REPORT TO CLARIFY TO CESC

THE SIMULATION VARIABLES AND CONCEPTS

USED IN CYMI OFFER 13.10.0021 (PVSYST)

1/09/2010

INDEX

1.
2.
3.
4.

DEFINITIONS:............................................................... 3
PVSYST DATA ............................................................... 6
DIAGRAM OF FLUXES OF ENERGY ............................... 7
PERFORMANCE RATIO: Calculation ............................. 9

ANNEX:

PVSYST SIMULATION: 1.05 MW

1. DEFINITIONS:
Bellow there are the main variables used by PVSYST in the simulation (the definitions
have been obtained from PVSYST and internet):
- Irradiance vs. Irradiation:
Irradiance (sunlight intensity or power) the radiation received in a surface of a square
meter in a second (W/m2). The irradiation (energy) determines the radiation received
in a surface of a square meter during one hour (Wh/m2)
- Global Horizontal irradiation: (kWh/m2/year)
The radiation reaching the earth's surface can be represented in a number of different
ways. Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI) is the total amount of shortwave radiation
received from above by a surface horizontal to the ground. This value is of particular
interest to photovoltaic installations and includes both Direct Normal Irradiation (DNI)
and Diffuse Horizontal Irradiation (DIF).
- Incident global irradiation in the collector plane:
It is the incident global irradiation received by a collector plane.
- Near Shading factor
Near shadings factor on global = GlobShd / GlobInc. It includes the losses produced by
the shadings of the elements located around the photovoltaic module
- IAM factor
The incidence effect (the designated term is IAM, for "Incidence Angle Modifier")
corresponds to the weakening of the irradiation really reaching the PV cells's surface,
with respect to irradiation under normal incidence.
(in PVSYS)
FIAM = 1 - bo (1/cos i - 1),
with i = incidence angle on the plane,
and bo = the standard calculated value by PVSYST for PV modules is 0.05.
- Effective irradiance on collector plane:
It is the energy that arrives to the collector plane after consider the near shading factor
and the IAM.
- Efficiency of cell at STC
The efficiency of the cell at STC is the parameter which compares the energy produced
by the module with the STC.

- Irradiance losses
It is the losses produced when the irradiance is lower than 1000 W/m2 (STC).
The behaviour of a crystalline PV module is showed in the graphs of "Efficiency vs.
Irradiance". It is possible to see by mean of the graphic that the efficiency decreases
for lower irradiances.
- Thermal losses
The thermal behaviour of the field influences the electrical performances. It is
determined by a thermal balance between ambient temperature and cell's heating up
due to incident irradiation.
- Ohmic wiring losses
The wiring ohmic resistance induces losses ( R I ) between the power available from
the modules and that at the terminals of the array. These losses can be characterised
by just one parameter R defined for the global array
- Module quality loss
It is well-known that most of PV modules series don't match the manufacturer nominal
specifications. Up to now, this was one of the greater uncertainties in the PV system
performance evaluation.
Now, with "guaranteed" power assertions and increasing availability of independent
expertises, the situation seems going toward some clarification. Module series are sold
with a given tolerance, and actual powers usually lie under the nominal specified
power, but stay in the tolerance.
- Mismatch losses
Losses due to "mismatch" are related to the fact that the real modules in the array do
not rigorously present the same I/V characteristics.
- STC: Standard Test Conditions
It is laboratory test conditions. STC includes three factors:
1. Irradiance (sunlight intensity or power), in Watts per square meter falling on a
flat surface. The measurement standard is 1 kW per sq. m. (1,000 Watts/m2)
2. Air Mass refers to thickness and clarity of the air through which the sunlight
passes to reach the modules (sun angle affects this value). The standard is 1.5.
3. Cell temperature, which will differ from ambient air temperature. STC defines
cell testing temperature as 25 degrees C.

- Nominal Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT): The estimated temperature of a solar

PV module when it is operating under 800 W/m2 irradiance, 20C ambient
temperature and a wind speed of 1 meter per second. NOCT is used to estimate the
nominal operating temperature of a module in the field.
- MPP: maximum power point:
PV cells have a single operating point where the values of the current (I) and Voltage
(V) of the cell result in a maximum power output. These values correspond to a
particular load resistance, which is equal to V/I as specified by Ohm's Law. A PV cell has
an exponential relationship between current and voltage, and the maximum power
point (MPP) occurs at the knee of the curve, where the resistance is equal to the
negative of the differential resistance (V/I = -dV/dI)
-Performance Ratio
This is a quantity, defined namely by the European Communities (JRC/Ispra), which
represents the ratio of the effectively produced (used) energy, with respect to the
energy which would be produced by a "perfect" system continuously operating at STC
under same irradiance (Incident Global in the plane).
The PR includes the array losses (Shadings, PV conversion, mismatch, wiring, etc) and
the system losses (inverter efficiency). Unlike the "Specific energy production"
indicator, expressed in [kWh/kWp/year], this is not directly dependent on the meteo
input or plane orientation, allowing the comparison of system quality between
installations in different locations and orientations.

2. PVSYST DATA

3. DIAGRAM OF FLUXES OF ENERGY

Note: The indicated below are not exactly in the calculations due to the decimals.
A ) For 1 m2 dapperture
Global Horizontal Irradiation (kWh/m2/year)
GlobHor = 1,905.8 kWh/m2/year

FTransp= +7.3% (transposition factor)

(Tilt=20)

Incident global irradiation in the collector plane (kWh/m2/year)

(Tilt=20)
GlobInc= 2,045.7 kWh/m2/year
Near shading losses = - 2 %
IAM losses = - 2,8 %

"Effective" global irradiation in the collector plane

corrected for IAM and shadings simultaneously (kWh/m2/year)
GlobEff = 1,947.7 kWh/m2/year

B) For 1,05 MW of power installed

"Effective" global irradiation in the installation (kWh/year)

GlobEffirr_inst = Globm2 GlobEff = 8,217 1,947.7 = 16,004,251 kWh/year
Globm2 = Area of module n modules
GlobEffirr_inst = 16,004,251 kWh/year

= 12.8 %

Global virtual energy cells output (kWh/year)

2,054,231 kWh/year

Irradiance Losses = - 3.6 %

Temperature Losses = -9.2 %
Array Soiling loss = -0.5 %
Module Quality Losses = - 3.2 %
Module array mismatch Losses = -2.2 %
Ohmic wiring Losses = -2 %

Global virtual array output (kWh/year)

1,658,828 kWh/year
Inverter losses = - 2.8 %

Available Energy at Inverter Output without transformer (kWh/year)

1,612,294 kWh/year

Normalized System Production (kWh/(KWpyear))

Yf = EoutInv/PowerPeak = 1,612,294 / 1,048 = 1,538
Yf = 1,538 kWh/(KWpyear)

4. PERFORMANCE RATIO: Calculation

Yr
Yf

Reference Incident Energy in collector plane = GlobInc [kWh/(myear)] in STC

Normalized System Production = EOutInv [kWh/(kWpyear)]
PR = Yf/Yr
Yr = GlobInc (calculated in 3.a) = 2,045.7
Yf = (calculated in 3.b) = 1,538
PR = 75.2 %

Note: The performance ratio is a dimensionless coefficient ( 1 m2 = 1 kWp in STC )

ANNEX:
PVSYST SIMULATION: 1.05 MW

PVSYST V4.37

02/09/10 Page 1/4

Grid-Connected System: Simulation parameters

Project :

Gajner

Geographical Site

Gajner

Situation
Time defined as

Latitude
Legal Time
Albedo

Country
27.9N
Time zone UT+6
0.20

Meteo data :

Gajner , synthetic hourly data

Simulation variant :

Gajner Policristalino 1,05 MWp

Simulation date

India

Longitude 73.0E
Altitude 232 m

02/09/10 11h35

Simulation parameters
Collector Plane Orientation

Tilt

20

Azimuth

Free Horizon

Horizon

according to module

Near Shadings
PV Array Characteristics
PV module

Si-poly

Number of PV modules
Total number of PV modules
Array global power
Array operating characteristics (50C)
Total area

Model XL24195
Manufacturer XL TELECOM & ENERGY LIMITED
In series 24 modules
In parallel 224 strings
Nb. modules 5376
Unit Nom. Power 195 Wp
Nominal (STC) 1048 kWp
At operating cond. 945 kWp (50C)
U mpp 574 V
I m pp 1648 A
Module area 8217 m

PV Array loss factors

Heat Loss Factor
ko (const)
=> Nominal Oper. Coll. Temp. (800 W/m, Tamb=20C,
Wiring Ohmic Loss
Global array res.
Serie Diode Loss
Voltage Drop
Array Soiling Losses
Module Quality Loss
Module Mismatch Losses
Incidence effect, ASHRAE parametrization
IAM =
System Parameter
Inverter
Inverter Characteristics
User's needs :

System type
Model
Manufacturer
Operating Voltage
Unlimited load (grid)

29.0 W/mK
wind 1 m/s)
11.4 mOhm
0.7 V

1-bo (1/cos i - 1)

kv (wind)
NOCT
Loss Fraction
Loss Fraction
Loss Fraction
Loss Fraction
Loss Fraction
bo Parameter

0.0 W/mK / m/s

45 C
3.0 % at STC
0.1 % at STC
0.5 %
3.0 %
2.0 % at MPP
0.05

Grid-Connected System
JEMA IF 1000KW
Data sheet
410-850 V
Unit Nom. Power

1000 kW AC

PVSYST V4.37

02/09/10 Page 2/4

Grid-Connected System: Near shading definition

Project :

Gajner

Simulation variant :

Gajner Policristalino 1,05 MWp

System type
according to module
tilt
Model
Nb. of modules
Model
Unlimited load (grid)

Main system parameters

Near Shadings
PV Field Orientation
PV modules
PV Array
Inverter
User's needs

Grid-Connected
20
XL24195
5376
JEMA IF 1000KW

azimuth 0
Pnom 195 Wp
Pnom total 1048 kWp
Pnom 1000 kW ac

Perspective of the PV-field and surrounding shading scene

Zenith

East

West

South

Iso-shadings diagram
Gajner: 1,1MW 8.5 m_xltelenergy
Beam shading factor (according to module) : Iso-shadings curves

90

Shading loss: 1 %
Shading loss: 5 %
Shading loss: 10 %
Shading loss: 20 %
Shading loss: 40 %
12h

75

Attenuation
for diffuse: 0.969
13h
and albedo: 0.2921
2
14h
3

1: 22 june
2: 22 may - 23 july
3: 20 apr - 23 aug
4: 20 mar - 23 sep
5: 21 feb - 23 oct
6: 19 jan - 22 nov
7: 22 december
15h

11h

60

Sun height []

16h
5

10h
45

17h

7
9h
30

18h
8h

15

19h
7h

Behind
the plane
0
-120

Behind
the plane
-90

-60

-30

0
Azimuth []

30

60

90

120

PVSYST V4.37

02/09/10 Page 3/4

Grid-Connected System: Main results

Project :

Gajner

Simulation variant :

Gajner Policristalino 1,05 MWp

System type
according to module
tilt
Model
Nb. of modules
Model
Unlimited load (grid)

Main system parameters

Near Shadings
PV Field Orientation
PV modules
PV Array
Inverter
User's needs
Main simulation results
System Production

Produced Energy
Performance Ratio PR

Grid-Connected
20
XL24195
5376
JEMA IF 1000KW

azimuth 0
Pnom 195 Wp
Pnom total 1048 kWp
Pnom 1000 kW ac

Specific

1612 MWh/year
75.2 %

Normalized productions (per installed kWp): Nominal power 1048 kWp

Performance Ratio PR

0.8
Lc : Collection Loss (PV-array losses)
1.27 kWh/kWp/day
Ls : System Loss (inverter, ...)
0.12 kWh/kWp/day
Yf : Produced useful energy (inverter output) 4.21 kWh/kWp/day

0.6

Performance Ratio PR

Normalized Energy [kWh/kWp/day]

PR : Performance Ratio (Yf / Yr) : 0.752

0.7

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

1538 kWh/kWp/year

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

0.0

Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Gajner Policristalino 1,05 MWp

Balances and main results
GlobHor

T Amb

GlobInc

GlobEff

EArray

EOutInv

EffArrR

EffSysR

kWh/m

kWh/m

kWh/m

kWh

kWh

January

113.1

14.70

146.5

137.7

123325

119874

10.24

9.96

February

128.5

17.40

154.4

147.1

129413

125824

10.20

9.92

March

167.4

23.50

183.7

176.0

151505

147328

10.04

9.76

April

195.0

28.30

199.0

190.9

160241

155864

9.80

9.53

May

216.1

31.30

206.7

197.8

163345

158792

9.62

9.35

June

206.7

31.10

192.3

183.6

151842

147581

9.61

9.34

July

185.7

29.50

176.3

167.6

140049

136087

9.67

9.39

August

174.2

28.50

172.7

164.6

138000

134088

9.73

9.45

September

161.1

28.30

170.4

162.9

136379

132533

9.74

9.47

October

138.6

26.20

158.9

151.4

128964

125343

9.88

9.60

November

114.3

21.40

144.8

137.2

118890

115591

9.99

9.72

December

105.1

16.70

140.1

131.0

116621

113390

10.13

9.85

Year

1905.8

24.77

2045.7

1947.7

1658576

1612294

9.87

9.59

Legends:

GlobHor

Horizontal global irradiation

EArray

T Amb

Ambient Temperature

EOutInv

Effective energy at the output of the array

Available Energy at Inverter Output

GlobInc

Global incident in coll. plane

EffArrR

Effic. Eout array / rough area

GlobEff

Effective Global, corr. for IAM and shadings

EffSysR

Effic. Eout system / rough area

Dec

PVSYST V4.37

02/09/10 Page 4/4

Grid-Connected System: Loss diagram

Project :

Gajner

Simulation variant :

Gajner Policristalino 1,05 MWp

Main system parameters

Near Shadings
PV Field Orientation
PV modules
PV Array
Inverter
User's needs

System type
according to module
tilt
Model
Nb. of modules
Model
Unlimited load (grid)

Grid-Connected
20
XL24195
5376
JEMA IF 1000KW

azimuth 0
Pnom 195 Wp
Pnom total 1048 kWp
Pnom 1000 kW ac

Loss diagram over the whole year

1906 kWh/m
+7.3%

Horizontal global irradiation

Global incident in coll. plane

-2.0% Near Shading Factor on global

-2.8%
1948 kWh/m * 8217 m coll.
efficiency at STC = 12.8%
2054231 kWh

efficiency at STC = 12.8%

-3.6%
-9.2%
-0.5%
-3.2%
-2.2%
-2.0%

1658828 kWh

PV loss due to irradiance level

PV loss due to temperature
Array Soiling loss
Module quality loss
Module array mismatch loss
Ohmic wiring loss
Array virtual energy at MPP

-2.8%

1612294 kWh

IAM factor on global

Effective irradiance on collectors
PV conversion

Inverter Loss during operation (efficiency)

0.0%

Inverter Loss over nominal inv. power

-0.0%
0.0%

Inverter Loss due to power threshold

Inverter Loss over nominal inv. voltage

-0.0%

Inverter Loss due to voltage threshold

Available Energy at Inverter Output