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ABASTRCT
The effects of various fineness moduli (FM) of fine aggregate on
the engineering properties of high-performance concrete (HPC) were
studied. Two kinds of coarse aggregates (stiff and soft) and three kinds
of fine aggregates (FM=3.24, 2.73 and 2.18) were used. The results
indicate that the slump and flowability for all fresh concrete in this
study right after mixing are between 265 and 280 mm, and 670 and 790
mm , respectively. The compressive strengths at the age of 28 days
range from 60.2 to 68.7 MPa (stiff coarse aggregate), and 42.0 to 46.0
MPa (soft coarse aggregate), respectively. The corresponding moduli
of elasticity are in the range between 27.5 and 29.1 GPa (stiff aggregate), and 23.4 and 25.2 GPa (soft aggregate), respectively. Using the
same concrete mixture, the coarsest fine aggregate (FM=3.24) has better positive effects on the properties of the fresh and hardened HPC.
I. INTRODUCTION
At an early stage of development in the 1980s,
the high-performance concrete (HPC) was regarded
as a concrete that had many advantageous engineering properties such as high strength, high modulus of
elasticity, high workability, low permeability, etc.
(Mehta, 1999). During the progress of HPC
development, various definitions for HPC have been
given (Russels, 1999). Due to its versatile features,
*Correspondence addressee
290
as follows:
(i) Type I Portland cement complying with CNS 61
and ASTM C 150 Specifications with a specific
gravity of 3.15;
(ii) Coarse aggregates from both crushed sandstone
denoted by CA1 and crushed brick denoted by
CA2.;
(iii)Fine aggregates from river siliceous sands with
three different values of fineness moduli denoted
by FA1 (F.M.=3.24), FA2 (F.M.=2.73) and FA3
(F.M.=2.18), respectively;
(iv) Type F fly ash from local fossil fuel power plants
complying with ASTM C 618 specification with
a specific gravity of 2.29;
(v) Ground blast-furnace slag from a local steel mill
complying with ASTM C 989 specification with
a specific gravity of 2.87;
(vi) Type G superplasticizer in liquid form from the
local manufacturer with a specific gravity of
1.20.
The mechanical properties for coarse and fine
aggregates are given in Table 1. The compressive
strengths of coarse aggregates in Table 1 were tested
and determined by volume-average compressive
strength (Chang, 1996a). 70 individual particles of
coarse aggregate were used in the test. The results of
sieve analysis for both aggregates are given in Table
2. The mix proportioning of high-performance concrete follows the concepts of the so-called Leastvoid method (Chang, 1996b). A water/binder ratio
(W/B) of 0.31 and a water/cement ratio (W/C) of
0.454 were used. The percentage of replacement of
cement with blast furnace slag in the binder is 5%,
and that of fine aggregate with the fly ash in the aggregate packing is 13%. Final mix proportions of
HPC are summarized in Table 3. There are six sets
of concrete mix proportions, S-series (S1, S2 and S3)
using crushed sandstone and SB-series (SB1, SB2 and
SB3) using crushed brick. Due to the high percentage of absorption (about 9.0%), the pieces of crushed
brick were saturated in water for about an hour, and
then sifted out of the water until they were in the saturated-surface dry condition (SSD) right before they
were used in the concrete specimen casting. Although
the percentage of absorption of the crushed sandstone
was low of about 1.3%, these crushed pieces of sandstone were also kept in an SSD condition by water
soaking and then sifting. The main purpose of keeping these coarse aggregates in an SSD condition in
casting the concrete specimen is to avoid any additional absorption of either water or superplasticizer
in the cement paste by coarse aggregates during the
fresh concrete stage. All concrete specimens were
cast in the 100 mm by 200 mm steel module. 24
291
T.P. Chang et al.: Effects of Various Fineness Moduli of Fine Aggregate on Engineering Properties
Item
Coarse aggregate
Designation
Designation
CA1
(Sandstone)
D max (mm)
Specific gravity (SSD)
Absorption (%)
Unit weight (kg/m3)
Passing #50 sieve (%)
Fineness modulus (FM)
Compressive strength (MPa)
Modulus of elasticity (GPa)
9.52
2.64
1.3
1522
0.0
6.32
93.55*
51.04 #
CA2
(Brick)
FA1
9.52
2.07
9.0
1229
0.0
6.32
42.37*
21.80 $
FA2
4.75
2.65
1.85
1761
8.6
3.24
4.75
2.64
1.90
1741
17.8
2.73
FA3
4.75
2.59
2.10
1601
30.0
2.18
Coarse aggregate
Sieve #
Sieve #
Retaining %
1-1/2"
1"
3/4"
1/2"
3/8"
#4
#8
F.M.
4.0
33.7
56.8
5.5
6.32
FA1
Retaining %
FA2
Retaining %
FA3
Retaining %
8.9
22.2
25.6
25.5
11.8
6.0
2.73
4.0
12.1
22.2
31.7
19.4
10.6
2.18
11.6
36.5
27.8
15.7
5.9
2.7
3.24
#4
#8
#16
#30
#50
#100
Pan
F.M.
Component
S1
(+FA1)
S2
(+FA2)
S3
(+FA3)
SB1
(+FA1)
SB2
(+FA2)
SB3
(+FA3)
Coarse aggregate
Fine aggregate
Fly ash
Slag
Cement
Water
Superplasticizer
751
980
146
19
353
139.9
20.7
751
976
146
19
353
138.6
22.0
751
958
146
19
353
134.7
25.9
589
980
146
19
353
139.9
20.7
589
976
146
19
353
138.6
22.0
589
958
146
19
353
134.7
25.9
2. Testing Program
The properties of concrete investigated in this
study included slump, slump flow (flowability), unit
weight, compressive strength, splitting tensile
strength, static modulus of elasticity and Poissons
292
C ={C
+ f[ (1 f)( C C *) S f( C C *)
+ C ] 1( C C *) C
*
1 1
(1)
where C , C and C are the tensors of material elastic constants for the concrete, matrix and coarse
aggregate, respectively; S is the Eshelby tensor; f is
the volumetric fraction of coarse aggregate. Based
on Eq. (1), a computer program using FORTRAN
T.P. Chang et al.: Effects of Various Fineness Moduli of Fine Aggregate on Engineering Properties
Fig. 3
293
language was written for calculating the global modulus of elasticity of a composite material at various
conditions. Thus the relation among the volumetric
fraction f, the ratios of E c/E m and E a /E m , where E c ,
Em and Ea are the moduli of elasticity for the concrete,
mortar and coarse aggregate, respectively, can be
shown in Fig. 2. From Fig. 2, it is obvious that the
more stiff coarse aggregate used in the concrete, the
higher the modulus of elasticity of concrete will be.
This analytical result will be verified experimentally
later in this study.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Average values of test results are presented in
Table 4. The effects of various fineness moduli of
fine aggregate on the engineering properties of HPC
are addressed as follows:
1. Flowing Properties, Fresh Stage
Although a very low value of water/binder ratio
(W/B) of 0.31 was used, an HPC with a high
flowability and workability could still be reached
using the proper amount of mineral admixture and
superplasticizer. The experimental data on slump and
flowability for all six sets of concrete mixtures indicate a satisfactory flowing consistency and highworkability of fresh concrete as shown in Table 4,
Figs. 3 and 4. Their slumps and values of flowability
range from 265 to 280 mm, and from 670 to 790 mm,
respectively, right after the concrete was well mixed.
Even after 2 hours, these two values still range from
235 to 260 mm, and from 570 to 610 mm. It is noted
that, for the HPC with crushed sandstone (S-series),
the highest values of slump appear at 30 minutes
after the concrete mixing. These beneficial effects
on the workability could be attributed to the slags
ability to retain the free water, during the early cement and water mixing stage, without participating
in the early hydration process of the cement paste.
However, this situation was not observed for HPC
with crushed brick (SB-series) due to its higher absorption capacity (9%). By using crushed brick pieces
as the coarse aggregates, the fresh SB-series HPC with
the finer fine aggregate (FM=2.18) reveals a bigger
slump loss of 45 mm in two hours than that of 25
mm, using the larger fine aggregate (FM=3.24).
However, for the S-series HPC with crushed sandstone as coarse aggregates, the slump loss within the
same time period is only 10 mm, using either coarser
or finer fine aggregate. A similar trend is also
detected in the flowability of fresh HPC but with relatively less influence as shown in Table 4 and Fig. 4.
There was no segregation nor bleeding found throughout the slump test. In order to obtain a comparable
slump and flowability, both S-series and SB-series
HPCs with finer fine aggregates (FM=2.18) and the
higher percentage of finer particles passing through
294
Age
S1
S2
S3
SB1
SB2
SB3
Slump
(mm)
0 min.
30 min.
60 min.
90 min.
120 min.
270
275
270
265
260
270
270
270
260
260
265
270
265
260
255
275
270
260
250
250
280
270
270
260
245
280
275
270
260
235
Flowability (mm)
0 min.
30 min.
60 min.
90 min.
120 min.
740
700
680
650
610
730
700
670
630
600
670
650
620
590
570
730
700
670
650
610
790
750
715
660
600
750
710
650
615
590
Unit weights
(kg/m 3)
7 days
28 days
56 days
120 days
2410
2421
2424
2427
2397
2408
2404
2405
2367
2372
2375
2377
2242
2255
2257
2267
2219
2239
2240
2252
2182
2197
2198
2203
Compressive
strength
(MPa)
7 days
28 days
56 days
120 days
50.0
68.7
77.0
82.3
48.0
66.6
76.6
81.6
44.0
60.2
68.0
71.3
36.3
46.0
52.0
58.1
34.3
44.8
51.7
57.8
27.0
42.0
45.4
49.7
fsp (MPa)
28 day
3.51
3.46
2.73
3.01
2.55
2.53
Ed (GPa)
56 days
43.0
41.6
42.5
30.6
29.7
27.6
vd
56 days
0.33
0.33
0.30
0.29
0.30
0.30
Ed (GPa)
120 days
45.7
42.9
42.5
32.9
32.1
28.9
vd
120 days
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.29
0.28
E s (GPa)
56 days
29.1
28.6
27.5
25.2
24.4
23.4
vs
56 days
0.20
0.24
0.18
0.19
0.25
0.21
56 days
45.03
44.36
41.04
33.25
32.78
29.86
Cement efficiency
(MPa/kg)
7 days
28 days
56 days
120 days
0.141
0.194
0.218
0.233
0.135
0.189
0.217
0.232
0.125
0.171
0.192
0.202
0.103
0.130
0.147
0.165
0.097
0.127
0.146
0.164
0.077
0.119
0.129
0.141
Binder efficiency
(MPa/kg)
7 days
28 days
56 days
120 days
0.098
0.132
0.149
0.159
0.092
0.132
0.148
0.158
0.085
0.117
0.131
0.137
0.070
0.089
0.100
0.112
0.067
0.086
0.100
0.112
0.052
0.081
0.087
0.096
Notes: f sp=splitting tensile strength; E d =dynamic modulus of elasticity; v d=dynamic Poissons ratio; E s=static
modulus of elasticity; v s=static Poissons ratio.
a #50 sieve require more dosage of superplasticizer
as shown in Table 4 and Fig. 5. The figure shows
that the percentages of superplasticizer are 4%, 4.25%
and 5% for coarse sand (S1), medium sand (S2) and
fine sand (S3), respectively. The finer the fine aggregate is, the more superplasticizer in HPC is required to maintain its high workability. The requirement for a higher dosage of superplasticizer for HPC
with finer fine aggregate could be also attributed to
T.P. Chang et al.: Effects of Various Fineness Moduli of Fine Aggregate on Engineering Properties
295
3. Compressive Strengths
Typical stress-strain curves of the uniaxial
compressive tests for both S-series and SB-series are
shown in Figs. 7 and 8. Both Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 show
that the strains at maximum loads for both HPCs are
in the range between 0.0028 and 0.0034. The 28-day
compressive strengths of concrete in the S-series and
SB-series HPCs range from 60.2 to 68.7 MPa and 42
to 46.0 MPa, respectively, as shown in Table 4 and
Fig. 9. Table 4 shows that both concrete mixtures S1
and SB1, which incorporate the coarsest fine
aggregates, have the highest compressive strengths.
The difference between the highest and the lowest
compressive strengths in each individual mixture series is about 10%. Since the higher compressive
strength of coarse aggregate of 71.86 MPa used in
the S-series specimen, which is about 69.6% higher
than that of 42.37 MPa in the SB-series specimen,
296
T.P. Chang et al.: Effects of Various Fineness Moduli of Fine Aggregate on Engineering Properties
(2)
297
298
code (CEB-90) provide an empirical equation relating the modulus of elasticity to the compressive
strength of concrete shown as follows:
(4)
T.P. Chang et al.: Effects of Various Fineness Moduli of Fine Aggregate on Engineering Properties
crushed sandstone, the slump loss is the same regardless of the different fineness moduli of fine aggregates in HPC. The effects of different fineness
moduli of fine aggregates on the loss of flowing
properties of HPC seem to be insignificant compared with the increase of the density of the coarse
aggregate.
2. There is no additional gain in the splitting tensile
strength in HPC using coarser fine aggregate in contrast to compressive strengths where the coarser the
fine aggregate is, the higher the compressive
strength in HPC will be.
3. To achieve similar workability in fresh concrete,
HPC using smaller fineness modulus of fine aggregates requires a bigger amount of superplasticizer
in the concrete mixing.
4. For the specific size gradation and maximum aggregate size of coarse aggregates used in this study,
the aggregate mixture incorporating the coarser fine
aggregates results in a denser packing structure. In
turn, the HPCs with a denser aggregate packing
have a 10% higher strength and modulus of
elasticity. Fine aggregate with fineness moduli in
the range of 2.18 and 3.24 seems to not substantially affect the compressive strengths and moduli
of elasticity of HPC.
5. With the same fineness modulus and size gradation of fine aggregate, stronger coarse aggregates
substantially increase the compressive strength and
modulus of elasticity of HPC, but have little effect
on the Poissons ratios.
6. Both the higher strength of coarse aggregate and
coarser fine aggregate in HPC result in higher efficiency index of the cement.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are grateful to the National Science Council of Taiwan, R.O.C., for sponsoring the
research project under the contract number NSC852211-E-011-010 to the National Taiwan University
of Science and Technology.
NOMENCLATURE
CA1 Coarse aggregate (crushed sandstone)
CA2 Coarse aggregate (crushed brick)
C
Tensor of material elastic constants for the concrete
C
Tensor of material elastic constants for the matrix
C * Tensor of material elastic constants for the
coarse aggregate
Ea
Modulus of elasticity for coarse aggregate
Ec
Modulus of elasticity for concrete
Em
Modulus of elasticity for mortar
f
FA1
FA2
FA3
FM
HPC
MAZ
S1
S2
S3
SB1
SB2
SB3
299
Volumetric fraction
Fine aggregate FM=3.24
Fine aggregate FM=2.73
Fine aggregate FM=2.18
Fineness modulus of aggregate
High performance concrete
Maximum aggregate size
CA1 mix with FA1
CA1 mix with FA2
CA1 mix with FA3
CA2 mix with FA1
CA2 mix with FA2
CA2 mix with FA3
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Manuscript Received: Apr. 24, 1999
Revision Received: Aug. 03, 2000
and Accepted: Sep. 21, 2000
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