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NAME
STUDENT ID.
GROUP
EXPERIMENT
DATE PERFORMED
SEMESTER
PROGRAMME / CODE
SUBMIT TO
No.
Title
Abstract/Summary
Introduction
Aims
Theory
Apparatus
Methodology/Procedure
10
Results
10
Calculations
10
Discussion
20
10
Conclusion
11
Recommendations
12
Reference / Appendix
13
Supervisors grading
10
TOTAL MARKS
Marks
100
Remarks:
Checked by:
Rechecked by:
---------------------------
---------------------------
Date:
Dat
1
Table of content
Table of content .............................................................................................................................. 2
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 4
Aims ................................................................................................................................................ 5
Theory ............................................................................................................................................. 6
Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................ 9
Experimental procedure ................................................................................................................ 10
RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Experiment 1.............................................................................................................................. 12
Experiment 2.............................................................................................................................. 14
Experiment 3.............................................................................................................................. 20
Experiment 4.............................................................................................................................. 24
Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 27
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 29
Recommendations ......................................................................................................................... 30
References ..................................................................................................................................... 31
Appendices .................................................................................................................................... 32
Abstract
This experiment is carried out to study the mechanical heat pump through the operating
of the equipment SOLTEQ Mechanical Heat Pump (Model: HE165). This experiment is
conducted by doing a series of tests by manipulating the delivery temperatures and flow rates of
the cooling water. Plus, to study the mechanism of a heat pump, coefficient of performance and
heat pump performance curves. Besides, this experiment is investigating the effects of
compressor pressure ratio on the volumetric efficiency. The purpose of conducting this
experiment is to study the thermodynamics concept of energy balance and coefficient of
performance. The heat transfer is been able to determine by applying the energy balance concept.
Next, able to determine the coefficient of performance of the heat pump and how the delivery
temperatures affect the coefficient of performance. Lastly, to produce the performance curves of
the heat pump and vapour compression cycle on a p-h diagram.
Introduction
In the experiment of refrigerant unit, the Mechanical Heat Pump is used to study the
vapour compression cycle. This Mechanical Heat Pump (Model: HE 165) has been designed to
provide students with a practical and quantitative demonstration of the vapour compression cycle.
Refrigerators and heat pumps are both use the vapour compression cycle, and although the
applications of these machines differ, the components are essentially the same. The HE 165 is
capable of demonstrating the heat pump application where a large freely available energy source,
such as the atmosphere, is to be upgraded for water heating. The unit will be of particular interest
to those studying Mechanical Engineering, Energy Conservation, Thermodynamics, Building
Services, Chemical Engineering, Plant and Process Engineering, and Refrigeration and Air
Conditioning.
Upon passing through the expansion valve the pressure of the liquid refrigerant is reduced.
This causes the saturation temperature to fall to below that of the atmosphere. Thus, as it flows
through the evaporator, there is a temperature difference between the refrigerant and the air being
drawn across the coils. The resulting heat transfer causes the refrigerant to boil, and upon leaving
the evaporator it has become slightly superheated vapour, ready to return to the compressor.
The temperature at which heat is delivered in the condenser is controlled by the water flow rate
and its inlet temperature. The evaporating temperature is l a r g e l y d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e
ambient conditions. However, this can be limited, either by restricting the air intake to the
evaporator, or by directing warmed air towards the intake. Instrumentations are all provided
for the measurement of flowrates of both the refrigerant and cooling water, power input to the
compressor, and all relevant temperatures.
4
Aims
To produce the performance of heat pump over a range of source and delivery
temperatures
To plot the vapour compression cycle on the p-h diagram and compare with the
ideal cycle
Theory
Refrigerators and heat pumps are devices that absorb heat at a low temperature and reject heat at a
higher temperature. Both refrigerators and heat pumps operate in the same way using a reversed
heat engine cycle, but are labeled separately according to their purpose. Devices that are used to
maintain a temperature below ambient are known as refrigerators (or air conditioners) while
devices that are used to supply heat at a higher temperature than ambient are known as heat
pumps. Some devices, in particular those used for space cooling, may be used as both a heat pump
and a refrigerator (as is the case with the Christchurch Town Hall heating/cooling system).
The vapour compression cycle is the most commonly used refrigeration/heat pump cycle and
involves the same four processes as a heat engine cycle but in the reverse order (i.e. evaporation
compression condensation expansion/throttling). Figure 1 gives a schematic representation of
the four essential mechanical components in this cycle; figure 2 shows the ideal cycle on a
pressure-enthalpy diagram.
Heat out
Condenser
Throttle
Work in
Valve
Evaporator
Compressor
Heat in
Critical Point
Subcooling
Liquid
Pressure
1
Superheating
Enthalpy
In ideal vapour compression cycle the refrigerant vapour is compressed isentropically to a higher
temperature and pressure (12). The compressed vapour is then condensed isobarically which
results in heat rejection to the surroundings (23). The next step is the adiabatic throttling of the
refrigerant to the low temperature and pressure (34). The final step is where the refrigerant is
evaporated isobarically at low temperature and pressure, which results in the absorption of heat
from its surroundings (41). In an actual cycle states 1 and 3 should not lie on the saturation line
as there is subcooling (helpful to obtain state 3 in the diagram) and superheating (necessary to
avoid droplets (two phase region!) in the compressor).
The usual measure of performance of a refrigerator or heat pump is the Coefficient of Performance
COP which for a refrigerator COPR is defined as:
COPR =
QE
W
(1a)
COPH =
QC
W
(1b)
where E, C, R, H stand for Evaporator, Compressor, Refrigeration, and Heat pump respectively.
Note: The cooling water and refrigerant flow rate displays is in percentage (%). Below are the
formula to convert cooling water and refrigerant flow rate to LPM
( )
( )
Apparatus
Experimental procedure
11
RESULTS
Experiment 1
Cooling water flow rate, FT 1
40.0
26.9
31.7
194
For reading 1,
Cooling water flow rate, LPM
( )
x 5 LPM
=
= 2.0 LPM
x
T (C)
h (kJ/kg)
25
104.83
26.9
112.78
30
125.74
T (C)
h (kJ/kg)
30
125.74
31.7
132.85
35
146.64
h5 = 112.78 kJ/kg
Mass flow rate =
h6 = 132.85 kJ/kg
x
water = 1000kg/m3
= 0.0333 kg/s
12
Ein
Eout
Mh5
QH + mh6
QH
m(h5 h6)
-0.6683 kJ/s
COPH =
=
=
0.00339
13
Experiment 2
Reading 1
Reading 2
Reading 3
80.0
60.0
40.0
27.1
27.1
27.1
30.3
31.1
32.5
193
196
198
5
Cooling water outlet temperature,
TT 6
Compressor power input
Reading 1,
Cooling water flow rate, LPM
=
( )
x 5 LPM
= 4.0 LPM
x
14
T (C)
h (kJ/kg)
25
104.83
27.1
113.61
30
125.74
T (C)
h (kJ/kg)
30
125.74
30.3
127.00
35
146.64
h5 =113.61kJ/kg
h6 = 127.00 kJ/kg
water = 1000kg/m3
Mass flow rate =
= 0.0667 kg/s
Ein
Eout
mh5
QH + mh6
QH
m(h5 h6)
-0.8931 kJ/s
COPH =
=
=
0.004627
Reading 2,
15
( )
x 5 LPM
= 3.0 LPM
x
h (kJ/kg)
25.0
104.83
27.1
113.61
30.0
125.74
T (C)
h (kJ/kg)
30.0
125.74
31.1
130.34
35.0
146.64
h5 = 113.61 kJ/kg
Mass flow rate =
h6 = 130.34 kJ/kg
x
water = 1000kg/m3
= 0.0500 kg/s
Ein
Eout
mh5
QH + mh6
QH
m(h5 h6)
-0.8365 kJ/s
COPH =
=
=
0.004268
16
Reading 3,
Cooling water flow rate, LPM
( )
x 5 LPM
=
= 2.0 LPM
x
h (kJ/kg)
25.0
104.83
27.1
113.61
30.0
125.74
T (C)
h (kJ/kg)
30.0
125.74
32.5
136.19
35.0
146.64
h5 = 113.61 kJ/kg
Mass flow rate =
h6 = 136.19 kJ/kg
x
water = 1000kg/m3
= 0.0333 kg/s
Ein
Eout
Mh5
QH + mh6
QH
m(h5 h6)
-0.7519 kJ/s
COPH =
=
=
0.003797
17
T6(C)
Power
input(kJ/s)
Qh(kJ/s)
COP
Reading 1
30.3
193
0.8931
0.004627
Reading 2
31.1
196
0.8365
0.004268
Reading 3
32.5
198
0.7519
0.003797
Graph 1
30.3, 0.004627
0.005
0.0045
32.5,0.003797
0.004
COP
0.0035
0.003
0.0025
0.002
0.0015
0.001
0.0005
0
30
30.5
31
31.5
32
32.5
33
Temperature (C)
18
Graph 2
graph of QH vs temperature
0.92
30.3, 0.8931
Heat transfer,QH(kJ/s)
0.9
0.88
0.86
31.1, 0.8365
0.84
0.82
0.8
0.78
32.5, 0.7519
0.76
0.74
30
30.5
31
31.5
32
32.5
33
Temperature(C)
Graph 3
199
32.5, 198
198
power (kJ/s)
197
31.1, 196
196
195
194
30.3, 193
193
192
30
30.5
31
31.5
32
32.5
33
Temperature (C)
19
Experiment 3
Refrigerant flow rate, FT2
35.2
Bar (abs)
3.1
Bar (abs)
8.0
5.9
34.2
31.3
20.4
40.0
27.0
32.4
182
TT6
Compressor power input
Find hc1 and hc2 using interpolation from superheated R-134a table
At T = 5.9 C
p (MPa)
h (kJ/kg)
0.28
256.05
0.31
255.26
0.32
254.99
At T = 34.2 C
p (MPa)
h (kJ/kg)
0.80
270.34
Find hc3 and hc4 from saturated R-134a table at given T and P = 0.8MPa
T (C)
h (kJ/kg)
31.3
267.29
20.4
95.47
20
h1 = 255.26 kJ/kg
h2 = 270.99kJ/kg
h3 = 267.29/kg
h4 = 95.47kJ/kg
Condenser energy balance
Refrigerant flow rate, LPM
( )
x 1.26 LPM
=
= 0.44 LPM
x
Mass flow rate =
Ein
QH
QH
x
x
= 0.00733kg/s
Eout
)
(
21
Pressure
(kJ/kg)
(Mpa)
255.26
0.31
270.99
0.8
267.29
0.8
95.47
0.8
Graph 1
Experimental graph
95.47, 0.8
95.47, 0.31
255.26, 0.31
0.8
Pressure (MPa)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Enthalphy,h (KJ/Kg)
22
Theoretical graph
23
Experiment 4
Refrigerant flow rate , FT2
36.0
35.5
Bar (abs)
3.2
3.1
Bar (abs)
8.1
8.1
6.4
6.1
Reading 1
Compressor pressure ratio
=
=
= 0.3951
Volumetric efficiency
( )
x 1.26 LPM
x(
x 4.25
= 3.213 x 10-5
24
= 3.213 x 10-5
= 7.56. x 10-6
Volumetric efficiency
=
= 7.56. x 10-6
= 0.4696
Reading 2
Compressor pressure ratio
=
=
= 0.3827
Volumetric efficiency
( )
x 1.26 LPM
x(
x 4.25
= 3.168 x 10-5
25
=
= 3.213 x 10-5
= 7.454x 10-6
Volumetric efficiency
=
= 7.454 x 10-6
= 0.4627
Time
Min
15
20
36.0
35.5
Bar (abs)
3.2
3.1
Bar (abs)
8.1
8.1
6.4
6.1
0.3951
0.3827
Volumetric efficiency
0.4696
0.4627
26
Discussion
This experiment was carried out to calculate the performance each of the equipment in
the refrigerant unit. In the first experiment, the power input of the heat pump was recorded at
194kJ/s in order to absorb 0.6683kJ/s heat from the surroundings. The value of enthalpy at given
temperature was calculated using the interpolation method based on the value at Table A-4. The
value obtain was used to calculate the amount rate heat transfer in the system. The coefficient of
performance of the heat pump used is 0.00339.
For the second experiment, the same step as the first experiment was repeated at different
cooling water flow rate which is at 80%, 60% and 40%. From the experiment, the power input
for the heat pump is different for each water flow rate, which are, 193kJ/s, 196kJ/s and 198kJ/s
respectively. The power input varies as the cooling water flow rate decreases. The same method
was used to calculate the rate of heat transfer and the coefficient of performance (COP) for the
heat pump. The COP calculated for cooling water flow rate at 80%, 60% and 40% is 0.004627,
0.004268 and 0.003797 respectively. The COP of heat pump decreases as the cooling water flow
rate decreases.
In the third experiment, the change in pressure and temperature for refrigerant R-134A
after passing condenser and compressor was recorded. The enthalpy was calculated using
interpolation to calculate the change of enthalpy at compressor and condenser. At the compressor
the superheated refrigerant was compressed from 0.31 MPa at 5.9C to 0.8Mpa at 34.2 C and
the enthalpy calculated is 255.26kJ/kg and 270.99kJ/kg respectively. The R-134A enters the
compressor superheated then compressed at constant entropy the leaves as superheated. The
refrigerant then enter the condenser at temperature of 31.3C at 0.8MPa and leave the condenser
at temperature at 20.4C at 0.8MPa. The pressure is constant because the condenser undergoes
the heat rejection process at constant pressure. The enthalpy calculated at 31.3C and 20.4C is
267.29/kg and 95.47kJ/kg respectively. The enthalpy was decreased because at the condenser,
the heat energy is released to surrounding cause the heat energy in the refrigerant to drop.
27
Last experiment, the compression ratio and volumetric efficiency are been calculated.
The systems are allowed to run at different period of time before the readings were taken. First,
the systems are allowed to run for 15 minute then the steps repeated for 20 minute period.
The values of compressor pressure ratio are 0.3951 and 0.3827 respectively. There is slightly
difference in the ratio calculated. This is due to the difference in the reading of pressure before
entering the compressor. However, the pressure leaving the compressor for both period of time is
the same which is 0.81MPa. The volumetric efficiencies are then calculated, and the values are
0.4696 and 0.4627 respectively. There is also slightly difference in the value calculated that is
due to the difference in the refrigerant flow rate.
Higher compression ratio allows an engine to extract more mechanical energy from a
given mass of air fuel mixture due to its higher thermal efficiency and is most wanted. Based on
the value of volumetric efficiency, we can compare the actual value of volumetric flow rate in
theory to the value that obtained from this experiment. The differences of both values are high.
A several steps might be conducted inaccurately which results in all experiments in such an
outrageous values. Firstly the water flow rate is not in stable condition while taking reading.
Reading is been taken in the range +6 from the actual reading. Next experiment shows that the
flow rate of water that we should take is 80% but the reading is not constant. Hence, the reading
is been taken when it reach 80% and does not increase exceed 80%. This happen because the
water source in laboratory is not enough for this apparatus and the present of pump.
As going through this experiment, time does not give much effect, but a little time
difference could make a little variance from the theory
28
Conclusion
Overall this experiment is considering success. First and foremost experiment, the power
input, heat output and coefficient of performance of a vapour compression heat pump system are
been determined. In experiment 1, the values QH and COPH are- 0.6683kJ/s and 0.00339. For
second experiment, the performances of heat pump over a range of source and delivery
temperature are been able to produce. The values of COPH are 0.004627, 0.004268, and
0.003797. The values are decreasing. From the results, it can be concluded that the heat pump
functioning with a high percent of flow rate have higher efficiency compare to the lower flow
rate. As show in experiment 3, the p-h diagram of vapour compression cycle is been plotted
successfully and able to be compared with the ideal cycle and able to perform energy balances
for the condenser and compressor. It clearly can be seen that the values are differ in small
amount. Last experiment, ratio and volumetric efficiency are been able to be calculated. The
ratio is 0.3951 and 0.3827 and for the volumetric efficiency is 0.4696 and 0.4627. There is
slightly difference due to difference in pressure and refrigerant flow rate.
29
Recommendations
30
References
www.tyxer.hubpages.com/hub/theory-of-refrigeration
www.solution.com.my/pdf/HE165(A4).pdf
www.1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/tech_deployment/pdf/heatpump.pdf
31
Appendices
Figure 1: Compressor
Figure 2: Condenser
32
Figure 3: R-134A
Figure 4: Evaporator
33