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Unit I
1. Discuss about
a. Modes of heat transfer
2. Explain about thermal conductivity of materials and its effect with temperature?
3. Derive the heat conduction in a thick wall with variable thermal conductivity.
4. A plane wall is 15cm thick of surface area 4.5m2.Thermal conductivity of the wall is 9.5w/mk. The inner and
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outer surface temperatures of the wall are maintained at 150 c and 45 c respectively. Determine, i) Heat
flow rate across the wall
ii)Temperature gradient in the heat flow direction and
iii) Temperature of
surface at 5 cm and 10 cm away from the inner surface.
[Ans: Q=29925W, dt/dx = -7000c/m , T(5cm) =150c , T(10cm)=800c]
5. A wire 2.0 mm in diameter and 18 cm long is submerged in water at atm. Pressure. An electric current
is passed through the wire until the water boils at 1000c. In case the wire surface temperature is needed
to be maintained at 1250c , determine the electric power supplied to the wire . Assume, convective heat
transfer coefficient as 4000w/m2 k.
[Ans:Q=113.1 w]
6. Air at 270c blows over a hot plate of 0.5 m x 1m surface which is maintained at 2270c. The film
conductance is 25w/m2 k. There is a heat loss of 280 w by radiation from surface of the plate. The plate is
2cm thick. Calculate :i) Heat transfer rate ii)The temperature of the other side of the plate. Assume
thermal conductivity of plate material as 43w/mk.
[ Ans:Q =2780w, T=229.5860c ]
7.A horizontal plate (k=30 w/mk) 600mm x900mm x 30mm is maintained at 3000c. The air at 300c flows
over the plate .If the convective co-efficient of air over the plate is 22 w/m2k and 250 w heat is lost from
the plate by radiation , Calculate the bottom surface temperature of the plate.
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[ Ans: T=306.403 c]
8.Consider a slab of 1 cm thickness with constant conductivity of 20w/mk. Uniform rate of internal heat
generation is 8x107w/m3.One face of this slab is insulated and the other face dissipates heat
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byconvection to a fluid at a temperature of 100 c with heat transfer coefficient of 4000w/m k .Calculate
the temperature of both the surfaces.
[ Ans: T(x=0) =5000c, T(x=1cm) =3000c]
9. Rate of heat generation in a plane wall of thickness 10 cm is 1.5 x105 w/m3. One side of the wall is
insulated while the other is exposed to a fluid of temperature 1000c where heat transfer coefficient is 500
w/m2k. Thermal conductivity of wall is 15 w/mk. Determine:
i) Temperature of the surface exposed to fluid assuming that entire generated heat is to dissipated to the
fluid.
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17. A furnace wall of thickness 0.8m has the surface temperature as 250 c and 100 c on its two sides.
The surface area is 2 m2. The thermal conductivity of the wall is given as :
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K=50(1+T/800)W/m C,where T is in C Determine the heat flow rate and the temperature at the centre of
the wall.
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[Ans: Q=22851.6W,T=177.9 C]
18. Derive One dimensional (Radial) Steady State Heat Conduction through Hollow Cylinder without Heat
Generation and Logarithmic Mean Area.
19. Derive One dimensional (Radial) Steady State Heat Conduction through Hollow Sphere without Heat
Generation.
20. A plane metal plate 12cm thick generates heat at the rate of 5 x 105 W/m3 when an electrical current is
passed through it. If the surface temperatures on left and right side to be maintained at 2000 C and 1500 C
respectively, find :
(i) Temperature distribution across the plate section.
(ii) Position and magnitude of maximum temperature.
(iii) Heat flow rate from each surface of the plate.
Assume,k=50 W/mK
[Ans : (i)T=-500x2 +183.33x+200, (ii) x=0.01833 m,Tmax=201.680 C, (iii) Q(Left side)=-9166.7 W, Q(Right
side)=50833.5 W]
Unit II
1. State and derive the condition for an infinitely long fin.
2. Derive an expression for heat transfer for an adequately long fin with insulated tip.
3. What do you understand by short fins? Derive the temperature distribution and heat flow rate in
short fin.
4. Define fin efficiency. Determine a) the finefficiency for long fin with insulated tip b) for
rectangular fin of infinite length.
c ) Overall fin effectiveness.
5. An aluminium rod 2.0 cm diameter and 10 cm long protrudes from the wall maintained at 3000 C.
The rod is exposed to surroundings at 150 C. Heat transfer coefficient between rod surface and
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environment is 20 w/m k . Find:
i)
Total heat dissipated by rod
ii)
Temperature of rod at 4 cm from the wall.
iii)
Temperature at the end of rod.
iv)
Fin efficiency
Assume that the rod end is insulated.
[Ans: I)Q =33.6W ii) T=283.060 C iii) T=273.70 C iv) Fin efficiency =93.83%]
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6. Two rods of identical shape and size are both supported on a heat source at 100 C and are
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surrounded by air at 25 C. One rod is known to have a thermal conductivity of 43w/mk and its
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midpoint temperature of the other rod is measured to be 49 C . If the midpoint temperature of the
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other rod is measured to be 75 C .What is its thermal conductivity?
[ Ans: k = 339.56 w/mk]
7. One end of a rod is inserted inside the furnace while the other end projects into surrounding air at
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30 C. The diameter of the rod is 1.5cm.Under steady state heat flow, the steady state
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temperatures at two points 12 cm apart on the rod were found to be 120 C and 90 C
2
respectively. Assuming, h=15w/m k , Find the thermal conductivity of the rod material.
[ Ans: k=350.36 w/mk]
8. Three 10mm diameter rods A,B and C protrude from a furnace at 1000 C . The length of all of
them = 25cm. They protrude out in ambient air at 200 C. The temperatures at the other ends are
26.70 C for A , 320 C for B , and 36.930 C for C. Considering rods to be very long fins, evaluate
their thermal conductivities if heat transfer coefficient =23w/m2k
[ Ans : KA=93.49 w/mk, KB =159.70w/mk, Kc=238.43 w/mk]
9. One end of copper rod 30cm long is firmly connected to a wall which is maintained at 200 0 C.
The other end is firmly connected to a wall which is maintained 930 C. Air is blown across the rod
so that h=17w/m2k .Diameter of rod =12.5mm. Temperature of air is 380 C. What is the net heat
lost to air in watts? Conductivity of copper = 300w/mk.
[ Ans: Q1= 21.74w, Q2=3W ]
10. A Centrifugal pump which circulates hot liquid metal at 5000 C w is driven by a electricity
motor,the motor is coupled to the pump impeller by a steel shaft 25mm in diameter. The
temperature of motor is limited to a maximum value of 600 C with ambient air at 250 C, what
length of shaft should be specified between motor and the pump? It may be presumed that the
thermal conductivity of shaft material is 35 w/mk and convective film coefficient between steel
shaft and air is 157 w/m2k. Treat steel shaft as fin with insulated end.
[ Ans : L=389.5mm]
11. 10 rectangular fins of brass (k=120w/mk) are welded horizontally to a plane vertical surface of a
tank, 1 m wide and 1 m high. The fins are 2 mm thick and 20 cm long.They are uniformly spaced
on the vertical surface of tank, which is maintained at 2000 C. If the unit is exposed to ambient air
at 200 C with convective heat transfer coefficient of 20w/m2k, find.
i)
Heat transfer rate before putting the fins.
ii)
Heat transfer rate after putting the fins.
Prove that the fins are effective. Assume insulated end condition for the fins.
[Ans: i) Q =3600w ii)Q=5519.4w iii)%increase in heat transfer after putting the fins=151.3% ]
12. Derive the error in temperature measurement.
13. Derive the quenching of a billet by lumped heat capacity method.And state significance of Biot
number and Fourier number.
14. Define the response time of a thermocouple. What does it signify?
15. A copper cylinder 10cm diameter, 20cm long is removed from liquid nitrogen at -1960 C and
exposed to air at 250 C with convection coefficient of 20w/m2k . Find the time required by the
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cylinder to attain the temperature of -110 C . Take thermo physical properties as: c=380 J/kgk,
3
=8800kg/m ,k=360W/mk.
[ Ans: t=34.338 min]
16. A copper plate 2mm thick is heated up to 440 C and then quenched in water at 25 C. Find the
Biot number and verify if lumped heat capacity heat conduction analysis is applicable. Also find i)
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The time constant and ii) The time required for the plate to reach the temperature of 40 C. The
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following data are given for the problem: h=100w/m k ;Plate dimension =25m x 25m; Specific
3.
heat of copper=0.4 kJ/kg-k.Thermal conductivity of copper=385W/mk; Density of Cu=8800kg/m
-4
[ Ans: Biot number =0.2597x10 . ii)t=113.3sec ]
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17. A 6cm thick copper plate at 240 c is kept on a water surface so that its lower face is in contact with
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water at 30 c and upper face is exposed to surroundings at 30 c. Convective heat transfer coefficient on
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water and air side are 90 W/m k and 10 W/m k respectively.
Assuming plate to be long having thermal conductivity of 380w/mk, density =8600kg/m3 and
c=400 J/kgk, find the time required to cool the plate upto 1200 C. Neglect radiation heat losses.
[ Ans: t=29.147 min]
18.A solid cylinder of steel of 5 cm diameter and 20 cm length, initially at a uniform temperature of 5000c
is suddenly placed in a fluid at 2000c with h=100 w/ m2 k .After a period of 5 minutes, the steel cylinder is
taken out from this fluid and immediately immersed in another fluid at 500c with h=10w/m2 k. Steel
properties are: Cp =0.46 Kj/jgk;density =7800kg/m3 and k=35 w/mk. Calculate the temperature of the
cylinder when it was taken out from the first fluid and the total time required for it to achieve the
temperature of 100
[ Ans: Temp=353.70c ,Total time=2.4811hrs ]
19.A thermocouple is used to measure the temperature of a fluid having the property of spherical junction
as: C=400 J/kgk, density =7800kg/m3 and k=50 w/mk,diameter of junction=3mm. The convective heat
transfer coefficient is 40 w/m2k. The junction is initially kept at 300c and it is immersed in to the fluid
temperature maintained at 3600c .Find:
i)
ii)
20.An egg with 35mm mean diameter is initially at 250c. It is placed in boiling water pan for 220 sec. at
atmospheric pressure and found to be of consumers taste.
For how long a similar egg be boiled for the same consumers taste when taken out from refrigerator at
30c? Assume an egg to be of spherical shape and its properties as follows
3
C=2000 J/kgk, density =1200kg/m and k=10 w/mk, convective heat transfer coefficient is 100 w/m k
[ Ans: time t=256sec]
Unit -III
1.i) State Newtons law of viscosity. Hence define the dynamic and kinematic viscosities
ii)Differentiatebetween laminar and turbulent flows.
2.Discuss the concept of hydrodynamic boundary layer. Hence define thickness of velocity boundary
layer in case of flow of fluid over the plate.
3. Discuss the concept of thermal boundary layer in case of flow of fluid over the plates. How does it
differ from velocity boundary layer.
4. Discuss the velocity boundary layer development in circular pipes. Hence, define entry length.
5.what is dimensional analysis and what is its practical utility. Also derive the dimensionless numbers.
6. Water at 250c is flowing through a pipe at 3.5m/min of diameter 3 cm. Determine the pressure drop per
m length. In case the velocity of water is 20 m/min, Find the new pressure drop/m length in the pipe.
For water at 250c density=997.1kg/m3, Kinematic viscosity =.8933x 10-6 m2/s
[Ans: pressure drop at 3.5m/min=2.3094 N/m2 , pressure drop at 20m/min=52.635 N/m2 ]
7.Air at 300 c and at atmospheric pressure flows over a plate at 3m/s. The plate is maintained at a
constant temperature of 900c .Assuming unit width of the plate, find the heat transfer from the portion at
x1=0.3m and x2=0.6m from the leading edge.
Take : Local value of Nusselets number Nu=0.332Re1/2 .Pr0.334
Properties of air at 600c are density=1.06kg/m3, Kinematic viscosity =18.97x 10-6 m2/s,C=1005 J/kgk,
Pr=0.696and k=0.0283w/mk,
[Ans: Q2-Q1=90.1w]
8.Compare the relative merits of water under pressure and liquid sodium as coolant; when flowing
through a stainless steel tube of 0.75 cm ID with a velocity of 5m/s.The tube wall temperature is 3000c
and temperature at the inlet to the pipe is 2000c.
Use the correlation: NuD=0.23 ReD
0.8
.Pr
0.33
10.Air at 20 c flows over a plate 0.5m wide x 1m long at a velocity of 3.2 m/s. The temperature of the
plate is maintained at 1200c. Find:
i) Heat loss per min. forms the plate if the air flows parallel to 1.0m side.
ii)What shall be the heat loss per min. from the plate if the air flows parallel to 0.5m side with all quantities
remaining the same.
Use correlation Nu=0.332 Re1/2 . Pr1/3
Take the properties of air at mean temperature Tm=700c as:density=1.029kg/m3, Kinematic viscosity
=20.02x 10-6 m2/s,C=1009 J/kgk, Pr=0.696and k=0.02964w/mk
[Ans: i) Q= 349.45 w ii)Q=492.1W ]
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11.65kg/min of water is heated from 30 c to 60 c by passing through the duct of 3 cmx 2 cm. The duct is
heated by condensing the steam on its outer surface. Find out the length of the duct required.
Properties of water:density=995kg/m3,Dynamic viscosity =7.65x 10-4 kg/ms,C=4174 J/kgk, and
k=0.623w/mk
Conductivity of duct material =35w/mk.
Use correlation :for turbulent flow Nu=0.023 Re0.8 . Pr0.4
forlaminar flow Nu=4.36
[Ans: L=3.42m]
12.Air flows with a velocity of 0.5m/s through a rectangular cross sectioned duct with dimensions 10cm
x 5 cm and length =5.67m. The duct is heated uniformly through out its length. The duct wall temperature
is 200c higher than the air temperature throughout its length. If the bulk mean temperature of air is 270c,
Calculate the rate of heat transfer between duct and air. Now, air velocity is made=2m/sec. As a result,
duct wall temperature is 100c higher than air temperature through out the length of the duct.Find the
percentage change in rate of heat transfer between this case and the previous case: Correlations for
laminar flow Nu =4.364
for turbulent flow Nu=0.023 Re0.8 . Pr0.4
Take:density=1.1614kg/m3, Kinematic viscosity =15.89x 10-6 m2/s at T=300 k,C=1009 J/kgk, Pr=0.707
Ans: i) Q=58.5w ii)Q=184.8w ; Percentage increase in Q=215.9%]
13. A circular disc insulated from other side of diameter 25 cm is exposed to air at 200c . If the disc(open
surface) is maintained at 1200c, estimate heat transfer rate from it, when:
a) Disc is kept horizontal with (open) hot surface facing towards.
b)Disc is kept horizontal with (open) hot surface facing downwards.
c)Disc is kept vertical.
For air at 700c , K=0.03w/mk, pr=0.697, Kinematic viscosity =2.076x 10-6 m2/s
Use the following correlations :
You may use following correlation for turbulent flows thorough pipes. Nu=0.023(Re)
Pr
0.33
17.A circular disc insulated from other side of diameter 25 cm is exposed to air at 20 C. If the disc (Open
surface) is maintained at 1200C, estimate heat transfer rate from it, when;
(a) Disc is kept horizontal with (open) hot surface facing upwards.
(b) Disc is kept horizontal with (open) hot surface facing downwards.
(c) Disc is kept vertical.
For air at 700C, k=0.03 W/mK, Pr=0.697, v=2.076x10-6 .
Use the following correlation:
Nu=0.14 (Gr.Pr)
0.334
-6
0.25
20.A thin hot plate 0.5 m high and 2 m long is kept at 200 C having the surrounding air at 20 C. The mass
of the plate is 40 kg. The heat is convected naturally from both sides. Find :
(a) Initial rate of cooling of plate.
(b) Time required to cool the plate from 1500C to 500C.
Assume thermo physical properties of air at mean temperature as :
K = 0.032 W/mK, v=23.5 x 10-6 m2 /s, Pr = 0.7
Specific heat of plate, C = 380 J/kg K.
[Ans: Initial rate of cooling = 0.01470C/sec, Time required to cool the plate from 1500C to 500C = 299.236
min.]
Unit - IV
1.Write a short note on thermal radiation and Discuss about theories of Radiation.
2.Define following terms:
(i) Reflectivity, absorptivity and transmissivity
(ii) Black body and Gray body
(iii) Opaque body
(iv) Emissive Power
(v) Emissivity
(vi) Monochromatic emissive power
(vii) Monochromatic emissivity
(viii) Radiosity
3.State and Prove Plancks law of radiation and Wiens displacement law.
4.State and explain Stefan Boltzmanns law.State the value of Stefan Boltzmanns constant.
5.Define intensity of radiation.State and explain Lambert cosine law.
6.Derive an expression for radiant heat exchange between two Finite Black surfaces by Radiation.
7. Explain about heat exchange between Gray bodies.
8.Discuss about the Thermal Radiation heat exchange concepts.
(i) Two parallel Infinite Plane Surfaces
(ii) Radiation Heat Exchange between Two Concentric Infinitely Long Grey Cylinders
[Ans: Q=2786.9W, Intensity of normal radiation = 7392.5 W/m sr, Wavelength of max monochromatic
emissive power = 3.62m.]
12.A black surface is maintained at 5000 K. Find:
(i) Heat flux due to thermal radiation.
(ii) Maximum valve of monochromatic emission power and the wave length at which it occurs.
(iii) Fraction of radiations emitted between 1= 0.5m to 2 =0.7 m.
[Ans: (i) qb= 35437.5 kW/m2, (ii) Maximum value of monochromatic emissive power and wave length =
4.018 x 1013W/m2(iii) Fraction of radiations emitted between 1= 0.5m to 2 =0.7 m = 7851.9 kW/m2].
13.The furnace of a boiler may be assumed as a black body having a temperature of 2500 K. Find the
following :
(i) wavelength at which emission is maximum and the magnitude of emissive power at this wave length.
(ii) Total emissive power.
(iii) Monochromatic emissive power at wavelength of 1 m.
(iv) Consider the furnace as real body having emissivity as 0.92, find its emissive power.
The area of furnace is 2 m2
[Ans : (i) Maximum wavelength = 1.1592 x 10-6 m and maximum emissive power = 2.5137 x 1012 W,(ii)
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Total emissive power = 4.58594 x 10 W (iii) Monochromatic emissive power = 2.3799 x 10 W (iv) Total
emissive power = 4.0753 x 106W.]
14. Two small surfaces A and B are place in an isothermal enclosure maintained at constant temperature
considered as black body. The radiation to the surface by the enclosure is 8000 W/m2. The absorption of
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the surfaces A and B are 1000 W/m and 6800 W/m . Under the conditions of steady state find :
(i) Absorptivity of each surface.
(ii) The temperature and heat flux to each surface.
Unit V
1.Define Heat Exchanger and give the three broad classes of heat exchangers along with application.
2. Draw the temperature distribution for Parallel flow and counter flow heat exchangers. And determine
the overall heat transfer coefficient in shell and tube type heat exchangers.
3. Derive the log mean temperature difference for parallel flow heat exchanger.
4. Derive the log mean temperature difference for counter flow heat exchanger.
5. How the cross-flow and multipass heat exchangers are analyzed using LMTD method? Define
correction factor and state its significance.
6.Derivethe effectiveness of a parallel flow heat exchanger.
7. Derive the effectiveness of a counter flow heat exchanger.
8.A counter flow shell and tube type heat exchanger is used to heat water at a rate of 0.8kg/sec from
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30 C to 80 C with hot oil entering at 120 C and leaving at 85 C. Over all heat transfer coefficient is 125
2
w/m C . Calculate the size of heat exchanger required . Take specific heat for water as 4180 j/kg0C.
[Ans: 28.4m2].
9.In a double pipe heat exchanger has its inner tube of internal diameter of 1.6 cm and outer diameter of
2 cm. The thermal conductivity of inner tube material is 300 w/mk.The outer tube concentric to inner tube
has a diameter of 4 cm. The data available regarding this H.E. is as follows:
(a) Convective heat transfer coefficients on inner tube:
hi = 1000 W/m2 K, ho = 1400 W/m2 K
(b) Fouling factors on both sides of inner tube :Rfi = 0.0005 m2 K/W and Rfo = 0.0001 m2 K/W
Calculate the following per metre length of tube:
(i)Total thermal resistance.
(ii)Overall heat transfer coefficient based on inner and outer surface areas of the tube.
[Ans: (i) Total thermal Resistance = 0.05724 k/W,(ii) Ui = 347.53 W/m2K,Uo = 278.06 W/m2K.]
10.Hot air at 660C is cooled upto 380C by means of cold air at 15.50C. Mass flow rates of hot and cold air
are 1.25 kg/s and 1. 6 kg/s respectively.Specific heat of hot and cold air are 1.05 kJ/kg K, U=80 W/m2 K,
Find the area of the heat exchanger for parallel flow configuration.
If the same exchanger is operated in counter flow mode, find the exit temperatures of both the fluids.
[Ans:Area needed for parallel flow for H.E. = 39.236 m2, Area required for counter flow for H.E. = 17.873
m2.]
11.A steam condenser uses water flowing at the rate of 0.1 kg/s as cooling medium. The condenser tube
is having 3 cm O.D. and 22 m of length. Steam condenses at 1000C on the outside of the tube. Overall
heat transfer coefficient based on the tube outer surface are = 100 W/m2 K, Cp water =4180 J/kg k. If the
cooling water enters the heat exchanger at 300C, Calculate the exit temperature of this water.
[Ans:Exit temperature of water = 57.374 0C.]
12.A parallel flow heat exchanger has its tubes of 5 cm internal and 6 cm external diameter. The air flows
inside the tubes and receives heat from hot gases circulated in the annular space of the tube at the rate
of 100 kW. Inside and outside heat transfer coefficients are 250 W/m2 K and 400 W/m2 K respectively.
Given: Inlet temperature of hot gases, Th1 = 5000C
Outlet temperature of hot gases, Th2 = 3000C
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