of cooling
The Mykonos granitoids design a kilometer-scale sub-elliptical
body with subhorizontal foliations and with a rather at and
concordant basal surface, as well as a sheeted complex on several
kilometers. It can thus be considered as an asymmetrical laccolith-like
intrusion (e.g. Roman-Berdiel et al., 1995) with an outlying root zone
to the SW cropping out on Delos and Rhenia islands (Fig. 10b) and a
major body mainly developed to the ENE and cropping out on
Mykonos island. The major body displays a sub-elliptical and skirt
shape with a ca. N70E long axis (Fig. 10); it developed both at the
interface between the Cycladic Basement and the Blueschist Unit and
within the Blueschist Unit as shown by the presence of micaschist
levels close to the basal contact and the presence of micaschists
xenoliths in the laccolith (Fig. 1b). The top of the laccolith intruded the
Upper Cycladic Unit, and the granitoids grew progressively upward
across the Blueschist Unit probably by ballooning. The mineralogical
zonation with sharp contacts in the main body and in the sheeted
complex in the SW pluton margin of Delos demonstrates a protracted
intrusion forming by successive pulses. Enclaves of felsic granites
in more basic ones indicate a later emplacement of mac magmas.
Moreover the more basic facies constitute the bottom of the laccolith
(Fig. 10b) suggesting emplacement of the nal pulses by under-
accretion (Menand, 2008). The total pluton thickness is not directly

observable, but scaled cross sections suggest a total thickness of
approximately 2 to 3 km (Fig. 6). The total volume of the pluton is
estimated approximately 150 km3. de Saint Blanquat et al. (2010)
proposed from references to several pluton systems that pluton size
is closely tied to the time required for pluton assembly; applying the
empirical relationship derived by these authors suggests that the
Mykonos laccolith probably emplaced within a 10,000 year time span.
The laccolith shows evidence of three stages of deformation that
probably occurred in the same tectonic setting. The older deformation
is recorded in the root zone of the pluton and is characterized by
submagmatic microstructures, EW horizontal lineations and subvertical foliation planes. Horizontal submagmatic lineations in the
root zone are strictly parallel to those observed in country rocks in the
Rhenia island where these lineations are carried by horizontal
foliation planes suggesting that the sheeted complex structuration is
partly due to regional extension. Indeed, the stretching lineations in
paragneisses are homogeneous and so likely formed in a direction
parallel to the regional extension. In contrast, subvertical magmatic
foliations in the root zone that are associated with an important tilting
of paragneissic foliation and subvertical upright folding at the contact
with the root zone certainly reect the forces generated by the
forceful intrusion. Together with those of Lucas (1999), our observations additionally show that the fabric is strongly prolate in the root
zone of the laccolith and thus is associated with a constrictional
deformation. This constrictional deformation could be the result of the
complex interaction between shortening due to the forceful intrusion
and regional vertical shortening associated with regional extension.
The second event of deformation is recorded in the whole laccolith
and is characterized by high to middle temperature protomylonitic
microstructures. These microstructures developed after the
24E
26E
38N
~ 20
Andros
Ikaria
Tinos
Mykonos
MC
West
Aegean
Block
Eastern
Aegean
Block
Naxos
Paros
Ios
~ 19
Quaternary volcanics
~ 19
Amount of regional rotation
Pelagonian unit
Granitoids, Cycladic Blueschist
and Cycladic basement
Lineation pattern on Mykonos
Oligo-miocene post-orogenic shear senses (from Huet et al., 2009, references therein)
Oligo-miocene post-orogenic lineation pattern by considering both regional
and local rotations
Fig. 11. Structural map of the Cyclades representing the pattern of lineations on the various islands. MCL = Mid-Cycladic lineament.
emplacement of the laccolith in solid-state conditions and probably

just after the complete solidication of the pluton system. Indeed the
temperature prevailing during the formation of these microstructures
are in the range 950 C600 C obtained by Lucas (1999) by using
thermometry on hornblende and biotite. The relative microstructural
homogeneity in the laccolith may be due to the successive pulses of
intrusion: each sheet intruding a non-consolidated earlier one and all
pulses were later deformed after the complete solidication of the
pluton system. This event is characterized by a less inclined foliation
and a N70E-trending mean lineation. Such structural characteristics
are close to those observed in country rocks, far (North Rhenia island),
near (Appolonion sector) or inside (septas) the laccolith, suggesting
that this event of deformation is related to regional extension.
Whereas the laccolith shows an overall microstructural homogeneity,
the evolution of the fabrics, from weakly prolate close to its bottom
to strongly oblate close to the major detachment plane, likely marks
the upward increase of the inuence of the detachment.
The latest event of deformation in the Mykonos laccolith
corresponds to the localization of deformation at the top of the
laccolith. This localisation is marked by formation of low temperature
mylonites and cataclasites close to the major detachment fault. Details
of deformation in the detachmentfault system of Mykonos are
described by Lecomte et al. (2010).
Geochronological and thermochronological data by Brichau et al.
(2008) constrain the timing of the three events of deformation
recorded by the Mykonos laccolith. UPb on zircon, ArAr on biotite
and hornblende for sample M4 (Fig. 10a; Brichau et al., 2008) located
close to the detachment have been reported on the Tt curve on
Fig. 10c. We also reported on this diagram data for the lowtemperature thermochronometers, zircon and apatite ssion track
(ZFT and AFT), zircon and apatite (UTh)/He ages (ZHe and AHe) for
sample M4 and for sample M1 located on the Appolonion peninsula.
Whereas the ages obtained show relatively important uncertainties,
their compilation constrains in detail the cooling history of the
Mykonos footwall. Cooling ages from the low-temperature thermochronometers show an overall decrease from west to east in the
direction of the tectonic transport of the hanging wall (Fig. 10c). This
indicates that the dominant cause of cooling during the last events
was tectonic unroong (e.g. Brichau et al., 2008; Foster and John,
1999; Foster et al., 2001). For a sample located far from the
detachment (sample M1), the cooling curve (Fig. 10c) presents a
steep slope. This suggests that the cooling history of this sample was
very fast. If the brittle/ductile transition occurs around a temperature
of 300 C (Stckhert et al., 1999), then the development of HTMT
mylonites in the western part of the Mykonos laccolith occurred
during 1 Ma maximum. For a sample located close to the detachment
(sample M4), the cooling curve displays a less steep slope with a
steady mean cooling rates of 125 C/Ma (Brichau et al., 2008; Fig. 10c).
This suggests that the formation of HTMT mylonites could have
occurred during 3 Ma in this sector. Finally, the cooling history of
sample M4 indicates that the formation of the low-temperature
ultramylonites and cataclasites at the top of the laccolith could have
occurred after ca. 10.5 Ma, i.e. 3 Ma after the intrusion.
5.2. Evidence for a rotation of the Mykonos laccolith around a vertical
axis during its exhumation
Paleomagnetic studies performed by Morris and Anderson (1996)
on Mykonos island highlight a clockwise rotation around a vertical
axis of the Mykonos granite by ca. 22. This rotation affected both the
Upper Cycladic Unit and the Mykonos laccolith during the activity of
the Mykonos brittle detachment (Lecomte et al., 2010). If the overall
curvature of the lineations (Fig. 10a) in the granite is also due to this
rotation, it would imply a local rotation greater than 22. Alternatively, we could explain the progressive evolution of stretching
markers in the laccolith by: (i) a change in the regional direction of
65
extension during deformation of the laccolith; (ii) a competition

between deformation related to the dynamics of magma emplacement and the regional extensional deformation as proposed for the
Tinos pluton (de Saint Blanquat et al., 2010). The rst alternative
hypothesis is not viable because of the progressive evolution of the
stretching lineation in sectors characterized by the same temperature
of deformation. The second alternative hypothesis implies that the
orientation of stretching lineation in the root zone is strongly
inuenced by magma-injection processes that caused constrictional
deformation in the root zone with a N90E-directed stretching.
Curvature of lineations in the laccolith would correspond to a
progressive rotation away from the sheeted complex and therefore
to an increase of deformation controlled by regional extension,
oriented ca. N20E. However, the stretching lineations in the Rhenian
parageneisses away from the intrusion-affected zone (i.e. the domal
domain) that recorded the regional extensional direction are strictly
parallel to the lineations of the sheeted complex. Moreover the
associated fabrics are plano-linear to planar and never linear contrary
to the root zone.
We propose that the overall curvature of lineations recorded in the
Mykonos laccolith is due to differential block rotations on it both sides
during its exhumation as proposed for the Rhodope core complex by
Brun and Soukoutis (2007). Decoupling between hangingwall and
footwall of the NCDS occurred during its activity to accommodate
their differential rotation. In this model, the formation of the
stretching lineation occurred rst in the ductile crust at high to
middle temperature conditions. During subsequent exhumation and
cooling of the laccolith, successive parts of the laccolith were
incorporated in the upper crust where the lineations were frozen
(Brun and Soukoutis, 2007; Brun and Van Den Driessche, 1994). The
successively exhumed parts of the laccolith have recorded the
progressive differential block rotation. Consequently, the lineations
in granites form arcs around a pole of rotation. Fig. 10a illustrates the
best-t circles that can be obtained from the pattern of lineations at
the scale of the Mykonos laccolith. They correspond to a pole located
about 12 km to the north of Delos island. The amount of local
clockwise rotation around a vertical axis recorded by the Mykonos
laccolith during its exhumation can be estimated at about 60. On the
Rhenia and Delos islands stretching lineations in granitoids and
gneisses are homogenously EW oriented. These lineations do not
show the progressive variation in orientation observed in the
Mykonos laccolith stricto sensu. Thus, the exhumation of the Rhenia
gneisses and of the sheeted complex occurred before the beginning of
the local rotation. This sector underwent a pre-rotation exhumation in
contrast to the syn-rotation exhumation recorded in the whole
laccolith.
In a synthesis on paleomagnetic data combined with a synthesis of
the orientation of stretching lineations on the Aegean domain,
Walcott and White (1998) proposed that extension started in the
Late Oligoceneearly Miocene in a N23E direction. Around 25 Ma,
Walcott and White (1998) demonstrate that there was a division of
the Aegean crust into the West Aegean Block and the Eastern Aegean
block separated by the Mid-Cycladic lineament which corresponds to
a fracture zone (Fig. 11, Gautier, 1995). Between 25 Ma and 3 Ma the
West Aegean domain Block underwent ~20 clockwise rotation,
whilst the eastern Aegean underwent, on average, ~ 19 anticlockwise
rotation. Many authors describe this rotation in the Aegean domain
with little variation in amplitude (Kissel and Laj, 1988; Kissel et al.,
1986; Morris and Anderson, 1996; van Hinsbergen et al., 2005). The
northern limit of the West Aegean Block has been identied by Kissel
et al. (1995) as the ScutariPec zone in the northern Albania which
forms the transition from no signicant post-Eocene rotations in the
Dinarides to a 20 clockwise rotation in the Albano-Hellenides. Finally,
several authors have proposed that the West Aegean block corresponds to an assemblage of smaller units that have individually
accommodated variable amounts of translation and rotation
66
superimposed to the overall rigid rotation of the large block. In a

consistent way, we propose that the Mykonos MCC, located at the
southern limit of the West Aegean block, record the ca. 20 overall
rotation of the West Aegean block plus a ca. 60 local rotation
(Fig. 11). Such high amplitude of rotation was recorded by
paleomagnetic data in various sector of West Aegean block such as
the pre-apulian zone of Levkas (van Hinsbergen et al., 2005). The true
direction of extension can be obtained by using a counterclockwise
correction of 20 on the stretching markers observed just below the
detachment and thus correspond to a direction close to N10E. There
was probably no variation of these direction during extensional
deformation in the Mykonos MCC. The Tt curve (Fig. 10c) indicates
that the granite near Appolonion cooled below 300 C at around
13 Ma, while the granite closer to the detachment, further east,
reached the same temperature at around 10 Ma. If we consider a
temperature of 300 C for the brittleductile transition and that the
exhumation history of the Mykonos granitoids is rather simple and
corresponds to a single event, then we can constrain the period of
local rotation between ca. 13 and 10 Ma. This local rotation of ca. 60
recorded during exhumation of the Mykonos MCC was not measured
by Morris and Anderson (1996). In their study, the magnetisation of
the granodiorites was mainly carried by pyrrhotite with an unblocking temperature of ~ 320 C (van Hinsbergen et al., 2005), which is a
temperature typical for the brittleductile transition. We saw above
that the rotation of the ductile lineations in the Mykonos MCC
occurred in the upper crust above the transient brittleductile
transition. Because the unblocking temperature of pyrrhotite and
the temperature of the brittleductile transition are very close, we
suggest that the local rotation recorded in the Mykonos MCC by the
stretching markers was not recorded by mineral remanence.
Fig. 11 reports the previously published directions of the OligoMiocene post-orogenic shear on the various islands of the North
Cycladic domain, as well as the original direction of lineations by
considering both regional and local rotations now identied in the
Aegean domain. This map shows that the entire cycladic crust was
probably stretched along a similar direction of extension close to
N10E during the Oligo-Miocene times.
5.3. Development of the Mykonos metamorphic core complex
Studying the role of granitic intrusion on the development of the
MCC requires that the spatial and temporal relationships between
these two objects be tightly constrained. Several evidences show that
the intrusion of the Mykonos laccolith has affected the foliation of the
Rhenia domal domain where the leucosomes of migmatites is
transposed (see Section 4 and Fig. 7). This demonstrates that the
development of the Rhenia dome began before the intrusion of the
Mykonos laccolith, as already observed in the Aegean Naxos
migmatitic dome and Naxos granodiorite (e.g. Jolivet et al., 2004).
5.3.1. Initiation of the Mykonos MCC
The rst stage of deformation recorded in the Mykonos MCC is
marked by more or less at shearing toward the NNE and partial
melting of lower crustal paragneisses (Fig. 12aA). A continuum of
multi-scale folding occurred in the lower crustal material with two
main axes, perpendicular and parallel to the stretching direction. This
folding stage led to the formation of a domal structure in the Rhenia
paragneisses (Fig. 12aB), this dome displays intermediate characteristics between the Tinos dome with a long axis perpendicular to the
stretching direction (b-type dome, Jolivet et al., 2004) and the
migmatitic dome of Naxos with long axis parallel to the stretching
lineation (a-type dome). We concur with Avigad et al. (2001) and
Jolivet et al. (2004) that this double-axis folding and non-coaxial
shearing is the result of the interplay between regional N20E
extension and EW shortening which is recorded early in the Aegean
extensional domain. Regional non-coaxial extension to the east led to
a contemporaneous NS boudinage and development of a planolinear fabric associated with NNE shearing in the paragneisses. EW
shortening is marked by formation of folds parallel to lineations
observed at different scales in the northern part of Rhenia island. The
formation of the migmatitic dome is associated with boudinage in the
upper crust and the Cycladic Blueschists tend to ll the gaps between
the boudins (Jolivet et al., 2010).
5.3.2. Emplacement of the Mykonos laccolith
At 13.5 Ma, granites and granodiorites of the Mykonos laccolith
have intruded the Blueschist Unit at the top of the migmatitic domain
(Fig. 12aB). The laccolith developed by successive pulses of magmas in
short time intervals as suggested by petrological observations and by
volume estimates. Geochemical analysis performed by Lucas (1999)
on whole rock in the Mykonos laccolith suggest that the magmas is
issued from infra-crustal melting which induced the formation of an
infra-crustal magma chamber. The magma chamber was drained from
top to the bottom and allowed the formation of a pluton with an
inverted petrographic zonation. More recently, Stouraiti et al. (2010)
demonstrated, with references from numerous plutons, that generation of the Cyclades I- and S-type granitoids is due to crustal partial
melting and does not requires mantle-derived component as
suggested in previous studies (Altherr and Siebel, 2002; Altherr
et al., 1988). The dominant source identied by Stouraiti et al. (2010)
corresponds to metasedimentary biotite gneiss as the metagreywackes of Rhenia. These authors also highlighted the possible
contribution of a Ca-rich component and have demonstrated that
the third source component corresponds to amphibolite.
After its emplacement the laccolith was affected by an intense
non-coaxial deformation (top to the NNE) which started at the end
of crystallization. This deformation was associated with a rapid
cooling marked by conditions evolving from submagmatic to semiductile in a short time span (Fig. 10c). Considering the present relative
location of the laccolith and the NCDS, but also the rapid cooling of the
laccolith, the development of a penetrative protomylonitic fabric in
the granites and the later low-temperature deformation at the head of
the laccolith, we propose that the Mykonos laccolith intruded the
Cycladic Blueschist Unit close to the NCDS which corresponds to a
large detachment system affecting the upper crust and the brittle/
ductile transition. In this scenario, the necking of the Aegean upper
crust would have acted as an attractor for the upward rise of Miocene
magmas.
5.3.3. Exhumation of the Mykonos MCC
As mentioned above, thermochronological data by Brichau et al.,
2008 show that exhumation of the Mykonos laccolith was very fast.
Moreover, ages obtained from the low-temperature thermochronometers decrease from west to east (Fig. 10c) and are thus consistent
with the model of local rotation that we proposed. Just after the period
of emplacement, the root zone of the laccolith and the migmatitic
gneisses of Rhenia were incorporated in the upper crust and then
underwent rigid clockwise rotations (Fig. 12aC). A period of ca. 3 Ma
was necessary for the exhumation of the other fringes of the laccolith.
During this period, differential rotations of upper crustal blocks linked
to a decoupling of the hangingwall and footwall of the NCDS remained
rigid over the whole domain as shown by the regular curvature of the
protomylonitic lineations. Exhumation of the last fringe of the
laccolith is contemporaneous with a phase of strong deformation
just below the detachment in semi-ductile conditions as shown by the
presence of the low-temperature ultramylonitic bands in the head of
the laccolith. Then deformation continued in brittle conditions and
cataclastic granites developed close to the detachment. The end of the
period of activity of the detachment is coeval with the emplacement
of huge barite veins. The normal faults of Panormos clearly postdate
the detachment and the barite veins and represent the latest
structures of the Mykonos island.

Fig. 12. (a) Interpretative sketches showing the various stages of the development of the Mykonos MCC: A: coeval partial melting of the lower cycladic crust, top to the north-directed ow of the ductile crust and formation of a gneissic dome
in a constrictive strain regime, B: emplacement of the Mykonos laccolith at the top the Cycladic basement during its cooling history, C: Progressive rotation of the successively exhumed zone of the Mykonos laccolith. (b) Schematic NESW
cross-section of the Aegean domain showing the interpretative path of the top of the Rhenia dome during exhumation.
67
68
5.4. Limited triggering effect of granitic intrusion on the development of

MCC in the Aegean domain
Our study of the evolution of deformation on a two-kilometer
crustal cross-section in the Mykonos pluton intruding a MCC beneath
the Nord Cycladic detachment provides further insights into the role
of magmatitic intrusion on MCC development.
An important result is that the Mykonos intrusion postdates the
initiation of the migmatitic dome of Rhenia. This interpretation is
consistent with studies in the two islands surrounding Mykonos. In
Naxos island to the south, the formation of the migmatitic core
complex is considered to be older than 2021 Ma by U/Pb dating on
zircon crystals from migmatite samples (Keay et al., 2001; Martin et
al., 2006) and the roof of the dome is intruded by a granodioritic
pluton dated around 12 Ma (Andriessen et al., 1979; Keay et al., 2001;
Wijbrans and McDougall, 1986). To the north, in the relative lowtemperature greenschist facies dome of Tinos, initiation of boudinage
and top to the NE shearing started some 30 Ma ago (Brcker, 1990;
Brcker and Franz, 1998; Parra et al., 2002) and the top of the dome
was later intruded by a pluton dated about 1415 Ma (Avigad and
Garfunkel, 1989; Brichau et al., 2007). This strongly suggests that the
Cycladic plutonism event had no signicant role on the initiation of
MCC.
The Mykonos asymmetric laccolith recorded extensional noncoaxial nite strain related to N20E extension. This type of
asymmetric laccolith associated with non-coaxial deformation was
also evidenced by other eld studies (Acocella, 2000; Baldwin et al.,
1993; Guillot et al., 1993; Le Fort et al., 1987; Roig and Faure, 1995)
and by anologue modeling (Roman-Berdiel et al., 1995). The internal
deformation recorded by the laccolith after its crystallization
remained relatively low compared to the strong non-coaxial deformation recorded by the gneissic country-rocks, the reason why one
can still observe submagmatic microstructures in the granite.
Consequently, there is no strong localisation of deformation in
granites after their crystallization. By contrast, the geometry of the
intrusion shows that the magmas were strongly sucked into the
direction of regional extension. This observation suggests that the
emplacement of the laccolith will likely cause a local acceleration of
the MCC development and of the slip rate along the detachment. Very
fast cooling and exhumation of the laccolith can be linked to this
acceleration. The important local rotation of upper-crustal blocks
during the exhumation of the laccolith could be due also to the local
acceleration of the slip rate on the detachment. Thus the Mykonos
granite promoted MCC development at least in the nal stages. At the
scale of the Aegean domain this role seems to be limited in space and
time and the emplacement of plutons occurred later than the
initiation of MCC (by 15 Ma in Tinos and by 10 Ma in Mykonos and
Naxos). Moreover, this role is limited in space as shown by the relative
reduced amount of Miocene plutons in the Cyclades compared to the
ubiquity of MCC (Fig. 1a).
Various numerical modeling of Aegean core complexes involved a
pre-existing viscositydensity anomaly below the brittleductile
transition (Brun et al., 1994; Tirel et al., 2004, 2008). Our eld study
shows that such a pre-existing anomaly cannot be a laccolith pluton.
In contrast, partial melting of Aegean crust predated emplacement of
pluton and could therefore have acted as such anomaly. The triggering
effect of granite intrusion on MCC development is clearly limited to
the youngest stages. Note however that this is not the case in MCC
observed in other orogens like in the Variscan belt where plutonism is
ubiquist in all the stages of orogenic evolution. In the south Basin and
Range province, the South Mountain core complex formation
coincides exactly in space and time with plutonic intrusion events
(Lister and Baldwin, 1993; Reynolds, 1985). Further north, in the
IdahoBitterroot batholith the youngest intrusions are nearly of the
same age than the initial collapse of the orogen and extension (Foster
et al., 2001).
6. Conclusion
The Mykonos metamorphic core complex is characterized by the
emplacement of a kilometer-scale laccolith-like intrusion. Our study
of the interaction between MCC formation and laccolith emplacement
demonstrates the later emplacement of the granites.
The geometry of the laccolith, its internal deformation, the
deformation recorded by its country-rocks and previously published
geochronological data demonstrate that the emplacement of the
laccolith accelerates the nal stage of MCC exhumation. Final
exhumation is accommodated by an intense local clockwise rotation
around a vertical axis of upper crustal blocks, as shown by the
stretching markers. During this rotation, major uncoupling occurs
between hanging-wall and footwall of the NCDS which corresponds to
a major detachment system.
Finally, reconstitution of the pre-rotation structure shows that the
entire cycladic ductile crust was stretched along a direction close to
N10E during the Oligo-Miocene extension. This unique direction of
stretching in the crust is parallel to the direction of the mantle fabric
measured by seismic anisotropy (Jolivet et al., 2009). Compilation of
crustal and mantle direction indicates that all the Aegean lithosphere
was subjected to an important NS stretching during Oligo-Miocene
extension.
Acknowledgments
This paper is a contribution of the ANR EGEO project. We thank S.
Rousse and Ph. Olivier for constructive discussions. We also thank two
anonymous reviewers and F. Storti for their valuable remarks which
helped to improve the rst version of this article.
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Granite Intrusion in A Metamorphic Core Complex: The Example of The Mykonos Laccolith (Cyclades, Greece)

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Tectonophysics 501 (2011) 5270

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Granite intrusion in a metamorphic core complex: The example of the Mykonos

melting. The relationships between the detachment and the gneiss

Y. Denle et al. / Tectonophysics 501 (2011) 5270

of slab retreat some 3035 Ma ago, as shown by the migration of the

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Upper Cycladic Unit and

Bt + Hbl Opx granodiorite

Late barite veins

The AMS technique has been used to study 36 samples in the

(1981). In rocks dominated by paramagnetic carriers, several studies

Y. Denle et al. / Tectonophysics 501 (2011) 5270

identied only near Cape Evros sector in a 1 km-wide band intrusive

3.2. Microstructure and AMS scalar parameters

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Fig. 2. K vs T measurements of three samples of the Mykonos laccolith.

detachment, and of mylonite and ultramylonite bands. The mylonites

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Evolution of the magnetic fabric

Microstructural type and

of Hirth and Tullis, 1992), bending and limited fracturing of feldspars

4. Structural characteristics of the migmatitic RheniaDelos dome

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Upper Cycladic Unit and Late Miocene

Ultramylonitic and cataclastic granites

Bt + Hbl Opx granodiorite with mafic bodies

Bt monzogranite (or leucogranite)

Fig. 6. Cross-sections of the studied area located on Fig. 5a.

4.1. The domal domain

Lineations (Lucas, 1999)

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observe an alternation of pyroxene granodiorite and biotite/hornblende

accretion (Menand, 2008). The total pluton thickness is not directly

Amount of regional rotation

Lineation pattern on Mykonos

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emplacement of the laccolith in solid-state conditions and probably

extension during deformation of the laccolith; (ii) a competition

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superimposed to the overall rigid rotation of the large block. In a

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5.4. Limited triggering effect of granitic intrusion on the development of

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