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Specialist
Mathematics
4TH EDITION
VCE M AT H EM AT I CS U N I T S 3 & 4
MATHS QUEST 12
Specialist
Mathematics
RAYMOND ROZEN | PAULINE HOLLAND | BRIAN HODGSON
HOWARD LISTON | JENNIFER NOLAN | GEOFF PHILLIPS
4TH EDITION
Contents
Introduction
vi
CHAPTER 6
Integral calculus
CHAPTER 1
Coordinate geometry
15
21
29
53
CHAPTER 9
Vectors
CHAPTER 4
Differential calculus
CHAPTER 8
Kinematics
CHAPTER 3
Complex numbers
CHAPTER 7
Differential equations
CHAPTER 2
Circular functions
37
63
CHAPTER 10
Vector calculus
CHAPTER 11
Mechanics
79
71
47
Introduction
This booklet is designed as a companion to Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Fourth Edition.
It contains worked examples from the student text that have been re-worked using the TI-Nspire CX
CAS calculator with Operating System v3.
The content of this booklet will be updated online as new operating systems are released by Texas
Instruments.
The companion is designed to assist students and teachers in making decisions about the judicious use of
CAS technology in answering mathematical questions.
The calculator companion booklet is also available as a PDF file on the eBookPLUS under the
preliminary section of Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Fourth Edition.
vi
Introduction
Chapter 1
Coordinate geometry
Worked example 4
x2 + 2
including all asymptotes and intercepts.
3x
think
1
Write/display
x2 + 2
into two functions.
3x
To do this on a Calculator screen press:
MENU b
2: Number 2
7: Fraction Tools 7
1: Proper Fraction 1
Complete the entry line as:
propfrac(f1(x))
then press ENTER .
divide y =
solve ( f 1( x )) = 0, x
dx
Solving
x=
f 1( 2 )
f 1( 2 )
Press ENTER after each entry.
Describe the nature and coordinates of
the stationary points, as deduced from the
graph.
Sketch the graph of y =
2 or x = 2.
2 2
Local minimum 2,
d x2 + 2
= 0 for x gives
dx 3 x
2 2
Local maximum 2,
3
x2 + 2.
3x
y
10
x = 0 (Asymptote)
10
0
5
10
1
y = x (Asymptote)
3
x
10
Worked example 12
( x 1) 2 ( y 2) 2
+
= 1.
25
9
think
1
Write/display
Compare
( x 1)2 ( y 2)2
+
= 1 with
25
9
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
+
= 1.
a2
b2
Vertices are:
(5 + 1, 2)
= (4, 2)
(5 + 1, 2)
= (6, 2)
and
(1, 3 + 2)
= (1, 1)
(1, 3 + 2)
= (1, 5)
+
= 1, x y = 0
solve
25
9
( x 1)2 ( y 2)2
+
= 1, y x = 0
solve
25
9
Press ENTER after each entry.
y=
6
10 6 6
10 + 6 6
, y =
5
5
( x h )2 ( y k )2
+
=11
a2
b2
Complete as shown:
( x 1)2 ( y 2 )2
+
=1
52
32
Press ENTER after the entry, the
graph is shown.
1:
+ 66
0, 10
y
6
4
3 55 ,
(4, 2)
4
5
(1, 2)
0
2
(y 2)
+
=1
9
(1, 5)
66
0, 10
(x 1)2
25
(6, 2)
6 x
(1, 1)
3 + 55 ,
Worked example 13
( x 2) 2 ( y + 4) 2
+
= 1.
9
16
think
Write/display
( x 2)2 ( y + 4)2
+
= 1 with
9
16
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
+
= 1.
a2
b2
h = 2, k = 4
So the centre is (2, 4).
a2 = 9
b2 = 16
a=3
b=4
Compare
Vertices are:
(3 + 2, 4)
= (1, 4)
and
(2, 4 4)
= (2, 8)
(3 + 2, 4)
= (5, 4)
(2, 4 4)
= (2, 0)
solve
+
= 1, x y = 0
9
16
( x 2)2 ( y + 4)2
+
= 1, y x = 0
solve
9
16
Press ENTER after each entry.
The x-intercept is x = 2.
The y-intercepts are:
y=
6
12 4
y=
12 + 5 .
3
( x 2 )2
2
y 4)
(
+
=1
32
42
then press ENTER .
Note that the viewing window has been
changed.
2
12 + 45
0,
3
1
2
4
12 45
0,
3
0 (2, 0)
123456 x
(1, 4)
(2, 4)
8 (2, 8)
10
(5, 4)
(x 2)2
(y + 4)
+
=1
16
Worked example 14
Write/display
Simplify by cancelling.
Compare
Vertices are:
(3 + 0, 2)
= (3, 2)
and (0, 5 + 2)
or (0, 2 5 )
x 2 ( y 2)2
+
= 1 with
9
5
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
+
= 1.
a2
b2
5 x 2 9( y 2)2 45
+
=
45
45
45
2
2
x
( y 2)
+
=1
9
5
h = 0, k = 2 and so the centre is (0, 2).
b2 = 5 as a, b > 0
a2 = 9
a=3
b= 5
(3 + 0, 2)
= (3, 2)
(0, 5 + 2)
(0, 2 + 5 )
(0, 0.24)
(0, 4.24)
x=
8
x=
3 5
5
y
6
(0, 2 + 5 ) 5x2 + 9(y 2)2 = 45
4
2 (0, 2)
(3, 2)
4 3 2
35
,
5
1
0
(3, 2)
0
1
2 (0, 2 5 )
4x
35
,
5
Worked Example 15
Sketch the graph of the relation described by the rule: 25x2 + 150x + 4y2 8y + 129 = 0.
Think
1
Write/Display
x=
x=
15 4
5
15
+4 6
5
y
(3, 6)
(5, 1)
15 46 ,
(3, 1)
6
(1, 1)
3 1 0
4
(3, 4)
15 + 46 ,
x
0
Worked Example 16
Determine the Cartesian equation of the curve with parametric equations x = 2 + 3 sin (t) and
y = 1 2 cos (t) where t R. Describe the graph and state its domain and range.
Think
Write/Display
y1(t ) = 1 2 cos(t )
y 1
x2
= sin (t) and = cos (t)
2
3
( x 2)2 ( y 1)2
= sin2 (t) + cos2 (t)
+
9
4
=1
Domain is [2 3, 2 + 3] = [1, 5]
Range is [1 2, 1 + 2] = [1, 3]
Worked Example 25
5 x 2 + 10 x 52
2 x3 5 x2 + 3 x + 7
b
( x 2)( x + 4)
x2 x 2
Think
a
&
b
Write/Display
x2 x 2
Press ENTER after each entry.
5 x 2 + 10 x 52
2
2
=
+5
( x 2) ( x + 4) x + 4 x 2
2 x 3 5x 2 + 3x + 7
1
3
+ 2x 3
=
+
x2 x 2
x +1 x 2
Worked Example 27
x 2 5x + 6
.
x4
Think
1
4
axes.
Write/Display
y=
2
+ x 1
x4
y
y1 = x 1
2
y2 = x
4
1 2 3 4
x=4
4
y = 0, x2 5x + 6 = 0
(x 2)(x 3) = 0
x = 2 and x = 3
x = 0, y =
6
4
3
y=
2
(3, 0)
(2, 0)
y1 = x 1
2
y2 = x
4
0
(0,
32 )
1 2 3 4
2
y = x 1 + x
4
x=4
ChapTer 2
Circular functions
Worked example 2
If cosec (x) = 43 and, 0 x 90, find x (to the nearest tenth of a degree).
Think
1
WriTe
4
3
cosec ( x ) =
1
4
=
sin( x ) 3
4
1
solve
= , x | 0 x 90
sin( x ) 3
Then press enTeR .
Alternatively, the three reciprocal
functions are built into the TI-nspire.
They can be accessed by the key, or
through the catalogue, or you can simply
use the letter keys and enter csc, sec or
cot as needed.
3
x = 48.6
15
Worked Example 12
Solve cosec (x) = 1.8 over the interval 0 x 4. Give your answer(s) correct to 2 decimal places.
Think
Write
Worked Example 13
Write
i
&
ii
B: Trigonometry B
1: Expand 1
Complete then entry lines as
shown, then press ENTER .
Substitute A = 2x and B = y to
reveal the answer.
sin (2x) cos (y) + cos (2x) sin (y) = sin (2x + y)
Worked Example 15
Simplify:
a sin (270 C)b sec
.
2
Think
a
&
b
,
expand sec
2
Write
a
&
b
sec = cosec( )
2
Worked example 16
5
Find the exact value of cot
.
12
Think
WriTe
express
5
cot = cot +
4 6
12
5
as the sum of and .
6
4
12
Simplify.
1
.
tan
tan
+
4 6
1
tan + tan
4
6
1 tan tan
4
6
1 tan tan
4
6
tan + tan
4
6
1
3
1
1 (1)
1+
1
1+
1
3
1
3
3 1
3
3 +1
3
3 1
3 +1
( 3 1)( 3 1)
( 3 + 1)( 3 1)
Simplify.
3 2 3 +1
31
42 3
2
= 2 3
=
19
20
ChapTer 3
Complex numbers
Worked example 1
Think
a
&
b
WriTe
a
&
b
16
5
Press ENTER after each entry.
21
Worked Example 4
Write
z=4
w = 8
Worked Example 5
2
Think
Write
2
Press ENTER after each entry.
2
a Re(7 + 6i) = 7
b Im(10) = 0
c Re(2 + i 3i3) = 2
1 3i i 2 i3
= 1
d Im
Worked Example 10
Write
Re(z2 w) + Im(zw2) = 37
Worked Example 12
a
&
b
Write
a8 5i
b 2 + 3i
Worked Example 16
5 z 15
= 4 3 i.
z1
Write
= 4 3i, z
cSolve
z 1
Then press ENTER .
a = 2, b = 3
Worked Example 17
Write
|z| = |8 6i| = 10
Worked Example 23
Express each of the following in polar form, r cis (), where = arg(z), < .
a z = 1 + ib z = 1 3 i
Think
a
&
b
Write
a
&
b
For a , 1 + i = 2 cis
4
For b , 1 3i = 2e
= 2cis
3
Worked Example 36
a
&
b
Write
a
&
b
CHAPTER 4
MENU b
2: Number 2
9: Complex Number Tools 9
2: Real Part 2 or
3: Imaginary Part 3 or
5: Magnitude 5
Complete the entry line as:
real(z + 5)
imag(z 2 3i)
| z 4 + 2i |
Press ENTER after each entry.
Write the answers.
WRITE
a,
b
&
c
For a , Re(z + 5) = x + 5.
For b , Im(z 2 3i) = y 3.
For c , | z 4 + 2i | = x 2 8 x + y 2 + 4 y + 20 .
27
ChapTer 5
Differential calculus
Worked example 1
a
&
b
WriTe
a
&
b
d
4x
2tan
dx
3
Press enTeR after each entry.
For a,
d
6
[tan(6 x )] =
dx
[cos(6 x )]2
For b,
d
dx
2tan
4x =
3
3 cos
8
4x
3
29
Worked Example 4
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = 3x + cos (2x) + tan (x) where x =
Think
1
.
4
Write
4
Then press ENTER .
Worked example 6
sin( x )
.
x
Think
a
&
b
WriTe
a
&
b
d2
( f ( x ))
dx 2
Then press enTeR .
1
x2
31
cos ( x )
3
1
sin( x )
f ( x ) = 5
3
x
2
x2
4x
3
1
cos( x )
sin( x )
factor 5
3
x
4x 2
x2
Then press enTeR .
7
Worked example 16
32
normalLine 2 cos1 , x , 3
2
Then press enTeR .
WriTe
x
3
+ .
2 2 3
Worked Example 18
Write
1
dx
2
25 x
3
dx
2
49 x
20
dx
16 + x 2
a
b
c
1
25
x2
x
dx = sin 1 + c
5
x2
x
dx = 3sin 1 + c
7
49
20
x
dx = 5tan 1 + c
4
16 + x 2
Worked Example 21
dy
in terms of x.
dx
Write
3
3
<x<
2 3
3
2 3
dy
3x
2 3
=
;
<x<
2
dx
3
3
4 3x
Worked Example 23
dy
For x2y2 + y = 2, find the gradient of the tangent,
, at the point (1, 2). Hence, determine the
dx
equation of the tangent at this point.
Think
1
Write
8
The gradient of the tangent at (1, 2) is .
Use this information and the general 3
equation of a straight line to determine the
equation of the tangent.
y y1 = m( x x1 )
8
y 2 = ( x 1)
3
8x 8
y+2=
3 3
8x 8
y=
2
3 3
8 x 14
y=
3
3
ChapTer 6
Integral calculus
Worked example 1
a
&
b
WriTe
a
&
b
( x + 3)7 dx
(4 x (2 x 2 + 1)4 ) dx
3x 2 + 1
dx
3
x +x
Find
du
.
dx
( x + 3)8
+c
8
(2 x 2 + 1)5
4 x (2 x 2 + 1)4 dx = 5 + c
( x + 3)7 dx =
Let u = x3 + x.
du
= 3x 2 + 1
dx
37
Worked Example 2
Write
factor
2
432( x + 6)
432 x 144 x 2
Then press ENTER .
(x
x+3
1
+c
dx = 2
3
4 x ( x + 6)2
+ 6x)
Let u = 3x x3.
Let u = 3x x3.
Find
du
.
dx
du
= 3 3x 2
dx
= 3(1 x2)
= 3(x2 1)
( x 2 1) cos(3x x 3 ) dx
du
.
3 dx
So ( x 2 1) cos(3 x x 2 ) dx
1
du
dx
3 dx
cos u du
dx
=
3 dx
cos u
du
=
3
1
cos u du
=
3
= cos u
sin
+c
sin(3 x
x3)
+c
Worked Example 7
a sin2
x
4
b 2 cos2
Think
Write
x
Use identity 1 to change sin2 .
2
sin2 2 dx
= 12 [1 cos( x )] dx
1
2
[1 cos( x )] dx
Antidifferentiate by rule.
= 12 [ x sin( x )] + c
x 1
sin( x ) + c
2 2
x
x
x
tCollect sin cos
2
2
2
Then press ENTER .
sin2 2 dx =
x sin( x )
+c
2
x
Use identity 2 to change cos2 .
4
2(
1 + cos 2 dx
Antidifferentiate by rule.
x
= x + 2sin + c
2
2cos 4 dx
1
2
) 1 + cos 2x dx
x
Worked example 12
WriTe
x+7
a
b
=
+
( x + 2)( x 3) ( x + 2) ( x 3)
a( x 3) + b( x + 2)
( x + 2)( x 3)
so
Solve for a.
Solve for b.
x + 7 = a(x 3) + b(x + 2)
a = 1
Let x = 3, and thus 10 = 5b
b=2
Therefore
1
x+7
2
=
+
( x + 2)( x 3) x + 2 x 3
x+7
expand
( x + 2)( x 3)
Then press enTeR .
10
fraction form.
x+7
2
1
=
( x + 2)( x 3) x 3 x + 2
Antidifferentiate by rule.
ii
x+7
(x + 2)(x 3) dx
1
2
=
x + 2 + x 3 dx
= loge (| x + 2 |) + 2 loge (| x 3 |) + c;
x R\{2, 3}
41
( x 3)2
= loge
+ c; x R\{ 2, 3}
|
+
|
x
2
2x 3
2x 3
=
x 2 3 x 4 ( x 4)( x + 1)
a
b
+
x 4 x +1
a( x + 1) + b( x 4)
( x 4)( x + 1)
So 2x 3 = a(x + 1) + b(x 4)
Let x = 4 to evaluate a.
Let x = 4,
Solve for a.
Let x = 1 to evaluate b.
Solve for b.
a=1
Let x = 1, 5 = 5b
b=1
Therefore
ii
2x 3
1
1
=
+
x 3x 4
x 4 x +1
2
2x 3
dx
x 3x 4
2
42
5 = 5a
1 + 1 dx
x 4 x + 1
Antidifferentiate by rule.
Worked example 16
x2
dx
x2 + 5 x + 4
cos( x ) 1 + sin( x ) dx
Think
WriTe
x2
0 x 2 + 5x + 4 dx
a
b
+
x +1 x + 4
a( x + 4) + b( x + 1)
x 2 + 5x + 4
Let x = 1 to find a.
Let x = 1, 3 = 3a
a = 1
Let x = 4 to find b.
Let x = 4, 6 = 3b
b=2
So
Consider:
x2
x2
=
x + 5 x + 4 ( x + 1)( x + 4)
2
x 2 = a(x + 4) + b(x + 1)
x2
dx
x 2 + 5x + 4
2
1
2
+
dx
x +1 x + 4
10
11
12
x2
( x 2 + 5 x + 4) dx
x2
3
dx = loge
4
( x 2 + 5 x + 4)
2.88
43
cos( x ) 1 + sin( x ) dx
Find
cos( x ) dx =
du
dx
dx
cos( x ) dx =
when x = 0 and x = .
2
When x = 0,
So
du
.
dx
When x =
, u = 1 + sin
2
2
=1+1
=2
2 1
u2
1
2 1
u2
1
du
dx
dx
du
3 2
= 23 u 2
1
= 23 2 2 23 12
=
or
9
cos( x ) 1 + sin( x ) dx
44
u = 1 + sin (0)
=1
cos( x ) 1 + sin( x ) dx
=
=
du
dx
dx
4 2 2
3
3
4 22
3
Worked Example 19
Write
On a Calculator page,
complete the entry line as:
3
1 ( x 2 2 (2 x + 1)) dx
ChapTer 7
Differential equations
Worked example 7
dy
1
= 2x +
.
dx
1 x2
Think
1
WriTe
1
deSolve y = 2 x +
, x , y ,
2
1 x
then press enTeR .
Worked example 8
t
t2
+9
Think
1
where h(4) = 1.
WriTe
t
deSolve h' =
and h(4) = 1, t , h ,
2
t +9
then press enTeR .
47
Worked Example 10
x
Write
deSolve y = e 2 2, x , y ,
y = 4e 2 x 2 + cx + d .
Worked Example 11
Find the particular solution to y(x) = 4 sin (2x + ) given that y(0) = 1 and y(0) = 4.
Think
1
Write
Worked example 13
WriTe
Simplify
Find
du
into
Substitute u and cos ( y) =
dy
the integral.
dy
.
dx
1
.
tan( y)
du
.
dy
cos( y)
sin( y)
cos( y)
dy
sin( y)
Let u = sin (y)
x=
du
= cos (y)
dy
x=
1 du
dy
u dy
du
u
Antidifferentiate by rule.
= loge (| u |) + c
10
11
e x c = | sin (y) |
49
50
12
13
14
Worked Example 14
1
a
&
b
2
then press ENTER .
solve sin 1 ( y) = x , y ,
6
then press ENTER .
the form:
x .
3
3
However, although this is a valid
domain for the solution of the
trigonometric equation, the end
points of this domain are not valid
for the differential equation due to
the 1 y 2 term in the denominator.
Putting all of this together, write
down the correct domain.
Write
a
&
b
Domain is
<x< .
3
3
Worked Example 24
dy
= 2 x , given that y = 1
dx
Write
15
y(15) =
2 x dx + 1
0
F: Numerical Calculations F
3: Numerical Integral 3
Complete the entry line as:
nInt(2x,x,0,15) + 1,
then press ENTER .
y = x2 + c
y = x2 + 1
y = 225 + 1 = 226
The answers are the same.
Chapter 8
Kinematics
Worked example 3
Write
Chapter 8 Kinematics
53
Worked example 4
54
Write
Worked Example 6
Write
b
&
c
4: Calculus 4
D: Differential Equation Solver D
Complete then entry line as:
deSolve (x ' = 5et 3t 2 + 4t 5
and x ( 0 ) = 0, x , t )
then press ENTER .
Chapter 8 Kinematics 55
Worked Example 7
Write
(a(t)) dt
(3t
v(t) = 3t2 2t 1
2t 1) dt
x(t) = t3 t2 t
b
1
t = 0 as t
3
x(0) = 0
x(1) = 1
x(3) = 15
Distance = |x(3) x(0)| + |x(1) x(0)|
= 16
Therefore the body travels 16 m in the first
3 seconds of motion.
Chapter 8 Kinematics 57
Worked Example 9
A ball is thrown vertically upward from a platform 16 metres above the ground and has an initial
velocity of 24.5 m/s. Find:
a the maximum height above the platform that the ball reaches
b the time taken to reach the maximum height
c the time taken for the ball to fall to the ground from the maximum height
d the total time the ball is in the air
e the speed of the ball when it returns to the level of the platform
f the speed of the ball when it hits the ground.
Think
Write
v=0
a = 9.8 m/s2
Platform
t=0
16 m u = 24.5
Ground
Given: u = 24.5
v = 0
a = 9.8
Require: s = ?
v2 = u2 + 2as
u = 24.5
a = 9.8
v=0
t=?
v = u + at
Max. height
u=0
30.625 m
Platform
a = 9.8 m/s2
16 m
Ground
Given: u = 0
a = 9.8
s = (30.625 + 16)
= 46.625
Require: t = ?
s = ut + 12 at 2
Chapter 8 Kinematics
59
60
u=0
a = 9.8
s = 30.625
v=?
v2 = u2 + 2as
u=0
a = 9.8
s = 46.625
v=?
v2 = u2 + 2as
Worked example 16
dv
= v + 1, where v is the
dt
Write
dv
= v +1
dt
dt
1
or
=
dv v + 1
t=
1
dv
v +1
t=
1
dv = loge (| v + 1 |) + c
v +1
dv
dt
d (et 1)
a=
dt
a=
a = et
c
x=
(et 1) dt
x = et t + c
Chapter 8 Kinematics
61
62
When t = 0, x = 0
0 = e0 0 + c
Solve for c.
c = 1
x = et t 1
Chapter 9
Vectors
Worked example 9
~u
b in u = 2 i 3 j + 2 3 k .
think
3j
~
6i~
Write
C (6, 3)
u = 6i + 3 j
u = 6 2 + 32
= 45
=3 5
6
3
u =
i+
j
3
5
3
5
=
2 5
5
i+
j
5 5
u = x 2 + y2
20 5
=
+
25 25
=
25
25
=1
Chapter 9 Vectors
63
Define u = 2, 3,2 3
Then press ENTER .
Find the unit vector in the direction
of u .
To do this press:
MENU b
7: Matrix & Vector 7
C: Vectors C
1: Unit Vector 1
Complete the entry line as:
unitV(u)
Then press ENTER .
2
64
2
3
2 3
u = i j +
k
5
5 5
Worked Example 15
Let u = 5 i + 2 j . Find a vector parallel to u such that the dot product is 87.
Think
Solve for k.
10
Write
Let v = k (5i + 2 j)
= 5ki + 2 kj
u . v = (5i + 2 j).(5ki + 2 kj)
= 25k + 4k
= 29k
29k = 87
k=3
v = 15i + 6 j
u = 5i + 2 j
So v = k (5i + 2 j)
Chapter 9 Vectors 65
Worked Example 19
Let a = mb + nc.
Write
Leta = mb + nc
Solve a = mb + nc for m, n and p.
Worked example 21
Let u = 2 i + 3 j + k and v = 3 i + 2 j k.
Find:
a the scalar resolute of v on u
b the vector resolute of v parallel
to u, namely v
to u, namely
c the vector resolute of v perpendicular
v .
think
Write u .
Write
u =
u . v =
14
3 14
14
i+
j+
k
7
14 14
14
14
Chapter 9 Vectors
67
3
14
14
68
1
1
3
(u . v )u = i
j k
7 14 14
c
20
31
13
v (u . v )u =
i+
j k
7 14 14
Worked Example 25
Let a particles position as a function of time be given by u = 2 cos ( ti ) + 3 sin ( t j ). Find the
equation of the path and sketch its graph.
Think
Write
x = 2 cos (t)
y = 3 sin (t)
x
= cos (t)
2
y
= sin (t)
3
x2
= cos2 (t)
4
y2
= sin2 (t)
9
x 2 y2
+
= cos2 (t) + sin2 (t)
4
9
x 2 y2
+
=1
4
9
y1(t ) = 3sin(t )
0 t 6.28 tstep = 0.13
then press ENTER .
Chapter 9 Vectors 69
Chapter 10
Vector calculus
Worked example 3
Substitute t = 2
Write
v ( t ) = ( 6t cos ( t )) i + ( e t + 2 ) j
b
1
v ( 2 ) = (12 ) i + 2 2 j
e
71
72
vav = 6 i + 1.567 j
Worked example 5
A body moves in such a way that its position vector in metres at an instant t seconds is given by:
1
1
r ( t ) = 15 t t 2 + 1 i + 12 t t 3 j, t 0.
2
3
Find:
a the velocity vector v( t )
b the acceleration vector
a( t )
c the angle between the velocity
vector and the acceleration vector of the body at a time t = 1 s, to
the nearest degree
d the time when the body has an acceleration of magnitude 9.8 m/s2.
think
Write
dr
v (t ) =
dt
v (t ) = (15 t ) i + (12 t 2 ) j
b
a(t ) =
a(t ) =
dv
dt
i 2tj
73
v (1) =14 i + 11 j
a(1) = i 2 j
a(1) . v (1)
cos( ) =
a(1) v (1)
v(1) = 317
a(1) = 5
a(1) . v (1) = 36
36
cos( ) =
317 5
74
solve
a(t ) = i 2tj
a(t ) = 1 + 4t 2
1 + 4t 2 = 9.8, t
Then press ENTER .
Note: Only positive solutions for t are
allowed.
Worked Example 10
1
i 9.8 e 10 j . At a time, t = 1, the object has a velocity in m/s of v(1) = 2 i 3 j .
is given by a( t ) = 12
The building is 50 m above the ground and hence the initial position of the object is taken to be
r = 0 i + 50 j .
What
is the initial acceleration of the object?
a
b Determine the velocity vector v( t ) for all times t 0.
c Determine the position vector r ( t ) for all times t 0.
Think
Write
1
a(0) = i 9.8 j
2
b
t
t
Define v (t ) = + m,98e 10 + n
12
v (t ) = a(t ) dt + c
t
t
10
v (t ) = i + 98e j + mi + nj
12
23
and n = 91.674
12
t
t 23
v (t ) = + i + 98e 10 91.674 j
12 12
m=
r (t ) = v (t ) dt + d
t
2
23
t
r (t ) = + t + p i + 980e 10 91.674t + q j
24 12
t
t 2 23
r (t ) = + t + p, 980e 10 91.674t + q
24
12
77
78
p = 0 and q = 1030
t
t 2 23
r (t ) = + t i + 980e 10 91.674t + 1030 j
24 12
CHAPTER 11
Mechanics
WORKED EXAMPLE 5
4
5
String 1
42
j
~
~i
1.0-kg mass
WRITE
String 2
~B
~i
A
~
42
j
~
W
~ = g~
W = g j
A = Ai
B = B cos(42 ) i + B sin(42) j
But R = 0 i + 0 j
R = ( A B cos(42 )) i + ( B sin(42 ) g) j
CHAPTER 11 Mechanics
79
80
A = 10.9 N
B = 14.6 N
WORKED EXAMPLE 6
j
A car of mass 800 kg is parked in a street which has an angle of elevation
~
of 15. The i direction is parallel down the street and the j direction is
to the street.
perpendicular
~i
15
The car is subject to three forces, namely its weight, W , the normal
applied force of the
reaction force, N , of the road acting on the car and the
brake (this is actually
a static friction force) F.
forces, W , N and F, acting on the car, taking the car
a Draw a vector diagram indicating the three
as a particle.
b What is the magnitude of the resultant force R?
express it as a vector using i j notation.
c Resolve the weight, W , into its components and
d Calculate the magnitude of N, the normal contact force, and the magnitude of the
applied force
of the brake, F.
j
~
15
~i
15
THINK
WRITE
N
~
j
~
~i
~F
15
W
~
R=0
R=0N
c
j
~
~i
15
15
Wy
W
~
Wx
F = 207g
CHAPTER 11 Mechanics
81
82
F = 207g
N = 773g
WORKED EXAMPLE 11
A skier of mass 60 kg begins a ski run from the top of a mountain down an 18 slope. A constant
friction force of 37 N acts on the skier as he descends.
a Draw a vector force diagram depicting the three forces which act on the skier.
b Write the equation of motion using Newtons Second Law of Motion.
c Determine the magnitude of the normal contact force and the acceleration of the skier.
d If there were no frictional force present, find the acceleration of the skier.
THINK
WRITE
j
~
~N
~F
Mass = 60 kg
~i
18
W
~
But:
W = 60 9.8 = 584N
F = 37N
= 18
R = ma
R = (W sin( ) F ) i + ( N W cos( )) j
R = max i + ma y j
R = 60 ax i + 0 j
W = 584N
F = 37N
= 18
N = 559.22 N
a = 2.41 m/s2
CHAPTER 11 Mechanics
83
84
a = 3.03 m/s2
WORKED EXAMPLE 15
35kg
25kg
Two carts connected by a light, inextensible rope are being accelerated
Tractor
across a tarmac by a tractor. The leading card (CartL) has a mass of
35 kg; the trailing cart (CartT) has a mass of 25 kg. The coefficient
CartT CartL
of friction on the tarmac is = 0.20. The tractor exerts a pulling force
of 190 N on the cart of mass 35 kg, as shown at right. The breaking
tension in the rope is 150 N.
a Draw a force vector diagram for each of the two masses.
b Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of the two carts.
c Calculate the tension in the rope which connects the two masses.
d If the two masses are to be accelerated at a higher rate, what is the greatest acceleration of the
carts before the rope breaks?
THINK
WRITE
N
~1
(CartT)
T
~
F1
~
W
~1
Mass 1 = 25 kg
N2
~
~F2
A
~ (Cart )
L
~T
W
~2
Mass 2 = 35 kg
R = (T F1 ) i + ( N1 25g) j
= 25ai + 0 j
N1 25g = 0
N1 = 25g
F1 = N1
= 0.2(25g)
= 5g
T 5g = 25a
CartL:
9
10
CartT:
T F1 = 25a
[1]
R = (190 F2 T ) i + ( N 2 35g) j
= 35ai + 0 j
N2 35g = 0
N2 = 35g
F2 = 0.2(35g)
= 7g
CHAPTER 11 Mechanics
85
11
190 F2 T = 35a
12
190 7g T = 35a
13
14
86
Solve for a.
[2]