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Roundabouts
FHWA-SA-10-006
Foreword
This technical summary is designed as a reference for State and local transportation officials, Federal Highway
Administration (FHWA) Division Safety Engineers, and other professionals involved in the design, selection, and
implementation of roundabouts. Its purpose is to provide an overview of safety considerations in the design,
implementation, and operation of roundabout intersections in urban, suburban, and rural environments where
design considerations can vary as a function of land uses, travel speeds, volumes of traffic by mode (e.g., car,
pedestrian, or bicycle), and many other variables.
This technical summary explores the characteristics of modern roundabouts while reinforcing the need to
apply a principles-based approach to design. It provides readers with an overview of the key considerations
for planning, analysis, and design of single-lane and multilane roundabouts. Section 1 of this document
summarizes the characteristics of roundabouts. Section 2 presents benefits of roundabout intersections
compared to traditional signalized and/or stop-controlled intersections. Sections 3-6 provide an overview of
user, location, operational and design considerations respectively.
The information presented in this summary outlines the principles described in the FHWA document
Roundabouts: An Informational Guide [1] and the forthcoming 2nd Edition [2] of that document (hereafter
referred to as the Roundabout Guide), which is in progress at the time of this writing and due to be published in
2010. Specific considerations for mini-roundabouts are summarized in a separate FHWA document titled MiniRoundabouts Technical Summary [3]. Figures are from the Roundabout Guide unless otherwise noted.
This publication does not supersede any publication; and is a Final version.
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Section 1: Characteristics of Roundabouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Section 2: Benefits of Roundabouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Section 3: User Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1 Motorists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2 Pedestrians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3 Bicycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.4 Emergency Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
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6.7 Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.8 Landscaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.9 Other Design Details and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Section 7: Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Section 8: References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
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Introduction
Modern roundabouts are a type of intersection characterized by a generally circular shape, yield
control on entry, and geometric features that create a low-speed environment. Modern roundabouts
have been demonstrated to provide a number of safety, operational, and other benefits when
compared to other types of intersections. On projects that construct new or improved intersections,
the modern roundabout should be examined as an alternative. This technical summary explores the
characteristics of modern roundabouts while reinforcing the need to apply a principles-based approach to design. It provides readers with an overview of the key considerations for planning, analysis, and design of single-lane and multilane roundabouts.
published in 2010. Specific considerations for miniroundabouts are summarized in a separate FHWA
document titled Mini-Roundabouts Technical Summary
[3]. Figures are from the Roundabout Guide unless
otherwise noted.
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Channelized approaches;
No need to
change lanes
to exit
Counterclockwise
circulation
Can have
more than
one lane
Yield signs
at entries
Geometry that
forces slow
speeds
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Mini Roundabout
Single-Lane Roundabout
Multi-Lane Roundabout
15 to 20 mph
(25 to 30 km/h)
20 to 25 mph
(30 to 40 km/h)
25 to 30 mph
(40 to 50 km/h)
2+
45 to 90 ft
(13 to 27 m)
90 to 180 ft
(27 to 55 m)
150 to 300 ft
(46 to 91 m)
Fully traversable
Up to approximately
15,000 veh/day
Up to approximately
25,000 veh/day
Up to approximately 45,000
veh/day for two-lane
roundabout
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3.2 Pedestrians
Pedestrians are accommodated at pedestrian crosswalks
around the perimeter of the roundabout. By providing
space to pause on the splitter island, pedestrians can
consider one direction of conflicting traffic at a time,
which simplifies the task of crossing the street. The low
vehicular speeds through a roundabout also allow more
time for drivers and pedestrians to react to one another
and to reduce the consequences of error. As a result, few
crashes involving pedestrians have been reported at
roundabouts [4].
Pedestrians with vision impairments may have more
difficulty crossing roundabouts due to the following
key factors:
Pedestrians with vision impairments may have trouble
finding crosswalks because crosswalks are located
outside the projection of approaching sidewalks and the
curvilinear nature of roundabouts alters the normal audible
and tactile cues they use to find crosswalks.
Roundabouts do not typically include the normal
audible and tactile cues used by pedestrians with vision
impairments to align themselves with the crosswalk
throughout the crossing maneuver.
The sound of circulating traffic masks the audible cues that
blind pedestrians use to identify the appropriate time to
enter the crosswalk (both detecting a gap and detecting
that a vehicle has yielded).
The Americans with Disabilities Act requires that all new
and modified intersections, including roundabouts,
be accessible to and usable by people with disabilities.
Further discussion on treatments can be found later in
this technical summary and in the Roundabout Guide.
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3.3 Bicycles
Bicyclists have a broad range of skills and experiences,
and roundabouts are typically designed to
accommodate that wide range. Bicyclists should be
provided similar options to negotiate roundabouts
as they have at conventional intersections, where
they navigate either as motor vehicles or pedestrians
depending on the size of the intersection, traffic
volumes, their experience level, and other factors.
Bicyclists are often comfortable riding through singlelane roundabouts in low-volume environments in
the travel lane with motor vehicles, as speeds are
comparable and potential conflicts are low. At larger
or busier roundabouts, many cyclists may be more
comfortable and safer using ramps connecting to a
sidewalk or multiuse path around the perimeter of the
roundabout as a pedestrian.
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Commercial developments
Roundabouts are an aesthetically pleasing
design alternative to traffic signals and have
the ability to meet similar capacity needs.
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50,000
45,000
40,000
Double-lane roundabout may be
sufficient (additional analysis needed)
35,000
AADT
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
Single-lane roundabout
likely to operate
acceptably
10,000
Double-lane roundabout
likely to operate
acceptably
5,000
0
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Left-Turn Percentage
1,400
1,200
1,000
Capacity (pc/h)
800
600
400
Capacity of one-lane or either lane of twolane entry against one conflicting lane
200
Dashed regression extrapolated beyond the data
0
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
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12
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R4
R2
R1
R3
40
35
30
25
Speed (mph)
20
15
10
5
0
0
50
100
150
200
Radius (ft)
e=+0.02
250
300
350
e=-0.02
400
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Mini-Roundabout
SU-30 (SU-9)
45 to 90 ft
(14 to 27 m)
Single-Lane Roundabout
B-40 (B-12)
90 to 150 ft
(27 to 46 m)
WB-50 (WB-15)
105 to 150 ft
(32 to 46 m)
WB-67 (WB-20)
130 to 180 ft
(40 to 55 m)
WB-50 (WB-15)
150 to 220 ft
(46 to 67 m)
WB-67 (WB-20)
165 to 220 ft
(50 to 67 m)
WB-50 (WB-15)
200 to 250 ft
(61 to 76 m)
WB-67 (WB-20)
220 to 300 ft
(67 to 91 m)
* Assumes 90-degree angles between entries and no more than four legs.
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mounting signs.
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ensure that users are able to safely enter and exit the
circulatory roadway. This area often requires pavement
warping or cross-slope transitions to provide an
appropriate cross-slope transition rate through the entire
transition area. Grading the vertical profile should also
ensure that adequate sight distance is provided for the
intersection and entry. Adjustments to the circulatory
roadway cross slope may be required to meet these
criteria, but should be balanced with the effects on the
circulatory roadway.
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A - Normal arrows
B - Fish-hook arrows
Match arrow(s)
with desired lane
use configuration
Match arrow(s)
with desired lane
use configuration
6.6.2 Signing
The overall concept for roundabout signing
is similar to general intersection signing.
Optional for
Proper regulatory control, advance warning,
left-most lane
and directional guidance are required to
avoid driver expectancy-related problems.
Signs should be located where they have
maximum visibility for road users but a
minimal likelihood of even momentarily
obscuring more vulnerable users including pedestrians,
motorcyclists, and bicyclists. Signing needs are different
for urban and rural applications and for different
categories of roundabouts.
Figure 26 shows typical layouts of regulatory and
warning signs for single-lane and multilane roundabouts.
For multilane roundabouts, lane-use signs can use the
same range of lane-use arrow options as described for
pavement markings.
Optional for
left-most lane
(Optional)
OR
(Optional)
(Optional)
(Optional)
(Optional)
(Optional)
(Optional)
OR
(Optional)
(Optional)
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OR
OR
6.7 Lighting
Roundabouts, including their pedestrian
crossing areas and bicycle design features,
should be conspicuous and visible to
approaching drivers. The overall illumination
of the roundabout should be based on local
and national guidelines for street lighting. The
Design Guide for Roundabout Lighting [12],
published by the Illuminating Engineering
Society (IES), is the primary resource that
should be consulted in completing a
lighting plan for all roundabout types.
Local illumination standards should also be
considered when establishing the illumination
at the roundabout to ensure that the lighting
is consistent. The Roundabout Guide provides
a more detailed summary of lighting principles
and guidelines.
6.8 Landscaping
Landscaping of roundabouts plays an
important role in improving the aesthetics
of an area, as shown in Figure 28. However,
landscaping has a number of functional
purposes:
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Section 7: Costs
Construction costs for roundabouts vary widely, from tens of thousands of dollars for minor retrofits
of small intersections using existing curb lines, existing pavement, and no landscaping to millions
of dollars for major reconstruction of large intersections with significant earthwork, structures, and
landscaping. Right-of-way costs also vary widely depending on impact area and land uses. As a
result, a case-by-case evaluation of construction costs is needed for a reasonable assessment.
A benefit-cost analysis may be useful in alternatives
analysis, as it recognizes that not all of the benefits
and costs of an alternative can be quantified by
pure construction costs. The safety, operational,
and environmental benefits of roundabouts can be
quantified and compared to the initial construction
and ongoing maintenance cost over the life cycle
of the roundabout. While initial construction costs
might be higher for a roundabout in a retrofit situation
(they are often comparable in new installations), the
roundabouts ongoing maintenance is often cheaper
than for signalized intersections, as there is typically no
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Section 8: References
1. Robinson, B. W., L. Rodegerdts, W. Scarbrough, W. Kittelson, R. Troutbeck, W. Brilon, L. Bondzio, K. Courage, M.
Kyte, J. Mason, A. Flannery, E. Myers, J. Bunker, and G. Jacquemart. Roundabouts: An Informational Guide. Report
FHWA-RD-00-067. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, June 2000.
2. Rodegerdts, L. A., et al. Roundabouts: An Informational Guide, 2nd Edition. National Cooperative Highway Research
Program Project 03-65A. Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Work in
progress; estimated publication 2010.
3. Rodegerdts, L. A., W. E. Scarbrough, and J. A. Bansen. Technical Summary on Mini-Roundabouts. FHWA,
Washington, D.C., 2010.
4. Rodegerdts, L., M Blogg, E. Wemple, E. Myers, M. Kyte, M. Dixon, G. List, A. Flannery, R. Troutbeck, W. Brilon, N. Wu,
B. Persaud, C. Lyon, D. Harkey, D. Carter. Roundabouts in the United States. National Cooperative Highway Research
Program Report 572. Transportation Research Board, National Academies of Science, Washington, D.C., 2007.
5. Persaud, B. N., R. A. Retting, P. E. Garder, and D. Lord. Crash Reductions Following Installation of Roundabouts in the
United States. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Arlington, Virginia, March 2000.
6. Cunningham, R. B. Marylands Roundabouts: Accident Experience and Economic Evaluation. Traffic Development
& Support Division, Office of Traffic and Safety, State Highway Administration, Maryland Department of
Transportation, March 2007.
7. Hughes, Ronald G., et al. NCHRP 03-78A: Crossing Solutions at Roundabouts and Channelized Turn Lanes for
Pedestrians with Vision Disabilities. Transportation Research Board, National Academies of Science, Washington, D.C.
Work in progress, estimated publication 2010.
8. Transportation Research Board. Highway Capacity Manual. Transportation Research Board, National Academies of
Science, Washington, D.C. Work in progress, estimated publication 2010.
9. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). A Policy on Geometric Design of
Highways and Streets. AASHTO, Washington, D.C., 2004.
10. Kittelson & Associates, Inc. and TranSystems Corporation. Kansas Roundabout Guide: A Supplement to FHWAs
Roundabouts: An Informational Guide. Kansas Department of Transportation, Topeka, Kansas, October 2003.
11. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. FHWA, Washington, D.C., 2009.
12. Illuminating Engineering Society. Design Guide for Roundabout Lighting. Publication IES DG-19-08. Illuminating
Engineering Society of North America, New York, February 2008.
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FHWA-SA-10-006
February 2010