Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
Slide 1
Transistor Construction
Slide 2
Transistor Operation
With the external sources (VEE and VCC) in the polarities as shown:
The E-B junction is forward-biased and the B-C junction is reverse biased.
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
Slide 3
Currents in a Transistor
IE IC IB
[Formula 3.1]
IC ICmajority ICOminority
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
[Formula 3.2]
Slide 4
The base is common to both input (emitter base) and output (collector base) of the
transistor.
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
Slide 5
This demonstrates the input current IE to input voltage VBE for various levels of output
voltage VCB.
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
Slide 6
This demonstrates the output current IC to an output voltage VCB for various levels of input
current IE.
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
Slide 7
3 Regions of Operation
Active
Operating range of the amplifier.
Cutoff
The amplifier is basically off. There is voltage but little
current.
Saturation
The amplifier is full on. There is little voltage but lots of
current.
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
Slide 8
Approximations
IC IE
VBE 0.7
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
[Formula 3.3]
[Formula 3.4]
Alpha ()
Slide 9
dc
IC
IE
[Formula 3.5]
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
[Formula 3.6]
Transistor Amplification
Slide 10
The AC input is amplified.
[Fig. 3.12]
IE Ii
Vi 200mV
10mA
Ri
20
IC IE so IL Ii = 10mA
VL = IL * R = (10mA)(5k) = 50V
Voltage Gain (AV):
Av
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
VL
50V
250
Vi 200mV
Slide 11
Slide 12
Characteristics of Common-Emitter
Slide 13
Amplifier Currents
IE = IC + IB
IC = IE
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
Slide 14
IC = IE + ICBO
ICBO = minority collector current. This is usually so small that it can be ignored, except in
high power transistors and in high temperature environments.
ICEO
ICBO
1
IB 0 A
[Formula 3.9]
When IB = 0A the transistor is in cutoff, but there is some minority current flowing called
ICEO.
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
Beta ()
Slide 15
In DC mode:
In AC mode:
dc
ac
IC
IB
IC
IB
[Formula 3.10]
VCE constant
[Formula 3.11]
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
Slide 16
Note: AC = DC
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
DC
2.7mA
(forVCE 7.5) 108
25 A
Slide 17
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
[Formula 3.12a]
[Formula 3.12b]
Slide 18
IC IB
IE ( 1)IB
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
[Formula 3.14]
[Formula 3.15]
Slide 19
Slide 20
VCE
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
Slide 21
Note:
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
Slide 22
Power of Dissipation
Common Base:
PCmax VCBIC
[Formula 3.18]
Common Emitter:
PCmax VCEIC
[Formula 3.16]
Common Collector: a
PCmax VCEIE
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
Slide 23
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
Slide 24
Transistor Testing
1. Curve Tracer
Provides a graph of the characteristic curves.
2. DMM
Some DMMs will measure DC or HFE.
3. Ohmmeter
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
Slide 25
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics