EXPERIMENT REPORT

SEPARATION

GROUP V :
PUTRI MEGA ANANDA

(123 194 205)

ZAIMATUL UMAH

(123 194 232)

RADIAN DANY APRILIA

(123 194 236)

THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF SURABAYA

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
2012
TITLE

: SEPARATION

DATE OF EXPERIMENT : November, 20th 2012

PURPOSE

: To separate solid substances from liquid substances

To separate solid substances from solid substances

BASIC THEORY
Something is a MIXTURE if it contains two (or more) substances that are not
chemically joined together. The substances in a mixture can often be easily separated
from one another.
A PURE substance only contains one material and so cannot be separated in
any way (unless a chemical reaction takes place).
Mixtures are all able to be separated by exploiting some physical property. No
chemical changes need be involved, so the substances will retain their chemical
identity throughout the separation process.
Mixtures are of two types, homogeneous and heterogeneous.

Homogeneous mixtures have the same composition throughout the sample.

The components of such mixtures cannot be seen under a powerful
microscope. They are also called solutions. Examples of homogeneous
mixtures are air, sea-water, gasoline, brass etc.

Heterogeneous mixtures consist of two or more parts (phases), which have

different compositions. These mixtures have visible boundaries of separation
between the different constituents and can be seen with the naked eye e.g.,
sand and salt, chalk powder in water etc.

The separation of mixtures into its constituents in a pure state is an important

process in chemistry. The constituents of any mixture can be separated on the basis of

their differences in their physical and chemical properties e.g., particle size, solubility,
effect of heat, acidity or base city etc.
Some of the methods for separation of mixtures are:

Sedimentation or Decantation

Filtration

Crystallization

Sublimation

Evaporation

Distillation

Filtration:
Filtration is a bit more sophistication than manually picking out stuff. Mix the
sand/salt with water. The salt dissolves, the sand does not. Pour through a filter to
separate the sand, then heat the salt water to drive off the water. All physical changes.
Often, in chemistry, a reaction will be carried out and a solid material formed where
there was none before. Filtration is the most common technique to remove the solid
material.
Filters range widely in sophistication. Common ordinary filter paper (as might be
used to make coffee) is inexpensive. The filter used in an oil filter for a car costs a bit
more and so on. There are special application filters in various areas, both chemistry
and other, where the filters are quite expensive.

Solubility:
Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance
called solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid, or gaseous solvent to form a homogeneous
solution of the solute in the solvent. The solubility of a substance fundamentally
depends on the used solvent as well as on temperature and pressure. The extent of the
solubility of a substance in a specific solvent is measured as the saturation
concentration, where adding more solute does not increase the concentration of the
solution.
Most often, the solvent is a liquid, which can be a pure substance or a mixture.
One may also speak of solid solution, but rarely of solution in a gas (see vapor-liquid
equilibrium instead).
The extent of solubility ranges widely, from infinitely soluble (without limit)
(fully miscible such as ethanol in water, to poorly soluble, such as silver chloride in
water. The term insoluble is often applied to poorly or very poorly soluble
compounds.
Under certain conditions, the equilibrium solubility can be exceeded to give a
so-called supersaturated solution, which is meta stable.
Solubility is not to be confused with the ability to dissolve or liquefy a
substance, because the solution might occur not only because of dissolution but also
because of a chemical reaction. For example zinc, which is insoluble in hydrochloric
acid, does dissolve in hydrochloric acid but by chemical reaction into hydrogen gas
and zinc chloride, which in turn is soluble in the acid. Solubility does not also depend
on particle size or other kinetic factors; given enough time, even large particles will
eventually dissolve.

Sublimation:
Sublimation is the term for when matter undergoes a phase transition directly
from a solid to gaseous form, or vapor, without passing through the more common
liquid phase between the two. It is a specific case of vaporization.
The most well known example of a material that undergoes sublimation is dry
ice, or frozen carbon dioxide.

Evaporation:
Evaporation is a type of vaporization of a liquid that only occurs on the
surface of a liquid. The other type of vaporization is boiling, which, instead, occurs
within the entire mass of the liquid.
On average, the molecules in a glass of water do not have enough heat energy
to escape from the liquid. With sufficient heat, the liquid would turn into vapor
quickly (see boiling point). When the molecules collide, they transfer energy to each
other in varying degrees, based on how they collide. Sometimes the transfer is so onesided for a molecule near the surface that it ends up with enough energy to 'escape'
(evaporate).
Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle. The sun (solar energy)
drives evaporation of water from oceans, lakes, moisture in the soil, and other sources
of water. In hydrology, evaporation and transpiration (which involves evaporation
within plant stomata) are collectively termed evapotranspiration. Evaporation of
water occurs when the surface of the liquid is exposed, allowing molecules to escape
and form water vapor; this vapor can then rise up and form clouds.

Crystallization:
Crystallization is the (natural or artificial) process of formation of solid
crystals precipitating from a solution, melt or more rarely deposited directly from a
gas. Crystallization is also a chemical solidliquid separation technique, in which
mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase
occurs. In chemical engineering crystallization occurs in a crystallizer. Crystallization
is therefore an aspect of precipitation, obtained through a variation of the solubility
conditions of the solute in the solvent, as compared to precipitation due to chemical
reaction

DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT
Equipment
Beaker glass
Measuring glass 50 ml
Funnel
Burner
Evaporating Disk
Watch Glass
Filter Paper
Materials
CuSO4.5H2O
Salt
Naphthalene
Chalk
Sand
Experiment Steps
1. Filled a spoon of sand into beaker glass which is fulfilled with water then
mixed it. Waited until the sand settles then poured the solution.
2. Filled powder of chalk into beaker glass which is fulfilled with water then
mixed it. Filtered it with funnel and filter paper.
3. Dissolved the salt into beaker glass which is fulfilled water, then filtered the
salt solution with filter paper. Evaporate this solution on evaporating disk until
the water is lost.
4. Dissolved 1 gram of CuSO4.5H2O salt into 10 ml water. Evaporated the salt
solution until the volume is almost completely, and then made it cold. Looked
at the shape of the crystal.
5. Mixed a spoon of sand, a spoon of salt and water into beaker glass then
mixed it until it becomes homogeny solution. Heated this mixture then filtered
it. Solid substance which is left in funnel washed it with water (approximately
5 ml) two until three times. The water of the filtration result and washing
water is became one then evaporate it into evaporating disk. If the water is
almost completely, the burner should be eliminated and let the water vapors.
6. Filled 1 gram of dirty naphthalene (its polluted with the sand or sodium
carbonate) into evaporating disk. Closed the disk with watch glass which is
fulfilled with water. Heated it slowly until it forms solid solution in watch

glass. After it is cold, collected the crystals and noticed the shape of the
crystals.

PROCEDURE
1. Decantation
1 spoon of sand
- Entered into a beaker containing water
- Stirred up the average
- waited a minute until the sand settle in
Bottom beaker glass
- Upper solution was poured

Residue

Filtrate

Water

Sand

2. Filtration
Chalk powder
-

Entered into backer glass

Stirred until flat
Filtered by filter paper and funnel

Filtrate

Residue

water

Chalk

3. Filtration and Crystallization

Salt
- Disolved into beaker containing water
- Filtrated with paper of filter
- Steam in evaporation cup until water is
completed
Filtrate

Residue

Crystals

Steam

4. Evaporation
1 gram of CuSO4.5H2O
- Disolved in 10ml of water
- Steam until the volume almost completed
- Cooled
- Observed the result
CuSO4 crystals white

5. Filtration and Evaporation

1 spoon of sand + 1 spoon of salt +
water
- Mixed in a beaker glass
- Stirred up a homogeneous solution
- Heated
- Filtrated by filter paper and funnel
- The solid left on the filter was washed with water (5ml) 3 times
- The water distillate and washing evaporated in a cup of water
evaporation
- if the water is low the burner a sid
Salt crystals

6. Sublimation
1 gram of naphtalena
- Littred with sand/sodium carbonate
- put it a cup of evaporation
- the cup closed with a watch glass containing water
- heated slowly until at form a solid land on a watch glass
- cooled
- look crystalline form
Naphtalena crystal

ANALYSIS
Based on the our experiment that we did, we mix Sand + H2O,this process
called decantation, and the sand is still in the beaker glass and we saperate the water
from the sand so it makes the water muddy and the there is precipitation of sand in
beaker glass The second experiment we did was observation of chalk + H2O, filtrate
the chalk emultion with funnel and filter paper then we get pure water and there is
chalk sediment in the filter paper. Same with filtration of chalk emultion ,mix
NaCl+H2O, filtration and the result is the water is colorless and when the water was
heating(evaporate) till the water run out, the result is white color of crystal NaCl and
the shape is cubic and little abit rough.Then we observe CuSO4.5H2O+ H2O,
crystallization and its result there is crystal of it and the color is blue (cubic crystal of
CuSO4).After that we observe sand+NaCl+H2O and its result is turbid solution, the
first we did is mix them all,then fitrate them and heating the solution for awhile,then
when we get white crystal of NaCl (cubic shape) of the crystallization and the cristal
is better then the cristal on previous eveporation.The last observation is the mixture
naphthalene (green color)+sand(black color) when we sublimate that mixture and its
result is there are crystal of naphthalene under the watch glass where we put ice onto,
the color is clear white, the shape is tinny needles and sand is left on evaporating disk
because sand didnt react with any process.In our first and second experimen we did
separation but with different shape and size of particle,chalk has smaller particle than
the sand.so in fiIn the experiment one and two is different of separation because the
shape of particle chalk is smaller than particle of sand, The second experiment we did
filtration by funnel and filter paper because the particle of chalk is very small and it
almost perfectly dissolved in the water .On the third experiment we filtered first
before evaporation of NaCl+H2O because to filtration the residue of NaCl and maybe
there is a waste in that solution so we get colorless filtrate. The result of evaporation
is cubic crystal of NaCl. On the fourth experiment, CuSO 4.5H2O formed cubic crystal
of Cu with blue colour. On the fifth experiment, we wash until three times because
the residue of NaCl that include in sand can be filtrate so the result is solution of

NaCl in beaker glass and only sand in filter paper. On the sixth experiment formed
crystal of naphthalene. The shape is like needle

CONCLUSION
There are some ways to separate substances, Solid substance from liquid
substance and solid substance and solid substance from solid substance. Steaming,
crystallization and distillation are used to separate solid substance that can be
dissolved in liquid substance. But for solid substance cant be dissolve in liquid
substance, we just used decantation or filtration. Dissolving or filtration, levels
crystallization and sublimation are used to separate solid substance from solid
substance. But, every ways above separate the substances unclearly, usually there are
residue in the result.
REFERENCES
Tim kimia dasar, 2012, Petunjuk Praktikum Kimia Dasar 1, Surabaya : UNESA
G. SHELA 1990 VOGEL Text Book of Macro Semi macro Quantitative Inorganic
Analysis.
Sugiarto Bambang, dkk, 2007.Kimia Dasar 1 Unesa University Press Surabaya