Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 29

Belgium

Africa.[14] The second half of the 20th century was


marked by rising tensions between the Dutch-speaking
and the French-speaking citizens fueled by dierences in
language and the unequal economic development of Flanders and Wallonia. This continuing antagonism has led
to several far-reaching reforms, resulting in a transition
from a unitary to a federal arrangement during the period from 1970 to 1993. Despite the reforms, tensions
between the groups remain; the formation of a coalition
government took 18 months following the June 2010 federal election.[15]

This article is about the European country. For other


uses, see Belgium (disambiguation).
Belgian and Belgique redirect here. For the people,
see Belgians. For the community in Missouri, see
Belgique, Missouri.
Belgium ( i /bldm/; Dutch: Belgi; French: Belgique; German: Belgien), ocially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal monarchy in Western Europe. It is a
founding member of the European Union and hosts the
EUs headquarters as well as those of several other major
international organisations such as NATO.[nb 1] Belgium
covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres (11,787 sq
mi) and has a population of about 11 million people.

1 History

Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and


Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic
groups: the Dutch-speaking, mostly Flemish community,
which constitutes about 59% of the population, and the
French-speaking, mostly Walloon population and Brussels inhabitants, which comprises 41% of all Belgians.
Additionally, there is a small group of German-speakers
who are ocially recognized.

Main article: History of Belgium


The name 'Belgium' is derived from Gallia Belgica, a
Roman province in the northernmost part of Gaul that
before Roman invasion in 100 BC, was inhabited by the
Belgae, a mix of Celtic and Germanic peoples.[16][17] A
gradual immigration by Germanic Frankish tribes during the 5th century brought the area under the rule of the
Merovingian kings. A gradual shift of power during the
8th century led the kingdom of the Franks to evolve into
the Carolingian Empire.[18]

Belgiums two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking
southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region, ocially bilingual, is a mostly French-speaking
enclave within the Flemish Region.[6] A Germanspeaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia.[7][8] Belgiums linguistic diversity and related political conicts
are reected in its political history and complex system
of government.[9][10]

The Treaty of Verdun in 843 divided the region into


Middle and West Francia and therefore into a set of more
or less independent efdoms which, during the Middle
Ages, were vassals either of the King of France or of the
Holy Roman Emperor.[18]

Historically, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg


were known as the Low Countries; it once covered a
somewhat larger area than the current Benelux group of
states. The region was called Belgica in Latin, after the
Roman province of Gallia Belgica, which covered more
or less the same area. From the end of the Middle Ages
until the 17th century, the area of Belgium was a prosperous and cosmopolitan centre of commerce and culture. From the 16th century until the Belgian Revolution
in 1830, when Belgium seceded from the Netherlands,
the area of Belgium served as the battleground between
many European powers, causing it to be dubbed the Battleeld of Europe,[11] a reputation strengthened by both
World Wars.

Many of these efdoms were united in the Burgundian


Netherlands of the 14th and 15th centuries.[19] Emperor
Charles V extended the personal union of the Seventeen
Provinces in the 1540s, making it far more than a personal
union by the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 and increased
his inuence over the Prince-Bishopric of Lige.[20]

The Eighty Years War (15681648) divided the Low


Countries into the northern United Provinces (Belgica
Foederata in Latin, the Federated Netherlands) and the
Southern Netherlands (Belgica Regia, the Royal Netherlands). The latter were ruled successively by the Spanish
and the Austrian Habsburgs and comprised most of modern Belgium. This was the theatre of most FrancoSpanish and Franco-Austrian wars during the 17th and
Upon its independence, Belgium participated in the 18th centuries.
Industrial Revolution[12][13] and, during the course of
Following the campaigns of 1794 in the French Revothe 20th century, possessed a number of colonies in
lutionary Wars, the Low Countriesincluding territo1

HISTORY

ries that were never nominally under Habsburg rule, such


as the Prince-Bishopric of Ligewere annexed by the
French First Republic, ending Austrian rule in the region.
The reunication of the Low Countries as the United
Kingdom of the Netherlands occurred at the dissolution
of the First French Empire in 1815, after the defeat of
Napoleon.

Front ghting of World War I occurred in western parts of


the country. The opening months of the war were known
as the Rape of Belgium due to German excesses. Belgium took over the German colonies of Ruanda-Urundi
(modern day Rwanda and Burundi) during the war, and
they were mandated to Belgium in 1924 by the League
of Nations. In the aftermath of the First World War, the
In 1830, the Belgian Revolution led to the separation Prussian districts of Eupen and Malmedy were annexed
by Belgium in 1925, thereby causing the presence of a
of the Southern Provinces from the Netherlands and to
the establishment of a Catholic and bourgeois, ocially German-speaking minority.
French-speaking and neutral, independent Belgium under
a provisional government and a national congress.[21][22]
Since the installation of Leopold I as king on 21 July
1831 (which is now celebrated as Belgiums National
Day[23] ), Belgium has been a constitutional monarchy
and parliamentary democracy, with a laicist constitution
based on the Napoleonic code. Although the franchise
was initially restricted, universal surage for men was introduced after the general strike of 1893 (with plural voting until 1919) and for women in 1949.

Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830 (1834), by Egide


Charles Gustave Wappers, Museum of Ancient Art, Brussels

The main political parties of the 19th century were the


Catholic Party and the Liberal Party, with the Belgian
Labour Party emerging towards the end of the 19th century. French was originally the single ocial language
adopted by the nobility and the bourgeoisie. It progressively lost its overall importance as Dutch became recognised as well. This recognition became ocial in 1898
and in 1967 a Dutch version of the Constitution was
legally accepted.[24]

European Union celebration in the Cinquantenaire Park in Brussels.

The country was again invaded by Germany in 1940 and


40,690 Belgians, over half of them Jews, were killed
during the subsequent occupation and The Holocaust.
From September 1944 to February 1945 Belgium was
liberated by the Allies. After World War II, a general
strike forced King Leopold III, who many Belgians felt
had collaborated with Germany during the war, to abdicate in 1951.[27] The Belgian Congo gained independence
in 1960 during the Congo Crisis;[28] Ruanda-Urundi followed with its independence two years later. Belgium
joined NATO as a founding member and formed the
Benelux group of nations with the Netherlands and Luxembourg.

The Berlin Conference of 1885 ceded control of the


Congo Free State to King Leopold II as his private possession. From around 1900 there was growing international concern for the extreme and savage treatment of
the Congolese population (millions of whom are thought
to have died)[25] under Leopold II, for whom the Congo
was primarily a source of revenue from ivory and rubber
production. In 1908 this outcry led the Belgian state to
assume responsibility for the government of the colony, Belgium became one of the six founding members of
henceforth called the Belgian Congo.[26]
the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951 and of
Germany invaded Belgium in 1914 as part of the the European Atomic Energy Community and European
Schlieen Plan to attack France and much of the Western Economic Community, established in 1957. The latter is

2.1

Political culture

now the European Union, for which Belgium hosts major


administrations and institutions, including the European
Commission, the Council of the European Union and the
extraordinary and committee sessions of the European
Parliament.

Politics

3
federal parliamentary democracy. The bicameral federal
parliament is composed of a Senate and a Chamber of
Representatives. The former is made up of 50 senators appointed by the parliaments of the communities
and regions and 10 co-opted senators. Prior to 2014,
most of the Senates members were directly elected.
The Chamber's 150 representatives are elected under a
proportional voting system from 11 electoral districts.
Belgium has compulsory voting and thus maintains one
of the highest rates of voter turnout in the world.[29]

Main articles: Politics of Belgium and Belgian federal


The King (currently Philippe) is the head of state, though
government
with limited prerogatives. He appoints ministers, including a Prime Minister, that have the condence of the
Chamber of Representatives to form the federal government. The Council of Ministers is composed of no more
than fteen members. With the possible exception of
the Prime Minister, the Council of Ministers is composed of an equal number of Dutch-speaking members
and French-speaking members.[30] The judicial system
is based on civil law and originates from the Napoleonic
code. The Court of Cassation is the court of last resort,
with the Court of Appeal one level below.
Charles Michel
Prime Minister since 2014

2.1 Political culture


Belgiums political institutions are complex; most political power is organised around the need to represent
the main cultural communities.[31] Since around 1970,
the signicant national Belgian political parties have split
into distinct components that mainly represent the political and linguistic interests of these communities.[32] The
major parties in each community, though close to the
political centre, belong to three main groups: Christian
Democrats, Liberals, and Social Democrats.[33] Further
notable parties came into being well after the middle of
last century, mainly around linguistic, nationalist, or environmental themes and recently smaller ones of some
specic liberal nature.[32]

Philippe
King since 2013

Belgium is a constitutional, popular monarchy and a

A string of Christian Democrat coalition governments


from 1958 was broken in 1999 after the rst dioxin crisis,
a major food contamination scandal.[34][35][36] A rainbow coalition emerged from six parties: the Flemish
and the French-speaking Liberals, Social Democrats and
Greens.[37] Later, a "purple coalition" of Liberals and Social Democrats formed after the Greens lost most of their
seats in the 2003 election.[38]
The government led by Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt
from 1999 to 2007 achieved a balanced budget, some
tax reforms, a labour-market reform, scheduled nuclear
phase-out and instigated legislation allowing more stringent war crime and more lenient soft drug usage prosecution. Restrictions on withholding euthanasia were reduced and same-sex marriage legalized. The government
promoted active diplomacy in Africa[39] and opposed the
invasion of Iraq.[40]

The Belgian Federal Parliament in Brussels

Verhofstadts coalition fared badly in the June 2007

COMMUNITIES AND REGIONS

elections. For more than a year, the country expe- 3 Communities and regions
rienced a political crisis.[41] This crisis was such that
many observers speculated on a possible partition of Bel- Main article: Communities, regions and language areas
gium.[42][43][44] From 21 December 2007 until 20 March of Belgium
2008 the temporary Verhofstadt III Government was in Following a usage which can be traced back to the Buroce. This coalition of the Flemish and Francophone
Christian Democrats, the Flemish and Francophone Liberals together with the Francophone Social Democrats
was an interim government until 20 March 2008.[45]
On that day a new government, led by Flemish Christian
Democrat Yves Leterme, the actual winner of the federal
elections of June 2007, was sworn in by the king. On 15
July 2008 Leterme announced the resignation of the cabinet to the king, as no progress in constitutional reforms
had been made.[45] In December 2008 he once more offered his resignation to the king after a crisis surrounding
the sale of Fortis to BNP Paribas.[46] At this juncture,
his resignation was accepted and Christian Democratic
and Flemish Herman Van Rompuy was sworn in as Prime
Minister on 30 December 2008.[47]
After Herman Van Rompuy was designated the rst permanent President of the European Council on 19 November 2009, he oered the resignation of his government to
King Albert II on 25 November 2009. A few hours later,
the new government under Prime Minister Yves Leterme
was sworn in. On 22 April 2010, Leterme again oered
the resignation of his cabinet to the king[48] after one of
the coalition partners, the OpenVLD, withdrew from the
government, and on 26 April 2010 King Albert ocially
accepted the resignation.[49]

Communities:
Flemish Community / Dutch language area
Flemish & French Community / bilingual language area
French Community / French language area
German-speaking Community / German language area

The Parliamentary elections in Belgium on 13 June 2010


saw the Flemish nationalist N-VA become the largest
party in Flanders, and the Socialist Party PS the largest
party in Wallonia.[50] Until December 2011, Belgium was
governed by Letermes caretaker government awaiting the
end of the deadlocked negotiations for formation of a new
government. By 30 March 2011 this set a new world
record for the elapsed time without an ocial government, previously held by war-torn Iraq. Finally, in December 2011 the Di Rupo Government led by Walloon
socialist Prime Minister Elio Di Rupo was sworn in.
The 2014 federal election (coinciding with the regional
elections) resulted in a further electoral gain for the
Flemish nationalist N-VA, although the incumbent coalition (composed of Flemish and French-speaking Social
Democrats, Liberals, and Christian Democrats) maintains a solid majority in Parliament and in all electoral
constituencies. On 22 July 2014, King Philippe nominated Charles Michel (MR) and Kris Peeters (CD&V)
to lead the formation of a new federal cabinet composed
of the Flemish parties N-VA, CD&V, Open Vld and the
French-speaking MR, which resulted in the Michel Government. It is the rst time N-VA is part of the federal
cabinet, while the French-speaking side would be considerably under-represented.

Regions:
Flemish Region / Dutch language area
Brussels-Capital Region / bilingual area
Walloon Region / French and German language areas

gundian and Habsburgian courts,[51] in the 19th century


it was necessary to speak French to belong to the governing upper class, and those who could only speak Dutch
were eectively second-class citizens.[52] Late that century, and continuing into the 20th century, Flemish movements evolved to counter this situation.[53]
While the people in Southern Belgium spoke French or
dialects of French, and most Brusselers adopted French

5
as their rst language, the Flemings refused to do so and
succeeded progressively in making Dutch an equal language in the education system.[53] Following World War
II, Belgian politics became increasingly dominated by
the autonomy of its two main linguistic communities.[54]
Intercommunal tensions rose and the constitution was
amended to minimise the potential for conict.[54]

policy and public debt, and other aspects of public nances. State-owned companies include the Belgian Post
Group and Belgian Railways. The Federal Government is
responsible for the obligations of Belgium and its federalized institutions towards the European Union and NATO.
It controls substantial parts of public health, home aairs
and foreign aairs.[59] The budgetwithout the debt
Based on the four language areas dened in 196263 controlled by the federal government amounts to about
50% of the national scal income. The federal govern(the Dutch, bilingual, French and German language ar[60]
eas), consecutive revisions of the countrys constitution in ment employs around 12% of the civil servants.
1970, 1980, 1988 and 1993 established a unique form of Communities exercise their authority only within linguisa federal state with segregated political power into three tically determined geographical boundaries, originally
levels:[55][56]
oriented towards the individuals of a Communitys language: culture (including audiovisual media), education
and the use of the relevant language. Extensions to per1. The federal government, based in Brussels.
sonal matters less directly connected with language comprise health policy (curative and preventive medicine) and
2. The three language communities:
assistance to individuals (protection of youth, social wel the Flemish Community (Dutch-speaking);
fare, aid to families, immigrant assistance services, and
so on.).[61]
the French Community (French-speaking);
the German-speaking Community.

Regions have authority in elds that can be broadly associated with their territory. These include economy,
3. The three regions:
employment, agriculture, water policy, housing, public works, energy, transport, the environment, town and
the Flemish Region, subdivided into ve
country planning, nature conservation, credit and foreign
provinces;
trade. They supervise the provinces, municipalities and
the Walloon Region, subdivided into ve intercommunal utility companies.[62]
provinces;
In several elds, the dierent levels each have their own
the Brussels-Capital Region.
say on specics. With education, for instance, the autonomy of the Communities neither includes decisions about
The constitutional language areas determine the ocial the compulsory aspect nor allows for setting minimum
languages in their municipalities, as well as the geo- requirements for awarding qualications, which remain
graphical limits of the empowered institutions for specic federal matters.[59] Each level of government can be inmatters.[57] Although this would allow for seven parlia- volved in scientic research and international relations asments and governments, when the Communities and Re- sociated with its powers. The treaty-making power of the
gions were created in 1980, Flemish politicians decided Regions and Communities Governments is the broadest
to merge both.[58] Thus the Flemings just have one sin- of all the Federating units of all the Federations all over
gle institutional body of parliament and government is the world.[63][64][65]
empowered for all except federal and specic municipal
matters.[nb 2]
The overlapping boundaries of the Regions and Communities have created two notable peculiarities: the territory of the Brussels-Capital Region (which came into
existence nearly a decade after the other regions) is
included in both the Flemish and French Communities, and the territory of the German-speaking Community lies wholly within the Walloon Region. Conicts
about jurisdiction between the bodies are resolved by the
Constitutional Court of Belgium. The structure is intended as a compromise to allow dierent cultures to live
together peacefully.[12]

4 Geography
Main article: Geography of Belgium
Belgium shares borders with France (620 km), Germany
(167 km), Luxembourg (148 km) and the Netherlands
(450 km). Its total area, including surface water area,
is 30,528 square kilometres; land area alone is 30,278
km2 .[66] It lies between latitudes 4930 and 5130 N, and
longitudes 233 and 624 E.[67]

Belgium has three main geographical regions: the coastal


plain in the north-west and the central plateau both belong to the Anglo-Belgian Basin; the Ardennes uplands
in the south-east are part of the Hercynian orogenic belt.
3.1 Locus of policy jurisdiction
The Paris Basin reaches a small fourth area at Belgiums
[68]
The Federal States authority includes justice, defence, southernmost tip, Belgian Lorraine.
federal police, social security, nuclear energy, monetary The coastal plain consists mainly of sand dunes and

GEOGRAPHY

4.1 Provinces

Polders along the Yser river.

polders. Further inland lies a smooth, slowly rising landscape irrigated by numerous waterways, with fertile valleys and the northeastern sandy plain of the Campine
(Kempen). The thickly forested hills and plateaux of the
Ardennes are more rugged and rocky with caves and small
Antwerp
gorges. Extending westward into France, this area is eastEast
wardly connected to the Eifel in Germany by the High Flanders
Fens plateau, on which the Signal de Botrange forms the
Flemish
countrys highest point at 694 metres (2,277 ft).[69][70]
Brabant
The climate is maritime temperate with signicant precipitation in all seasons (Kppen climate classication:
Cfb), like most of northwest Europe.[71] The average tem- Hainaut
perature is lowest in January at 3 C (37.4 F) and highest
Lige
in July at 18 C (64.4 F). The average precipitation per
month varies between 54 millimetres (2.1 in) for February or April, to 78 mm (3.1 in) for July.[72] Averages Limburg
for the years 2000 to 2006 show daily temperature minimums of 7 C (44.6 F) and maximums of 14 C (57.2
F) and monthly rainfall of 74 mm (2.9 in); these are Luxembourg
about 1 C and nearly 10 millimetres above last centurys
normal values, respectively.[73]
Namur
Phytogeographically, Belgium is shared between the AtWalloon Brabant
lantic European and Central European provinces of the
[74]
Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. AcWest
cording to the World Wide Fund for Nature, the territory
Flanders
of Belgium belongs to the ecoregion of Atlantic mixed
Flanders
forests.[75] Because of its high population density, its locaWallonia
tion in the centre of Western Europe and inadequate poBrussels
litical eort, Belgium faces serious environmental probMain
article: Provinces of Belgium
lems. A 2003 report suggested Belgian natural waters (rivers and groundwater) to have the lowest water
quality of the 122 countries studied.[76] In the 2006 pi- The territory of Belgium is divided into three Regions,
lot Environmental Performance Index, Belgium scored two of which, the Flemish Region and Walloon Region,
75.9% for overall environmental performance and was are in turn subdivided into provinces; the third Region,
ranked lowest of the EU member countries, though it was the Brussels Capital Region, is neither a province nor a
part of a province.
only 39th of 133 countries.[77]

Economy

bourg have been a single trade market with customs and


currency union.[83]

Main article: Economy of Belgium


Belgiums strongly globalized economy[78] and its

Steelmaking along the Meuse River at Ougre, near Lige.


Bruges, UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Belgium was the rst continental European country to


undergo the Industrial Revolution, in the early 19th
century.[84] Lige and Charleroi rapidly developed mining and steelmaking, which ourished until the mid-20th
century in the Sambre and Meuse valley and made Belgium among one of the three most industrialized nations in the world from 1830 to 1910.[85][86] However, by
the 1840s the textile industry of Flanders was in severe
crisis, and the region experienced famine from 1846 to
1850.[87][88]

A graphical depiction of Belgiums product exports in 28 colorcoded categories.

transport infrastructure are integrated with the rest of Europe. Its location at the heart of a highly industrialized region helped make it the worlds 15th largest trading nation
in 2007.[79][80] The economy is characterized by a highly
productive work force, high GNP and high exports per
capita.[81] Belgiums main imports are raw materials, machinery and equipment, chemicals, raw diamonds, pharmaceuticals, foodstus, transportation equipment, and oil
products. Its main exports are machinery and equipment,
chemicals, nished diamonds, metals and metal products,
and foodstus.[66]
The Belgian economy is heavily service-oriented and
shows a dual nature: a dynamic Flemish economy and
a Walloon economy that lags behind.[12][82][nb 3] One of
the founding members of the European Union, Belgium strongly supports an open economy and the extension of the powers of EU institutions to integrate
member economies. Since 1922, through the BelgiumLuxembourg Economic Union, Belgium and Luxem-

After World War II, Ghent and Antwerp experienced a


rapid expansion of the chemical and petroleum industries.
The 1973 and 1979 oil crises sent the economy into a recession; it was particularly prolonged in Wallonia, where
the steel industry had become less competitive and experienced serious decline.[89] In the 1980s and 1990s, the
economic centre of the country continued to shift northwards and is now concentrated in the populous Flemish
Diamond area.[90]
By the end of the 1980s, Belgian macroeconomic policies had resulted in a cumulative government debt of
about 120% of GDP. As of 2006, the budget was balanced and public debt was equal to 90.30% of GDP.[91]
In 2005 and 2006, real GDP growth rates of 1.5% and
3.0%, respectively, were slightly above the average for
the Euro area. Unemployment rates of 8.4% in 2005 and
8.2% in 2006 were close to the area average. By October 2010, this had grown to 8.5% compared to an average rate of 9.6% for the European Union as a whole (EU
27).[92][93] From 1832 until 2002, Belgiums currency was
the Belgian franc. Belgium switched to the euro in 2002,
with the rst sets of euro coins being minted in 1999.
The standard Belgian euro coins designated for circulation show the portrait of King Albert II.
Despite an 18% decrease observed from 1970 to 1999,
Belgium still had in 1999 the highest rail network density
within the European Union with 113.8 km/1 000 km2 .
On the other hand, the same period of time, 19701999,

7 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

has seen a huge growth (+56%) of the motorway network.


In 1999, the density of km motorways per 1000 km2 and
1000 inhabitants amounted to 55.1 and 16.5 respectively
and were signicantly superior to the EUs means of 13.7
and 15.9.[94]
Belgium experiences some of the most congested trac
in Europe. In 2010, commuters to the cities of Brussels
and Antwerp spent respectively 65 and 64 hours a year in
trac jams.[95] Like in most small European countries,
more than 80% of the airways trac is handled by a single airport, the Brussels Airport. The ports of Antwerp
and Zeebrugge share more than 80% of Belgian maritime trac, Antwerp being the second European harbour with a gross weight of goods handled of 115 988
000 t in 2000 after a growth of 10.9% over the preceding
ve years.[94][96]

Military

Main article: Belgian Armed Forces


The Belgian Armed Forces have about 47,000 active
troops. In 2010, Belgiums defence budget totaled 3.95
billion (representing 1.12% of its GDP).[97] They are organised into one unied structure which consists of four
main components: Land Component, or the Army; Air
Component, or the Air Force; Naval Component, or the
Navy; Medical Component. The operational commands
of the four components are subordinate to the Sta Department for Operations and Training of the Ministry of
Defence, which is headed by the Assistant Chief of Sta
Operations and Training, and to the Chief of Defence.[98]
The eects of World War II made collective security
a priority for Belgian foreign policy. In March 1948
Belgium signed the Treaty of Brussels, and then joined
NATO in 1948. However the integration of the armed
forces into NATO did not begin until after the Korean
War.[99] The Belgians, along with the Luxembourg government, sent a detachment of battalion strength to ght
in Korea known as the Belgian United Nations Command.
This mission was the rst in a long line of UN missions
which the Belgians supported.

Science and technology

Further information: Science and technology in Brussels, Science and technology in Flanders, and Science and
technology in Wallonia
Contributions to the development of science and technology have appeared throughout the countrys history. The 16th century Early Modern ourishing of
Western Europe included cartographer Gerardus Mercator, anatomist Andreas Vesalius, herbalist Rembert Dodoens[100][101][102][103] and mathematician Simon Stevin

Gerardus Mercator

among the most inuential scientists.[104]


Chemist Ernest Solvay[105] and engineer Zenobe
Gramme (cole Industrielle de Lige)[106] gave their
names to the Solvay process and the Gramme dynamo,
respectively, in the 1860s. Bakelite was developed in
19071909 by Leo Baekeland. Ernest Solvay also acted
as a major philanthropist and gave its name to the Solvay
Institute of Sociology, the Solvay Brussels School of
Economics and Management and the International Solvay
Institutes for Physics and Chemistry which are now part
of the Universit Libre de Bruxelles. In 1911, he started
a series of conferences, the Solvay Conferences on
Physics and Chemistry, which have had a deep impact
on the evolution of quantum physics and chemistry.[107]
A major contribution to fundamental science was also
due to a Belgian, Monsignor Georges Lematre (Catholic
University of Leuven), who is credited with proposing
the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe in
1927.[108]
Three Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine were
awarded to Belgians: Jules Bordet (Universit Libre de
Bruxelles) in 1919, Corneille Heymans (University of
Ghent) in 1938 and Albert Claude (Universit Libre de
Bruxelles) together with Christian De Duve (Universit
Catholique de Louvain) in 1974. Franois Englert (Universit Libre de Bruxelles) was awarded the Nobel Prize
in Physics in 2013. Ilya Prigogine (Universit Libre
de Bruxelles) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1977.[109] Two Belgian mathematicians have been
awarded the Fields Medal: Pierre Deligne in 1978 and

8.1

Languages

Jean Bourgain in 1994.[110][111]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Belgium


Almost all of the Belgian population is urban97%

9
Belgium are Moroccans, with more than 450,000[120]
people. The Turks are the third largest group, and
the second largest Muslim ethnic group, numbering
220,000.[120][122] 89.2% of inhabitants of Turkish origin have been naturalized, as have 88.4% of people of
Moroccan background, 75.4% of Italians, 56.2% of the
French and 47.8% of Dutch people.[121]

8.1 Languages
Main article: Languages of Belgium
Belgium has three ocial languages, which are (in or-

Brussels, the capital city and largest metropolitan area of Belgium.

in 2004.[112] The population density of Belgium is 365


per square kilometre (952 per square mile) as of March
2013. The most densely inhabited area is Flanders.[113]
The Ardennes have the lowest density. As of 2012,
the Flemish Region had a population of 6,350,765,
its most populous cities being Antwerp (502,604),
Ghent (248,242) and Bruges (117,170). Wallonia had
3,546,329 with Charleroi (203,871), Lige (195,576) and
Namur (110,096), its most populous cities. Brussels has
1,138,854 inhabitants in the Capital Regions 19 municipalities, three of which have over 100,000 residents.[114]
As of 2007, nearly 92% of the population had
Belgian citizenship,[115] and other European Union
member citizens account for around 6%.
The
prevalent foreign nationals were Italian (171,918),
French (125,061), Dutch (116,970), Moroccan (80,579),
Portuguese (43,509), Spanish (42,765), Turkish (39,419)
and German (37,621).[116][117] In 2007, there were 1.38
million foreign-born residents in Belgium, corresponding to 12.9% of the total population. Of these, 685,000
(6.4%) were born outside the EU and 695,000 (6.5%)
were born in another EU Member State.[118][119]

Bilingual signs in Brussels

der of size of the native speaking population of Belgium)


Dutch, French and German. A number of non-ocial
minority languages are spoken as well.[123] As no census exists, there are no ocial statistical data regarding
the distribution or usage of Belgiums three ocial languages or their dialects.[124] However, various criteria, including the language(s) of parents, of education, or the
second-language status of foreign born, may provide suggested gures. An estimated 60% of the Belgian population speaks Dutch (often referred to as Flemish), and
40% of the population speaks French. (French-speaking
Belgians are often referred to as Walloons, although the
French speakers in Brussels are not Walloons).[nb 4]

Total Dutch speakers are 6.23 million, concentrated in


the northern Flanders region, while French speakers comprise 3.32 million in Wallonia and an estimated 870,000
(or 85% ) in the ocially bilingual Brussels-Capital
Region.[nb 5][125] The German-speaking Community is
made up of 73,000 people in the east of the Walloon
At the beginning of 2012, people of foreign background Region; around 10,000 German and 60,000 Belgian naand their descendants were estimated to have formed tionals are speakers of German. Roughly 23,000 more
live in municipalities near the ocial
around 25% of the total population i.e. 2.8 million German speakers
[8][126][127][128]
Community.
[120]
Of these new Belgians, 1,200,000
new Belgians.
are of European ancestry and 1,350,000[121] are from Both Belgian Dutch and Belgian French have minor difnon-Western countries (most of them from Morocco, ferences in vocabulary and semantic nuances from the vaTurkey, and the DR Congo). Since the modication of rieties spoken respectively in the Netherlands and France.
the Belgian nationality law in 1984 more than 1.3 mil- Many Flemish people still speak dialects of Dutch in their
lion migrants have acquired Belgian citizenship. The local environment. Walloon, once the main French dilargest group of immigrants and their descendants in alect spoken in Wallonia,[129] is now only understood and

10

8 DEMOGRAPHICS

spoken occasionally, mostly by elderly people. Wallonias had an important role in Belgiums politics.[137] Howdialects, along with those of Picard,[130] are not used in ever Belgium is largely a secular country as the laicist
public life and have been replaced by French.
constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the government generally respects this right in practice. During
the reigns of Albert I and Baudouin, the monarchy had a
8.2 Education
reputation of deeply rooted Catholicism.[138]
Main article: Education in Belgium
Education is compulsory from 6 to 18 years of age
for Belgians.[131] Among OECD countries in 2002, Belgium had the third highest proportion of 18- to 21-yearolds enrolled in postsecondary education, at 42%.[132]
Though an estimated 99% of the adult population is literate, concern is rising over functional illiteracy.[130][133]
The Programme for International Student Assessment
(PISA), coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks Belgiums education as the 19th best in the world, being signicantly higher than the OECD average.[134] Education
being organised separately by each, the Flemish Community scores noticeably above the French and Germanspeaking Communities.[135]
Mirroring the dual structure of the 19th-century Belgian political landscape, characterized by the Liberal and
the Catholic parties, the educational system is segregated
within a secular and a religious segment. The secular branch of schooling is controlled by the communities, the provinces, or the municipalities, while religious,
mainly Catholic branch education, is organised by religious authorities, although subsidized and supervised by
the communities.[136]

Roman Catholicism has traditionally been Belgiums majority religion; being especially strong in Flanders. However, by 2009 Sunday church attendance was 5% for Belgium in total; 3% in Brussels,[139] and 5.4% in Flanders.
Church attendance in 2009 in Belgium was roughly half
of the Sunday church attendance in 1998 (11% for the
total of Belgium in 1998).[140] Despite the drop in church
attendance, Catholic identity nevertheless remains an important part of Belgiums culture.[138]
Symbolically and materially, the Roman Catholic Church
remains in a favourable position.[138] Belgium has three
ocially recognized religions: Christianity (Catholic,
Protestantism, Orthodoxy and Anglicanism), Islam and
Judaism.[141]
In the early 2000s there were approximately 42,000 Jews
in Belgium. The Jewish Community of Antwerp (numbering some 18,000) is one of the largest in Europe, and
one of the last places in the world where Yiddish is the
primary language of a large Jewish community (mirroring
certain Orthodox and Hassidic communities in New York
and Israel). In addition most Jewish children in Antwerp
receive a Jewish education.[142] There are several Jewish
newspapers and more than 45 active synagogues (30 of
which are in Antwerp) in the country.

A 2006 inquiry in Flanders, considered to be a more religious region than Wallonia, showed that 55% considered
8.3 Religion
themselves religious and that 36% believed that God created the universe.[143] On the other hand, Wallonia has
Main article: Religion in Belgium
become one of Europes most secular/least religious reSince the countrys independence, Roman Catholicism, gions. Most of the French-speaking regions population
does not consider religion an important part of their lives,
and as much as 45% of the population identies as irreligious. This is particularly the case in eastern Wallonia
and areas along the French border.
A 2008 estimate found[144] that 6% of the Belgian population, about 628,751, is Muslim (98% Sunni), while
a 2011 estimate claims 1,000,000 inhabitants of Muslim background in the country.[145] Muslims constitute 22.0%[146] of the population of Brussels, 4.0% of
Wallonia and 3.9% of Flanders. The majority of Belgian
Muslims live in the major cities, such as Antwerp, Brussels and Charleroi. The largest group of immigrants in
Belgium are Moroccans, with 400,000[120] people. The
Turks are the third largest group, and the second largest
Muslim ethnic group, numbering 220,000.[120][122]
According to the Eurobarometer Poll in 2010, 37% of
Belgian citizens responded that they believe there is a
God, whereas 31% answered that they believe there is
National Basilica of the Sacred Heart in Koekelberg, Brussels.
some sort of spirit or life force and 27% that they do not
counterbalanced by strong freethought movements, has believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force.[147]

9.1

8.4

Fine arts

Health

Main article: Healthcare in Belgium

11
in the country except the Royal Military Academy and the
Antwerp Maritime Academy, no common media[151] and
no single large cultural or scientic organisation in which
both main communities are represented.[152]

The Belgians are known to be favored with good health.


According to 2012 estimates, the average life expectancy 9.1 Fine arts
is 79.65 years.[66] Since 1960, life expectancy has, in line
with the European average, grown by two months per See also: List of Belgian painters, Architecture of Belyear. Death in Belgium is mainly due to heart and vas- gium and Music of Belgium
cular disorders, neoplasms, disorders of the respiratory Contributions to painting and architecture have been
system and unnatural causes of death (accidents, suicide).
Non-natural causes of death and cancer are the most common causes of death for females up to age 24 and males
up to age 44.[148]
Healthcare in Belgium is nanced through both social
security contributions and taxation. Health insurance is
compulsory. Health care is delivered by a mixed public and private system of independent medical practitioners and public, university- and semi-private hospitals.
Health care service are payable by the patient and reimbursed later by health insurance institutions, but for eliligible categories (of patients and services) so-called 3rd
party payment systems exist.[148] Belgian health care system is supervised and nanced by the federal government,
the Flemish and Walloon Regional gouvernments and the
German Community also have an (indirect) oversight and The Ghent Altarpiece: The Adoration of the Mystic Lamb (interior view), painted 1432 by van Eyck
responsibilities.[148]

Culture

especially rich. The Mosan art, the Early Netherlandish,[153] the Flemish Renaissance and Baroque painting[154] and major examples of Romanesque, Gothic,
Renaissance and Baroque architecture[155] are milestones
in the history of art. While the 15th centurys art in
the Low Countries is dominated by the religious paintings of Jan van Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden, the
16th century is characterized by a broader panel of styles
such as Peter Breughel's landscape paintings and Lambert
Lombard's representation of the antique.[156] Though the
Baroque style of Peter Paul Rubens and Anthony van
Dyck ourished in the early 17th century in the Southern
Netherlands,[157] it gradually declined thereafter.[158][159]

During the 19th and 20th centuries many original


romantic, expressionist and surrealist Belgian painters
emerged, including James Ensor and other artists belonging to the Les XX group, Constant Permeke, Paul
Delvaux and Ren Magritte. The avant-garde CoBrA
The Adventures of Tintin.
movement appeared in the 1950s, while the sculptor
Panamarenko remains a remarkable gure in contempoMain article: Culture of Belgium
rary art.[160][161] Multidisciplinary artists Jan Fabre, Wim
Delvoye and the painter Luc Tuymans are other internaDespite its political and linguistic divisions, the region tionally renowned gures on the contemporary art scene.
corresponding to todays Belgium has seen the ourishing
of major artistic movements that have had tremendous in- Belgian contributions to architecture also continued into
uence on European art and culture. Nowadays, to a cer- the 19th and 20th centuries, including the work of Victor
who were major initiators
tain extent, cultural life is concentrated within each lan- Horta and Henry van de Velde,
[162][163]
of
the
Art
Nouveau
style.
guage Community, and a variety of barriers have made a
shared cultural sphere less pronounced.[12][149][150] Since The vocal music of the Franco-Flemish School developed
the 1970s, there are no bilingual universities or colleges in the southern part of the Low Countries and was an

12

9 CULTURE

Jacques Brel, 1963


The Gilles of Binche, in costume, wearing wax masks

important contribution to Renaissance culture.[164] In the


19th and 20th centuries, there was an emergence of major violinists, such as Henri Vieuxtemps, Eugne Ysae
and Arthur Grumiaux, while Adolphe Sax invented the
saxophone in 1846. The composer Csar Franck was
born in Lige in 1822. Contemporary music in Belgium
is also of repute. Jazz musician Toots Thielemans and
singer Jacques Brel have achieved global fame. Nowadays, singer Stromae has been a musical revelation in
Europe and beyond, having great success. In rock/pop
music, Telex, Front 242, Ks Choice, Hooverphonic,
Zap Mama, Soulwax and dEUS are well known. In
the heavy metal scene, bands like Machiavel, Channel
Zero and Enthroned have a worldwide fan-base.[165] Belgium has produced several well-known authors, including the poet Emile Verhaeren and novelists Hendrik Conscience, Georges Simenon, Suzanne Lilar, Hugo Claus,
and Amlie Nothomb. The poet and playwright Maurice
Maeterlinck won the Nobel Prize in literature in 1911.
The Adventures of Tintin by Herg is the best known of
Franco-Belgian comics, but many other major authors,
including Peyo (The Smurfs), Andr Franquin (Gaston
Lagae), Edgar P. Jacobs and Willy Vandersteen brought
the Belgian cartoon strip industry a worldwide fame.[166]
Belgian cinema has brought a number of mainly Flemish novels to life on-screen.[nb 6] Other Belgian directors include Andr Delvaux, Stijn Coninx, Luc and JeanPierre Dardenne; well-known actors include Jean-Claude
Van Damme, Jan Decleir and Marie Gillain; and successful lms include Bullhead, Man Bites Dog and The
Alzheimer Aair.[167] In the 1980s, Antwerps Royal
Academy of Fine Arts produced important fashion trendsetters, known as the Antwerp Six.[168]

9.2

Folklore

Further information: Folklore of Belgium


Folklore plays a major role in Belgiums cultural
life: the country has a comparatively high number
of processions, cavalcades, parades, 'ommegangs and
'ducasses,[nb 7] 'kermesse' and other local festivals, nearly
always with an originally religious or mythological back-

ground. The Carnival of Binche with its famous Gilles


and the 'Processional Giants and Dragons of Ath, Brussels, Dendermonde, Mechelen and Mons are recognised
by UNESCO as Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible
Heritage of Humanity.[169]
Other examples are the Carnival of Aalst; the still very
religious processions of the Holy Blood in Bruges, Virga
Jesse Basilica in Hasselt and Basilica of Our Lady of Hanswijk in Mechelen; 15 August festival in Lige; and the
Walloon festival in Namur. Originated in 1832 and revived in the 1960s, the Gentse Feesten have become a
modern tradition. A major non-ocial holiday is the
Saint Nicholas Day, a festivity for children and, in Lige,
for students.[170]

9.3 Cuisine
Main article: Belgian cuisine
Many highly ranked Belgian restaurants can be found
in the most inuential restaurant guides, such as
the Michelin Guide.[171] Belgium is famous for beer,
chocolate, waes and french fries with mayonnaise. Contrary to their name, french fries are claimed to have originated in Belgium, although their exact place of origin is
uncertain. The national dishes are steak and fries with
salad, and "mussels with fries".[172][173][174]
Brands of Belgian chocolate and pralines, like Cte d'Or,
Neuhaus, Leonidas and Godiva are famous, as well as
independent producers such as Burie and Del Rey in
Antwerp and Marys in Brussels.[175] Belgium produces
over 1100 varieties of beer.[176][177] The Trappist beer
of the Abbey of Westvleteren has repeatedly been rated
the worlds best beer.[178][179][180] The biggest brewer in
the world by volume is Anheuser-Busch InBev, based in
Leuven.[181]

13

9.4

Sports

Main article: Sport in Belgium


Since the 1970s, sports clubs and federations are or-

Kim Clijsters was WTA Player of the Year in 2005 and 2010

Marouane Fellaini have qualied for the 2014 World Cup


in Brazil and reached the quarter nals before losing 0-1
to Argentina.
Kim Clijsters and Justine Henin both were Player of the
Year in the Womens Tennis Association as they were
ranked the number one female tennis player. The SpaFrancorchamps motor-racing circuit hosts the Formula
One World Championship Belgian Grand Prix. The Belgian driver, Jacky Ickx, won eight Grands Prix and six 24
Hours of Le Mans and nished twice as runner-up in the
Formula One World Championship. Belgium also has a
strong reputation in motocross.[187] Sporting events annually held in Belgium include the Memorial Van Damme
athletics competition, the Belgian Grand Prix Formula
One, and a number of classic cycle races such as the Tour
of Flanders and LigeBastogneLige. The 1920 Summer Olympics were held in Antwerp. The 1977 European
Basketball Championship was held in Lige and Ostend.

10 See also
Outline of Belgium
Index of Belgium-related articles
Belgium Wikipedia book
Energy in Belgium
Foreign relations of Belgium
Transportation in Belgium

11 Notes
The Belgium national football team in 2013

ganised separately within each language community.[182]


Association football is one of the most popular sports
in both parts of Belgium, together with cycling, tennis,
swimming, judo[183] and basketball.[184] Belgians hold
the most Tour de France victories of any country except France. They have also the most victories on the
UCI Road World Championships. Philippe Gilbert is the
2012 world champion. Another modern well-known Belgian cyclist is Tom Boonen. With ve victories in the
Tour de France and numerous other cycling records, Belgian cyclist Eddy Merckx is regarded as one of the greatest cyclists of all time.[185] Jean-Marie Pfa, a former
Belgian goalkeeper, is considered one of the greatest in
the history of football (soccer).[186] Belgium hosted the
1972 European Football Championships, and co-hosted
the 2000 European Championships with the Netherlands.
The current Belgium football team starring a range of
Premier League football players such as Adnan Januzaj,
Romelu Lukaku, Eden Hazard, Vincent Kompany and

[1] Belgium is also a member of, or aliated to, many international organizations, including ACCT, AfDB, AsDB,
Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, EAPC,
EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G-10, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,
IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, ISO, ITU, MONUC (observers), NATO, NEA,
NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA,
UN, UNCTAD, UNECE, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
UNMIK, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WADB
(non-regional), WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO, ZC.
[2] The Constitution set out seven institutions each of which
can have a parliament, government and administration. In
fact there are only six such bodies because the Flemish
Region merged into the Flemish Community. This single Flemish body thus exercises powers about Community
matters in the bilingual area of Brussels-Capital and in the
Dutch language area, while about Regional matters only in
Flanders.
[3] The richest (per capita income) of Belgiums three regions
is the Flemish Region, followed by the Walloon Region

14

12

and lastly the Brussels-Capital Region. The ten municipalities with the highest reported income are: LaethemSaint-Martin, Keerbergen, Lasne, Oud-Heverlee, Hove,
De Pinte, Meise, Knokke-Heist, Bierbeek.O habitent
les Belges les plus riches?". trends.be. 2010. Retrieved
15 July 2011.
[4] Native speakers of Dutch living in Wallonia and of French
in Flanders are relatively small minorities that furthermore
largely balance one another, hence attributing all inhabitants of each unilingual area to the areas language can
cause only insignicant inaccuracies (99% can speak the
language). Dutch: Flanders 6.079 million inhabitants
and about 15% of Brussels 1.019 million are 6.23 million or 59.3% of the 10.511 million inhabitants of Belgium (2006); German: 70,400 in the German-speaking
Community (which has language facilities for its less than
5% French-speakers) and an estimated 20,00025,000
speakers of German in the Walloon Region outside the
geographical boundaries of their ocial Community, or
0.9%; French: in the latter area as well as mainly in the
rest of Wallonia (3.414 0.093 = 3.321 million) and 85%
of the Brussels inhabitants (0.866 million) thus 4.187 million or 39.8%; together indeed 100%.
[5] Flemish Academic Eric Corijn (initiator of Charta 91),
at a colloquium regarding Brussels, on 2001-12-05, states
that in Brussels there is 91% of the population speaking
French at home, either alone or with another language,
and there is about 20% speaking Dutch at home, either
alone (9%) or with French (11%)After ponderation,
the repartition can be estimated at between 85 and 90%
French-speaking, and the remaining are Dutch-speaking,
corresponding to the estimations based on languages chosen in Brussels by citizens for their ocial documents (ID,
driving licenses, weddings, birth, sex, and so on); all these
statistics on language are also available at Belgian Department of Justice (for weddings, birth, sex), Department of
Transport (for Driving licenses), Department of Interior
(for IDs), because there are no means to know precisely the
proportions since Belgium has abolished 'ocial' linguistic censuses, thus ocial documents on language choices
can only be estimations. For a web source on this topic,
see e.g. General online sources: Janssens, Rudi
[6] Notable Belgian lms based on works by Flemish authors include: De Witte (author Ernest Claes) movie by
Jan Vanderheyden and Edith Kiel in 1934, remake as De
Witte van Sichem directed by Robbe De Hert in 1980; De
man die zijn haar kort liet knippen (Johan Daisne) Andr
Delvaux 1965; Mira ('De teleurgang van de Waterhoek'
by Stijn Streuvels) Fons Rademakers 1971; Malpertuis
(aka The Legend of Doom House) (Jean Ray [pen name
of Flemish author who mainly wrote in French, or as
John Flanders in Dutch]) Harry Kmel 1971; De loteling
(Hendrik Conscience) Roland Verhavert 1974; Dood van
een non (Maria Rosseels) Paul Collet and Pierre Drouot
1975; Pallieter (Felix Timmermans) Roland Verhavert
1976; De komst van Joachim Stiller (Hubert Lampo)
Harry Kmel 1976; De Leeuw van Vlaanderen (Hendrik
Conscience) Hugo Claus (a famous author himself) 1985;
Daens ('Pieter Daens by Louis Paul Boon) Stijn Coninx
1992; see also Filmarchief les DVD!s de la cinmathque
(in Dutch). Retrieved on 7 June 2007.

REFERENCES

[7] The Dutch word 'ommegang' is here used in the sense of


an entirely or mainly non-religious procession, or the nonreligious part thereofsee also its article on the Dutchlanguage Wikipedia; the Processional Giants of Brussels,
Dendermonde and Mechelen mentioned in this paragraph
are part of each citys 'ommegang'. The French word
'ducasse' refers also to a procession; the mentioned Processional Giants of Ath and Mons are part of each citys
'ducasse'.

12 References
[1] Government type: Belgium. The World Factbook. CIA.
Retrieved 19 December 2011.
[2] Population statistics. Statistics Belgium, Federal Public
Service Economy. 1 May 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
[3] Belgium. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 26
April 2014.
[4] Gini coecient of equivalised disposable income
(source: SILC)". Eurostat Data Explorer. Retrieved 13
August 2013.
[5] Human Development Report 2011. United Nations.
Retrieved 2 November 2011.
[6] Leclerc, Jacques, membre associ du TLFQ (18 January 2007). Belgique Belgi BelgienRgion de
Bruxelles-Capitale Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest.
L'amnagement linguistique dans le monde (in French).
Host: Trsor de la langue franaise au Qubec (TLFQ),
Universit Laval, Quebec. Archived from the original on
9 June 2007. Retrieved 18 June 2007. C'est une rgion
ociellement bilingue formant au centre du pays une enclave dans la province du Brabant amand (Vlaams Brabant)
* About Belgium. Belgian Federal Public Service (ministry) / Embassy of Belgium in the Republic of Korea. Retrieved 21 June 2007. the Brussels-Capital Region is an
enclave of 162 km2 within the Flemish region.
* Flanders (administrative region)". Microsoft Encarta
Online Encyclopedia. Microsoft. 2007. Archived from
the original on 31 October 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2007.
The capital of Belgium, Brussels, is an enclave within
Flanders.
* McMillan, Eric (October 1999). The FIT Invasions
of Mons. Capital translator, Newsletter of the NCATA,
Vol. 21, No. 7, p. 1. National Capital Area Chapter of the American Translators Association (NCATA).
Archived from the original on 26 June 2007. Retrieved
21 June 2007. The country is divided into three autonomous regions: Dutch-speaking Flanders in the north,
mostly French-speaking Brussels in the center as an enclave within Flanders and French-speaking Wallonia in
the south, including the German-speaking Cantons de
l'Est.
* Van de Walle, Steven, lecturer at University of Birmingham Institute of Local Government Studies, School of
Public Policy. Language Facilities in the Brussels Periphery (PDF). KULeuvenLeuvens Universitair Dienstencentrum voor Informatica en Telematica. Archived

15

from the original on 31 October 2009. Retrieved 21 June


2007. Brussels is a kind of enclave within Flandersit
has no direct link with Wallonia.
[7] The German-speaking Community at Belgium.be
[8] The German-speaking Community. The Germanspeaking Community. Archived from the original on 30
May 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2007. The (original) version
in German language (already) mentions 73,000 instead of
71,500 inhabitants.
[9] Morris, Chris (13 May 2005). Language dispute divides
Belgium. BBC News. Retrieved 8 May 2007.
[10] Petermann, Simon, Professor at the University of
Lige, Wallonia, Belgiumat colloquium IXe Sommet de
la francophonieInitiatives 2001Ethique et nouvelles
technologies, session 6 Cultures et langues, la place des minorits, Bayreuth (25 September 2001). Langues majoritaires, langues minoritaires, dialectes et NTIC (in
French). Retrieved 4 May 2007.
[11] Ha, Torsten, Head of the Fachhochschule (University
of Applied Sciences) of Kehl Library, Kehl, Germany
(17 February 2003). Rezension zu (Review of) Cook,
Bernard: Belgium. A History ISBN 0-8204-5824-4 (in
German). FH-Zeitung (journal of the Fachhochschule).
Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved
24 May 2007. die Bezeichnung Belgiens als the cockpit
of Europe (James Howell, 1640), die damals noch auf
eine kriegerische Hahnenkampf-Arena hindeuteteThe
book reviewer, Ha, attributes the expression in English
to James Howell in 1640. Howells original phrase the
cockpit of Christendom became modied afterwards, as
shown by:
* Carmont, John. The Hydra No.1 New Series (November 1917)Arras And Captain Satan. War Poets Collection. Napier Universitys Business School. Retrieved 24
May 2007.and as such coined for Belgium:
* Wood, James (1907). Nuttall Encyclopaedia of General KnowledgeCockpit of Europe. Retrieved 24 May
2007. Cockpit of Europe, Belgium, as the scene of so
many battles between the Powers of Europe. (See also
The Nuttall Encyclopaedia)
[12] Fitzmaurice, John, at the Secretariat-General of the European Commission, taught at the Universit Libre de Bruxelles (1996). New Order? International models of peace
and reconciliationDiversity and civil society. Democratic Dialogue Northern Irelands rst think tank, Belfast,
Northern Ireland, UK. Retrieved 12 August 2007.
[13] Belgium country prole. EUbusiness, Richmond, UK.
27 August 2006. Retrieved 12 August 2007.
[14] Karl, Farah (text); Stoneking, James (course) (1999).
Chapter 27. The Age of Imperialism (Section 2. The
Partition of Africa)" (PDF). World History II. Appomattox Regional Governors School (History Department),
Petersburg, Virginia, USA. Archived from the original on
25 September 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2007.
[15] Belgian government sworn in, ending 18-month crisis.
Expatica. 6 December 2011. Retrieved 8 December
2011.

[16] Bunson, Matthew (1994). Encyclopedia of the Roman


Empire (Hardcover ed.). Facts on File, New York. p. 169.
ISBN 081602135X.
[17] Footnote: The Celtic and/or Germanic inuences on and
origin(s) of the Belgae remains disputed. Further reading e.g. Witt, Constanze Maria (May 1997). Ethnic and
Cultural Identity. Barbarians on the Greek Periphery?
Origins of Celtic Art. Institute for Advanced Technology
in the Humanities, University of Virginia. Archived from
the original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
[18] Cook, Bernard A., Professor of History at Loyola University New Orleans, Louisiana, United States (2002). Belgium: A History. Studies in Modern European History,
Vol. 50. Peter Lang Pub, New York. p. 3. ISBN 0-82045824-4.
Ib. e-book (2004) NetLibrary, Boulder, Colorado,
United States, ISBN 0-8204-7283-2 [Also print edition
(ISBNDB.com 2004-06-30) or (Peterlang.com 2005),
ISBN 0-8204-7647-1]
[19] Edmundson, George (1922). Chapter I: The Burgundian
Netherlands. History of Holland. The University Press,
Cambridge. Republished: Authorama. Retrieved 15 December 2010.
[20] Edmundson, George (1922). Chapter II: Habsburg Rule
in the Netherlands. History of Holland. The University
Press, Cambridge. Republished: Authorama. Retrieved 9
June 2007.
[21] Dobbelaere, Karel (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven);
Voy, Liliane (Universit Catholique de Louvain) (1990).
From Pillar to Postmodernity: The Changing Situation
of Religion in Belgium (PDF). (The Allen Review). Online at Oxford Journals, Oxford University Press. p. S1.
Retrieved 25 February 2011.
[22] Gooch, Brison Dowling (1963). Belgium and the February Revolution. Martinus Nijho Publishers, The Hague,
Netherlands. p. 112. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
[23] National Day and feast days of Communities and Regions. Belgian Federal Government. Archived from the
original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
[24] Deschouwer, Kris (January 2004). Ethnic structure, inequality and governance of the public sector in Belgium
(PDF). United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD). Retrieved 22 May 2007.
[25] The River Congo: The Discovery, Exploration and Exploitation of the Worlds Most Dramatic Rivers, Harper
& Row, (1977). ISBN Forbath, Peter, p. 278.
[26] Meredith, Mark (6 June 2005). The State of Africa (Hardcover 608pp ed.). Free Press. pp. 9596(?). ISBN 07432-3221-6.
[27] Ramon Arango, Leopold III and the Belgian royal question, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1961, p. 108.
[28] The Congolese Civil War 19601964. BBC News. Retrieved 29 April 2010.

16

12

REFERENCES

[29] Lpez Pintor, Rafael and Gratschew, Maria (2002).


Voter Turnout Rates from a Comparative Perspective
(PDF). IDEA. Retrieved 22 June 2011.

[45] Belgian PM oers his resignation. BBC News. 15 July


2008. Archived from the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2010.

[30] The Belgian Constitution Article 99. Belgian House


of Representatives. January 2009. Archived from the
original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011.

[46] CNN.com, Belgium Prime Minister oers resignation


over banking deal

[31] Belgium, a federal state. Belgium.be. Archived from the


original on 12 November 2010. Retrieved 26 November
2010.
[32] Background Note: Belgium. U.S. Department of
States. 29 April 2010. Archived from the original on 24
November 2010. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
[33] Belgium Political parties.
European Election
Database. Norwegian Social Science Data Services.
2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
[34] Tyler, Richard (8 June 1999). Dioxin contamination
scandal hits Belgium: Eects spread through European
Union and beyond. World Socialist Web Site (WSWS). International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI).
Retrieved 25 May 2007.
[35] ElAmin, Ahmed (31 January 2006) Belgium, Netherlands
meat sectors face dioxin crisis. foodproductiondaily.com
[36] European Commission (16 June 1999). Food Law
NewsEU : CONTAMINANTSCommission Press
Release (IP/99/399) Preliminary results of EU-inspection
to Belgium. School of Food Biosciences, University of
Reading, UK. Retrieved 29 May 2007.
[37] Belgiums rainbow coalition sworn in. BBC News. 12
July 1999. Retrieved 20 May 2007.
[38] La Chambre des reprsentantsComposition (Composition of the Chamber of Representatives)" (PDF) (in
French). The Chamber of Representatives of Belgium. 9
March 2006. Archived from the original on 7 November
2006. Retrieved 25 May 2007.
[39] Rwanda. tiscali.reference. Tiscali UK. Retrieved 27
May 2007. The article shows an example of Belgiums
recent African policies.
[40] Belgian demand halts NATO progress. CNN News. 16
February 2003. Archived from the original on 16 January
2005. Retrieved 16 June 2007.
[41] Time-line Belgium. BBC-News. 5 January 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2009. 2007 September Belgium without
a government for 100 days.
[42] Bryant, Elizabeth (12 October 2007). Divisions could
lead to a partition in Belgium. San Francisco Chronicle.
Retrieved 28 May 2008.
[43] Hughes, Dominic (15 July 2008). Analysis: Where now
for Belgium?". BBC News. Retrieved 16 July 2008.
[44] Banks, Martin (6 September 2010). Fears over 'break up'
of Belgium. The Daily Telegraph. UK. Archived from
the original on 9 September 2010. Retrieved 6 September
2010.

[47] Belgian king asks Van Rompuy to form government


Reuters
[48] Prime Minister Leterme resigns after liberals quit government. France24. 22 April 2010. Archived from the
original on 26 April 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
[49] King Albert II accepts resignation of Prime Minister
Yves Leterme. France24. Archived from the original
on 29 April 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
[50] Federal Elections in Belgium Chamber of Representatives Results.
[51] Kramer, Johannes (1984). Zweisprachigkeit in den
Benelux-lndern (in German). Buske Verlag. p. 69.
ISBN 3-87118-597-3. Zur prestige Sprache wurde in
den Spanischen Niederlanden ganz eindeutig das Franzsische. Die Vertreter Spaniens beherrschten normalerweise das Franzsische, nicht aber das Niederlndische;
ein beachtlicher Teil der am Hofe ttigen Adligen stammte
aus Wallonien, das sich ja eher auf die spanische Seite
geschlagen hatte als Flandern und Brabant. In dieser
Situation war es selbstverstndlich, dass die mischen
Adligen, die im Laufe der Zeit immer mehr ebenfalls
zu Hofbeamten wurden, sich des Franzsischen bedienen
mussten, wenn sie als gleichwertig anerkannt werden wollten. [Transl.: The prestigious language in the Spanish
Netherlands was clearly French. Spains representatives
usually mastered French but not Dutch; a notable part of
the nobles at the court came from Wallonia, which had
taken party for the Spanish side to a higher extent than
Flanders and Brabant. It was therefore evident within this
context that the Flemish nobility, of which a progressively
larger number became servants of the court, had to use
French, if it wanted to get acknowledged as well.]
[52] Witte, Els; Craeybeckx, Jan and Meynen, Alain (2009).
Political History of Belgium: From 1830 Onwards. Brussels: Academic and Scientic Publishers. p. 56.
[53] Fitzmaurice (1996), p. 31
[54] Belgium. European Election Database. Norwegian Social Science Data Services. 2010. Retrieved 8 December
2010.
[55] Willemyns, Roland, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Germanic Languages (2002). The Dutch-French LanJournal of Multilinguage Border in Belgium.
gual and Multicultural Development 23 (1&2): 3649.
doi:10.1080/01434630208666453. Archived from the
original on 26 June 2007. Retrieved 22 June 2007.
[56] The Belgian Constitution Article 4. Belgian House of
Representatives. January 2009. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
[57] Fitzmaurice (1996), p. 121

17

[58] Fitzmaurice (1996), p. 122


[59] The Federal Governments Powers. .be Portal. Belgian
Federal Government. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
[60] Lagasse, Charles-Etienne (2003). Les nouvelles institutions politiques de la Belgique et de l'Europe. Namur:
Erasme. p. 289. ISBN 2-87127-783-4. In 2002, 58.92%
of the scal income was going to the budget of the federal
government, but more than one-third was used to pay the
interests of the public debt. Without including this post,
the share of the federal government budget would be only
48.40% of the scal income. There are 87.8% of the civil
servants who are working for the Regions or the Communities and 12.2% for the Federal State.
[61] The Communities. .be Portal. Belgian Federal Government. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011.
Retrieved 26 June 2011.
[62] The Regions. .be Portal. Belgian Federal Government.
Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved
26 June 2011.
[63] Lagasse,
Charles-Etienne (1718 May 2004).
Federalism in Russia, Canada and Belgium: experience of comparative research (in French). Kazan
Institute of Federalism. La Belgique constitue ainsi
le seul exemple clair du transfert d'une partie de la
comptence aaires trangres des entits fdres.
(Transl.: Belgium is thus the only clear example of a
transfer of a part of the Foreign Aairs competences
to federated units.)
[64] Lagasse, Charles-Etienne. Les nouvelles institutions de
la Belgique et de l'Europe (in French). p. 603. [Le
fdralisme belge] repose sur une combinaison unique
d'quipollence, d'exclusivit et de prolongement international des comptences. ([Belgian federalism] is based on
a unique combination of equipollence, of exclusivity, and
of international extension of competences.)
[65] Suinen, Philippe (October 2000). Une Premire mondiale. Le Monde diplomatique (in French). Dans
l'organisation de ces autonomies, la Belgique a ralis une
premire mondiale: an d'viter la remise en cause,
par le biais de la dimension internationale, de comptences exclusives transfres aux entits fdres, les communauts et rgions se sont vu reconnatre une capacit et des pouvoirs internationaux. (In organizing its autonomies, Belgium realised a Worlds First: to avoid a relevant stalemate, international consequences caused transfers of exclusive competences to federal, community and
regional entities that are recognised to have become internationally enabled and enpowered.)

[69] Geography of Belgium. 123independenceday.com. <!


unknown>. Archived from the original on 12 September 2007. Retrieved 10 August 2007. Check date values
in: |date= (help)
[70] LifeNature. Oce for Ocial Publications of the
European Communities. 2005. Retrieved 10 August
2007.
[71] Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. (2007).
Updated world map of the KppenGeiger climate classication. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 16331644.
doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606. (direct: Final Revised Paper)
[72] Climate
averagesBrussels.
roWEATHER/EuroMETEO, Nautica
Rome, Italy. Retrieved 27 May 2007.

Editrice

EuSrl,

[73] Kerncijfers 2006 Statistisch overzicht van Belgi" (in


Dutch). Belgian Federal Government Service (ministry)
of EconomyDirectorate-general Statistics Belgium. pp.
910. Archived from the original on 5 June 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2007.
[74] Takhtajan, Armen, 1986. Floristic Regions of the World.
(translated by T.J. Crovello and A. Cronquist). University
of California Press, Berkeley.
[75] Atlantic mixed forests. Terrestrial Ecoregions. World
Wildlife Fund.
[76] Pearce, Fred (5 March 2003). Sewage-laden Belgian water worst in world. New Scientist. Retrieved 9 May 2006.
[77] Pilot 2006 Environmental Performance Index Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy and Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information
Network
[78] Belgium ranked rst in the KOF Globalisation Index
2009ETH Zrich (ed.). KOF Index of Globalization.
Retrieved 2 February 2009.
[79] Rank Order Exports. CIA The 2008 world factbook.
Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved
5 October 2008. 15[th]: Belgium $322,200,000,000
(2007 est.)
[80] Rank Order Imports. CIA The 2008 world factbook.
Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved
5 October 2008. 15[th]: Belgium $323,200,000,000
(2007 est.)

[66] CIA World Factbook: Belgium

[81] Belgian economy. Belgium. Belgian Federal Public Service (ministry) of Foreign Aairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation. Archived from the original on 15
June 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009. Belgium is the world
leader in terms of export per capita and can justiably call
itself the 'worlds largest exporter'.

[67] (Dutch) Geograsche beschrijving van Belgi Over Belgie Portaal Belgische Overheid. Belgium.be. Retrieved
on 12 August 2013.

[82] Wallonia in 'decline' thanks to politicians. Expatica


Communications BV. 9 March 2005. Retrieved 16 June
2007.

[68] BelgiumThe landRelief. Encyclopdia Britannica


online. Encyclopdia Britannica, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
2007. Retrieved 3 July 2007.

[83] L'Union conomique belgo-luxembourgeoise (in


French). Luxembourgian Ministry of Foreign Aairs.
Retrieved 15 June 2011.

18

12

REFERENCES

[84] Industrial History Belgium. European Route of Indus- [100] Rembert Dodoens: iets over zijn leven en werk
trial Heritage. Retrieved 8 May 2007.
Dodoens werken. PlantaardighedenProject Rembert
Dodoens (Rembertus Dodonaeus) (in Dutch). Balkbrug:
[85] Rioux, Jean-Pierre (1989). La rvolution industrielle (in
Stichting Kruidenhoeve/Plantaardigheden. 20 December
French). Paris: Seuil. p. 105. ISBN 2-02-000651-0.
2005. Archived from the original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2007. ... het Cruijdeboeck, dat in 1554
[86] Industrial History, Belgium. European route of indusverscheen. Dit meesterwerk was na de bijbel in die tijd het
trial heritage.
meest vertaalde boek. Het werd gedurende meer dan een
eeuw steeds weer heruitgegeven en gedurende meer dan
[87] Vanhaute, Eric; Paping, Richard and Grda, Cormac
twee eeuwen was het het meest gebruikte handboek over
(2006). The European subsistence crisis of 18451850:
kruiden in West-Europa. Het is een werk van wereldfaam
a comparative perspective. IEHC. Helsinki. Retrieved
en grote wetenschappelijke waarde. De nieuwe gedachten
31 May 2011.
die Dodoens erin neerlegde, werden de bouwstenen voor
de botanici en medici van latere generaties. (... the Crui[88] Vanhaute, Eric (2007). "'So worthy an example to Irejdeboeck, published in 1554. This masterpiece was, after
land'. The subsistance and industrial crisis of 18451850
the Bible, the most translated book in that time. It conin Flanders. When the potato failed. Causes and eftinued to be republished for more than a century and for
fects of the 'last' European subsistance crisis, 18451850
more than two centuries it was the mostly used referential
(PDF). Brepols. pp. 123148. ISBN 978-2-503-51985about herbs. It is a work with world fame and great sci2. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
entic value. The new thoughts written down by Dodoens,
became the building bricks for botanists and physicians of
[89] Background Note: Belgium. US Department of State,
later generations.)
Bureau of European and Eurasian Aairs. April 2007.
Archived from the original on 8 May 2007. Retrieved 8 [101] O'Connor, J. J.; Robertsonrst2=E. F. (2004). Simon
May 2007.
Stevin. School of Mathematics and Statistics, University
of St Andrews, Scotland. Archived from the original on 9
[90] Vanhaverbeke, Wim. Het belang van de Vlaamse
June 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2007. Although he did not
Ruit vanuit economisch perspectief The importance of
invent decimals (they had been used by the Arabs and the
the Flemish Diamond from an economical perspective"
Chinese long before Stevins time) he did introduce their
(in Dutch). Netherlands Institute of Business Organiuse in mathematics in Europe.
zation and Strategy Research, University of Maastricht.
Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. Retrieved [102] Abstract (*)". S. Karger AG, Basel. Retrieved 11 May
2007. The importance of A. Vesalius publication 'de
19 May 2007.
humani corporis fabrica libri septem' cannot be overesti[91] The World Factbook(Rank OrderPublic debt)".
mated. (*) Free abstract for pay-per-view article byDe
CIA. 17 April 2007. Archived from the original on 13
Broe, Marc E.; De Weerdt, Dirk L.; Ysebaert, Dirk K.;
June 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2007.
Vercauteren, Sven R.; De Greef, Kathleen E.; De Broe,
Luc C. (1999). The Low Countries 16th/17th cen[92] Key gures. National Bank of Belgium. Archived from
tury. American Journal of Nephrology 19 (2): 2829.
the original on 30 April 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2007.
doi:10.1159/000013462. PMID 10213829.
[93] EurActiv. Belgium makes place for urban enterprises. [103] Midbon, Mark, University of WisconsinMadison (24
March 2000). "'A Day Without Yesterday': Georges
EurActiv. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011.
Lemaitre & the Big Bang. Commonweal, republished:
Retrieved 19 March 2011.
Catholic Education Resource Center (CERC). pp. 18
19. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007. Retrieved
[94] Panorama of Transport (PDF). Oce for Ocial Publi7 June 2007.
cations of the European Communities. 2003. ISBN 92894-4845-8.
[104] Carson, Patricia. The Fair Face of Flanders. Lannoo Uitgeverij. p. 136. ISBN 90-209-4385-5.
[95] Fidler, Stephen (3 November 2010). Europes Top Trafc Jam Capitals. Wallstreet Journal. Retrieved 21 June
[105] Day, Lance (2003). Lance Day, Ian McNeil, ed. Bio2011.
graphical Dictionary of the History of Technology. Routledge. p. 1135. ISBN 0-203-02829-5.
[96] Another comparative study on transportation in Belgium: OECD environmental performance reviews: Bel- [106] Woodward, Gordon (2003). Lance Day, Ian McNeil,
gium. OECD. 2007. ISBN 92-64-03111-1.
ed. Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology.
Routledge. p. 523. ISBN 0-203-02829-5.
[97] Defence Data of Belgium in 2010. European Defence
Agency. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
[107] Larsson, Ulf (2001). Cultures of Creativity: the Centennial Exhibition of the Nobel Prize. Science History Publi[98] Defensie La Dfense. Archived from the original on 14
cations. p. 211. ISBN 0-88135-288-8.
June 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
[108] Georges Lematre, Father of the Big Bang. American
[99] David Isby and Charles Kamps Jr, 'Armies of NATOs
Museum of Natural History. 2000. Retrieved 9 DecemCentral Front,' Janes Publishing Company, 1985, p.59
ber 2010.

19

[109] The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977. Nobelprize.org. [124] de Witte, Bruno (1996). Rainey, Anson F., ed. SurvivArchived from the original on 3 December 2010. Reing in Babel? Language rights and European integration.
trieved 9 December 2010.
Canaanite in the Amarna tablets 1 (Brill). p. 122. ISBN
90-04-10521-2.
[110] O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., Pierre
Deligne, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, [125] Belgium Market background. British Council. Retrieved 5 May 2007. The capital Brussels, 8085 percent
University of St Andrews. (Retrieved 10 November 2011)
French-speaking, ...Strictly, the capital is the munici[111] O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., Jean
pality (City of) Brussels, though the Brussels-Capital ReBourgain, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive,
gion might be intended because of its name and also its
University of St Andrews. (Retrieved 10 November 2011)
other municipalities housing institutions typical for a capital.
[112] Quelques rsultats des prcdents recensements
Indicateurs de logement (1991)" (in French switchable to [126] Citizens from other countries in the German-speaking
Community. The German-speaking Community. ReDutch). Belgian Federal Government Service (ministry)
trieved 5 May 2007.
of EconomyDirectorate-general Statistics Belgium.
1998/2007. Archived from the original on 25 June 2007.
Retrieved 8 May 2007. Check date values in: |date= [127] German (Belgium)Overview of the language. Mercator, Minority Language Media in the European
(help)
Union, supported by the European Commission and the
University of Wales. Retrieved 7 May 2007.
[113] Belgium Market essentials. British chamber of commerce in Belgium. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
[128] Leclerc, Jacques, membre associ du TLFQ (19 April
2006). Belgique Belgi BelgienLa Communaut
[114] Population statistics (in Dutch). Statistics Belgium,
germanophone de Belgique. L'amnagement linguistique
Federal Public Service Economy. 2012.
dans le monde (in French). Host: Trsor de la langue
franaise au Qubec (TLFQ), Universit Laval, Quebec.
[115] This number evolved to 89% in 2011. Belgian Federal
Archived from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved 7
Government. Population par sexe et nationalit pour la
May 2007.
Belgique et les rgions, 2001 et 2011 (in French switchable to Dutch). Retrieved 31 August 2012.
[129] According to Le Petit Larousse, Walloon is a dialect of the
Langue d'Oil. According to the Meyers grosses Taschen[116] Perrin, Nicolas, UCLouvain, Study Group of Applied Delexikon, Walloon is the name collectively given to four
mographics (Gdap) (April 2006). European Migration
French dialects spoken in Belgium.
NetworkAnnual Statistical Report on migration and
asylum in Belgium (Reference year 2003)section A. 1)
b) Population by citizenship & c) Third country nation- [130] Among Belgium native German speakers many are familiar with the local dialect varieties of their region, that inals, 1 January 2004. Belgian Federal Government Serclude dialects that spill over into neighboring Luxembourg
vice (ministry) of InteriorImmigration Oce. pp. 59.
and Germany.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr., ed. (2005). LanArchived from the original on 5 June 2007. Retrieved 28
guages of Belgium. Ethnologue: Languages of the World
May 2007.
(Fifteenth ed.) (Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.: SIL International).
(Online version: Sixteenth edition)
[117] De vreemde bevolking. ecodata.mineco.fgov.be
[118] L'IMMIGRATION EN BELGIQUE. EFFECTIFS, [131] Hofman, Roelande H.; Hofman, W. H. A.; Gray, J. M.;
Daly, P. (2004). Institutional context of education systems
MOUVEMENTS. ET MARCHE DU TRAVAIL.
in Europe: a cross-country comparison on quality and eqRapport 2009. Direction gnrale Emploi et march du
uity. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 97, 105. ISBN
travai
1-4020-2744-3. Retrieved 27 February 2011. Extracts:
p. 97, p. 105
[119] Belgian Federal Government. Structure de la population selon le pays de naissance (in French switchable to
[132] Table 388. Percentage of population enrolled in secDutch). Retrieved 31 August 2012.
ondary and postsecondary institutions, by age group and
country. Digest of Education StatisticsTables and Fig[120] BuG 155 Bericht uit het Gewisse 01 januari 2012.
ures. National Center for Education Statistics, Institute
npdata.be (1 January 2012).
of Education Sciences (IES), US Department of Education. 2005, data: 2002. Archived from the original on 5
[121] BuG 159 Bericht uit het Gewisse 7 mei 2012.
June 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2007. Check date values in:
npdata.be (7 May 2012).
|date= (help); |chapter= ignored (help)
[122] Voor het eerst meer Marokkaanse dan Italiaanse mi[133] I. Monitoring Human Development: Enlarging peopless
granten. hbvl.be. 21 May 2007
choices ... 5. Human poverty in OECD, Eastern Europe
[123] Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2009). Languages of Belgium. Ethand the CIS. Human Development Indicators. United
nologue: Languages of the World (sixteenth ed.) (Dallas,
Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 2000. pp.
Texas, U.S.A.: SIL International). pp. 1,248. ISBN 978172173. Archived from the original on 14 June 2007.
1-55671-216-6. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
Retrieved 6 June 2007.

20

12

REFERENCES

[134] Range of rank on the PISA 2006 science scale (PDF). [150] Belgique. European Culture Portal. European CommisOECD. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
sion. 2007 to 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2007. Check date
values in: |date= (help)
[135] De Meyer, Inge; Pauly, Jan; Van de Poele, Luc (2005).
Learning for Tomorrows Problems First Results from [151] Gonthier, Adrien (2003). Frontire linguistique, fronPISA2003 (PDF). Ministry of the Flemish Community
tire politique, une presse en crise. Le Monde diploma Education Department; University of Ghent Departtique (in French). Retrieved 17 June 2008.
ment of Education, Ghent, Belgium (Online by OECD).
[152] Mumford, David (2008). The World Today Series. Westp. 52. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
ern Europe/2007. NY Times. ISBN 1-887985-89-1.
[136] De Ley, Herman (2000). Humanists and Muslims in Belgian Secular Society (Draft version)". Centrum voor Is- [153] Low Countries, 10001400 AD. Timeline of Art History. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2007. Archived from
lam in Europe (Centre for Islam in Europe), Ghent Unithe original on 15 April 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2007.
versity. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
[154] Low Countries, 14001600 AD. Timeline of Art History. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2007. Archived from
[137] See for example Belgium entry of the Catholic Encyclothe original on 29 April 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2007.
pedia
[138] Loopbuyck, P. and Torfs, R. (2009). The world and [155] Several examples of major architectural realisations
its people Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands 4.
in Belgium belong to UNESCO's World Heritage
Marshall Cavendish. p. 499. ISBN 0-7614-7890-6.
List:Belgium. Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 28
[139] Churchgoers in Brussels threatened with extinction (in
April 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
Dutch). Brusselnieuws.be. 30 November 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
[156] Hendrick, Jacques (1987). La peinture au pays de Lige
(in French). Lige: Editions du Perron. p. 24. ISBN
[140] Kerken lopen zeer geleidelijk helemaal leeg Dutch news
2-87114-026-X.
article describing church attendance in Flanders. Standaard.be (25 November 2010). Retrieved on 26 Septem- [157] Guratzsch, Herwig (1979). Die groe Zeit der niederber 2011.
lndische Malerei (in German). Freiburg im Beisgau: Verlag Herder. p. 7.
[141] State and Church in BELGIUM. euresisnet.eu. 31 October 2007.
[158] Low Countries, 16001800 AD. Timeline of Art History. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2007. Archived from
[142] Ghiuzeli, Haim F. The Jewish Community of Antwerp,
the original on 13 May 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2007.
Belgium. Beit Hatfutsot, the Museum of the Jewish People
[159] Art History: Flemish School: (16001800)Artists:
(biography & artworks)". World Wide Arts Resources.
[143] Inquiry by 'Vepec', 'Vereniging voor Promotie en Com5 February 2006. Retrieved 10 May 2007.A general
municatie' (Organisation for Promotion and Communicapresentation of the Flemish artistic movement with a list
tion), published in Knack magazine 22 November 2006 p.
of its artists, linking to their biographies and artworks
14 [The Dutch language term 'gelovig' is in the text translated as 'religious. More precisely it is a very common [160] Belgian Artists: (biographies & artworks)". World Wide
word for believing in particular in any kind of God in a
Arts Resources. 5 February 2006. Retrieved 10 May
monotheistic sense, or in some afterlife], or both.
2007.List of Belgian painters, linking to their biographies and artworks
[144] In Belgi wonen 650.000 muslims. Indymedia.be. 12
September 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
[161] Baudson, Michel (1996). Panamarenko. Flammarion
[145] Vreemde afkomst 01/01/2012. Npdata.be. 1 January
2012.

(Paris), quoted at presentation of the XXIII Bienal Internacional de So Paulo. Archived from the original on 7
February 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2007.

[146] Moslims in Brussel 20102030. Npdata.be. Retrieved


[162] Brussels, capital of Art Nouveau (page 1),ib. (page2)".
26 March 2013.
Senses Art Nouveau Shop, Brussels. 2007. Retrieved 11
May 2007. (for example)
[147] Special Eurobarometer, biotechnology, page 204
(PDF). Fieldwork: JanFeb 2010. Check date values in:
[163] Major Town Houses of the Architect Victor Horta
|date= (help)
(Brussels)". UNESCO's World Heritage List. UNESCO.
Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 16
[148] Corens, Dirk (2007). Belgium, health system review.
May 2007. The appearance of Art Nouveau in the closHealth Systems in Transition (European Observatory on
ing years of the 19th century marked a decisive stage in
Health Systems and Policies) 9 (2).
the evolution of architecture, making possible subsequent
[149] BelgiumArts and cultural education. Compendium of
developments, and the Town Houses of Victor Horta in
Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe, 8th edition. CounBrussels bear exceptional witness to its radical new apcil of Europe / ERICarts. 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2007.
proach.

21

[164] Western music,


the Franco-Flemish school. [178] Ames, Paul (30 August 2009). Buying the Worlds Best
Encyclopdia Britannica. 2007. Retrieved 15 May
Beer. Global Post. Archived from the original on 9
2007. Most signicant musically was the pervasive
November 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
inuence of musicians from the Low Countries, whose
domination of the musical scene during the last half of [179] Guthrie, Tyler (11 August 2010). Day trip to the best
beer in the world. Chicago Tribune. Archived from the
the 15th century is reected in the period designations
original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 19 November
the Netherlands school and the Franco-Flemish school.
2010.
[165] Two comprehensive discussions of rock and pop music in
[180] Monks run short of 'worlds best' beer. ABC. Reuters.
Belgium since the 1950s:
12 August 2005. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
The TimelineA brief history of Belgian Pop Music.
The Belgian Pop & Rock Archives. Flanders Music Cen- [181] InBev dividend 2006: 0.72 euro per shareinfobox:
tre, Brussels. March 2007. Archived from the original on
About InBev. InBev. 24 April 2007. Retrieved 31
12 July 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
May 2007. InBev is a publicly traded company (Euronext:
Belgian CultureRock. Vanberg & DeWulf ImportINB) based in Leuven, Belgium. The companys origins
ing. 2006. Archived from the original on 7 June 2007.
date back to 1366, and today it is the leading global brewer
Retrieved 11 May 2007.
by volume.
[166] Grove, Laurence (2010). Comics in French: the Euro- [182] Task, Marijke; Renson, Roland and van Reusel, Bart
pean bande dessine in context. Berghahn Books. ISBN
(1999). Klaus Heinemann, ed. Organised sport in transi1-84545-588-6.
tion: development, structures and trends of sports clubs in
Belgium. Sport clubs in various European countries (Schat[167] A review of the Belgian cinema till about 2000 can be
tauer Verlag). pp. 183229. ISBN 3-7945-2038-6.
found atHistory of Cinema in Belgium. Film Birth.
2007. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
[183] Wingeld, George (2008). Charles F. Gritzner, ed. Belgium. Infobase Publishing. pp. 9495. ISBN 978-0[168] Fashion and the 'Antwerp Six'". Fashion Worlds, Dorset,
7910-9670-3.
UK. 2004. Archived from the original on 19 April 2007.
Retrieved 13 May 2007.
[184] Hendricks, Kelly (20 June 2014). Belgiums 10 most
popular sports. The Bulletin. Retrieved 26 October
[169] Processional Giants and Dragons in Belgium and
2014.
France. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 27
[185] Majendie, Matt (18 April 2005). Great, but there are
April 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
greater. BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 24
[170] Folklore estudiantin ligeois (in French). University of
August 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2007. [the AuLige. Retrieved 17 June 2008.
thors] top ve [cyclists] of all time: 1 Eddy Merckx, 2
Bernard Hinault, 3 Lance Armstrong, 4 Miguel Indurain,
[171] The Michelin stars 2007 in Belgium. Resto.be TM
5 Jacques Anquetil
Dreaminvest. 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
[186] "Goalkeeping Greats" Goalkeepersaredierent.com. Re[172] Steak-frites. Epicurious. Archived from the original
trieved on 29 June 2008
on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2007. Republished fromVan Waerebeek, Ruth; Robbins, Maria (Oc- [187] Woods, Bob (2008). Motocross History: From Lotober 1996). Everybody Eats Well in Belgium Cookbook.
cal Scrambling to World Championship MX to Freestyle.
Workman Publishing. ISBN 1-56305-411-6.
Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-77873987-6.
[173] Belgium. Global Gourmet. Retrieved 12 August 2007.
Republished fromVan Waerebeek, Ruth; Robbins, Maria
Online sources
(October 1996). Everybody Eats Well in Belgium Cookbook. Workman Publishing. ISBN 1-56305-411-6.
[174] Mussels. Visit Belgium. Ocial Site of the Belgian
Tourist Oce in the Americas. 2005. Archived from
the original on 10 February 2007. Retrieved 12 August
2007.Note: Contrarily to what the text suggests, the
season starts as early as July and lasts through April.
[175] Elliott, Mark and Cole, Geert (2000). Belgium and Luxembourg. Lonely Planet. p. 53. ISBN 1-86450-245-2.

Belgium. Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Encyclopdia Britannica, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Retrieved 7 June 2007.

Boordtabel (in Dutch). Centre for Information,


Documentation and Research on Brussels (BRIO).
2007. Archived from the original on 29 May 2007.
Retrieved 2 June 2007. (mentioning other original
sources)

[176] Snick, Chris (18 October 2011). Nieuwe bierbijbel bundelt alle 1.132 Belgische bieren. Het Nieuwsblad (in
Dutch).

Belgium entry at The World Factbook Retrieved on


7 June 2007.

[177] Nieuwe bierbijbel met 1.132 Belgische bieren


voorgesteld in Brugge. Krant van West-Vlaanderen (in
Dutch). 18 October 2011.

The Constitution. Federal Parliament Belgium.


21 January 1997. Archived from the original on 7
June 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2007.

22
Country Portal EuropeBelgium. Belgian Federal Government Service (ministry) of Economy
Directorate-general Statistics Belgium. Archived
from the original on 1 July 2007. Retrieved 7 June
2007.
Fischer, Kathrin (21 July 1999). Die Stellung
und Rolle der deutschsprachigen Minderheit in Ostbelgien innerhalb des belgischen Nationalstaats.
Kleiner Gelndekurs in die EUREGIO Maas-Rhein
(in German). Geographical Institute of the GeorgAugust University (Department Culture and Social
Geography), Gttingen, Germany. Archived from
the original on 20 July 2007. Retrieved 13 June
2007.
History of Belgium. World History at KMLA.
Korean Minjok Leadership Academy (KMLA). 30
May 2007. Archived from the original on 6 July
2007. Retrieved 2 June 2007.
Janssens, Rudi, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (1
June 2001). Brusselse Themas in Brussel
Taalverhoudingen, taalverschuivingen en taalindentiteit in een meertalige stad (in Dutch, summary
The Use of Languages in Brussels pp. 227250 in
English). Vrije Universiteit Brussel Press, Brussels
ISBN 90-5487-293-4republished. Archived from
the original on 5 June 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2007.
Leclerc, Jacques, membre associ du TLFQ (2006).
Belgique Belgi Belgien. L'amnagement linguistique dans le monde (in French). Host: Trsor de
la langue franaise au Qubec (TLFQ), Universit
Laval, Quebec. Archived from the original on 8
June 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2007.

13

(357pp ed.). D. Appleton and Co, New York. ASIN


B00085PM0A. OCLC 1525559.
[Also editions [1913], London, OCLC 29072911;
(1921) D. Unwin and Co., New York OCLC
9625246 also published (1921) as Belgium from the
Roman invasion to the present day, The Story of
the nations, 67, T. Fisher Unwin, London, OCLC
2986704]
de Kavanagh Boulger, Demetrius C. (28 June 2001)
[1902]. The History of Belgium: Part 1. Csar to
Waterloo. Elibron Classics (Paperback 493pp ed.).
Adamant Media (Delaware corporation), Boston,
Massachusetts, United States. ISBN 1-4021-67148. Facsimile reprint of a 1902 edition by the author,
London
Ib. (June 2001) [1909]. Ib. Part 2. 18151865.
Waterloo to the Death of Leopold I. Ib. (Paperback
462pp ed.). Ib. ISBN 1-4021-6713-X. Facsimile
reprint of a 1909 edition by the author, London
Fitzmaurice, John (1996). The Politics of Belgium:
A Unique Federalism. Nations of the modern world
(Paperback 284pp ed.). Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA. ISBN 0-8133-2386-X. OCLC
30112536.
Kossmann-Putto, Johanna A.; Kossmann Ernst H.;
Deleu Jozef H. M., ed.; Fenoulhet Jane, translator
(from: (1987)). De Lage Landen: geschiedenis van
de Noordelijke en Zuidelijke Nederlanden. VlaamsNederlandse Stichting Ons Erfdeel, Rekkem (January 1993) [1987]. The Low Countries: History of
the Northern and Southern Netherlands (3rd Rev.
edition Paperback 64pp ed.). Flemish-Netherlands
Foundation Stichting Ons Erfdeel, Rekkem, Belgium. ISBN 90-70831-20-1. (Several editions in
English, incl. (1997) 7th ed.)

Mnookin, Robert, Professor at HLS; Verbeke, Alain


(20 December 2006). Bye bye Belgium?". International Herald Tribune, republished by Harvard Law
School. Archived from the original on 21 March
2007. Retrieved 1 June 2007.Reections on na- 13 External
tions and nation-state developments regarding Belgium
Government
Bibliography

EXTERNAL LINKS

links

Ocial site of Belgian monarchy

Ocial site of the Belgian federal government


Arblaster, Paul (23 December 2005). A History
of the Low Countries. Palgrave Essential Histories
(Hardcover 312pp ed.). Palgrave Macmillan, New General
York. ISBN 1-4039-4827-5.
Belgium entry at The World Factbook
Blom, J. C. H., Dutch State Institute for War Docu Belgium at UCB Libraries GovPubs
mentation, ed.; Lamberts, Emiel, Professor in Modern History KULeuven, ed.; Kennedy, James C.,
Belgium information from the United States Departtranslator (May 1999). History of the Low Counment of State
tries (Hardcover 503pp ed.). Berghahn Books, Oxford/New York. ISBN 1-57181-084-6.
Belgium at DMOZ
Cammaerts, mile L. (1921) [1913]. A History of
Belgium from the Roman Invasion to the Present Day

Portals to the World from the United States Library


of Congress

23
Belgium prole from the BBC News
FAO Country Proles: Belgium
Statistical Prole of Belgium at the Association of
Religion Data Archives
Wikimedia Atlas of Belgium
Key Development Forecasts for Belgium from
International Futures
Ocial Site of the Belgian Tourist Oce in the
Americas and GlobeScope

24

14

14
14.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses


Text

Belgium Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium?oldid=635473905 Contributors: Magnus Manske, Dreamyshade, WojPob, Brion


VIBBER, Mav, Bryan Derksen, Zundark, The Anome, Stephen Gilbert, Koyaanis Qatsi, Jeronimo, Malcolm Farmer, -- April, Mark
Ryan, Dave McKee, Andre Engels, Scipius, Danny, JeLuF, Walter, Rmhermen, Aldie, PierreAbbat, Wathiik, SimonP, Msammon, Drbug,
G_from_B, FvdP, DrBob, Zoe, Formulax, Fonzy, Icarus, Montrealais, Michel.SLM, Hephaestos, Olivier, Vkem, Stevertigo, NTF, Ubiquity, Patrick, RTC, Infrogmation, D, Michael Hardy, Rschroev, EvanProdromou, Oliver Pereira, Kroose, Isomorphic, Dhum Dhum, Karl,
Liftarn, MartinHarper, Gabbe, Drjan, Menchi, Mic, Sannse, Kurt Roeckx, Karl Stas, Gaz, Ppareit, Looxix, Ahoerstemeier, Pjamescowie,
Docu, Snoyes, TUF-KAT, Angela, Yvesb, , LittleDan, Glenn, Vzbs34, Brammeke, Susurrus, Jiang, Kaihsu, Evercat, Efghij,
John K, Samuel, Tobias Conradi, Mxn, BRG, Raven in Orbit, Schneelocke, Hike395, Karl Schalike, Charles Matthews, Rob.derosa, Wikiborg, Ike9898, Dysprosia, WhisperToMe, Tpbradbury, Maximus Rex, Furrykef, Grendelkhan, Morwen, Itai, Nv8200p, Tuomas, Ed g2s,
Wernher, Thue, Joy, Bjarki S, Fvw, Mtcv, Wetman, Pakaran, Secretlondon, GPHemsley, Phil Boswell, Fedor, Sjorford, Donarreiskoer,
Nufy8, Robbot, Vardion, Dale Arnett, Chealer, Pigsonthewing, Fredrik, Korath, Johnathan, Chris 73, Seneschal, RedWolf, Moncrief,
Altenmann, Romanm, Naddy, Chris Roy, Samrolken, Henrygb, Dukeofomnium, Texture, ThaGrind, Thesilverbail, Gidonb, Timrollpickering, Caknuck, Bkell, Moink, Hadal, Wikibot, JackofOz, David Edgar, Wereon, Spellbinder, Alba, Lupo, SoLando, Xanzzibar, Cyrius,
Rolot, Jooler, Filemon, Alan Liefting, David Gerard, Kurohone, Dave6, Fabiform, Decrypt3, Giftlite, Rabie, DocWatson42, Laudaka,
Nichalp, Haeleth, Netoholic, Abigail-II, Tom harrison, Meursault2004, Lupin, Dissident, Average Earthman, Everyking, No Guru, McPaul, Moyogo, Curps, Alison, Michael Devore, Cantus, Rick Block, Duncharris, DO'Neil, Guanaco, Iota, Zoney, Gzornenplatz, Matt
Crypto, Avala, OTB, Just Another Dan, Jackol, Pne, Bobblewik, Deus Ex, Jrdioko, Edcolins, Golbez, Ned Morrell, Rudi Dierick, Wmahan, Dingo, Thewikipedian, Chowbok, Gadum, Jonathan Grynspan, Alexf, Gdr, SarekOfVulcan, Quadell, Ran, Antandrus, Beland,
JoJan, Lesgles, PDH, Jossi, RudiDierick, AlexanderWinston, Aequo, Langston, Rikboven, Sky, Ganymead, Kuralyov, Zfr, Sam Hocevar,
Imamtheeggman, Micahbales, LHOON, Neutrality, Okapi, Goobergunch, Ropers, Ukexpat, Robin klein, Sonett72, Picapica, Salv236,
Hillel, Ulmanor, Squash, Grunt, Canterbury Tail, EagleOne, Lacrimosus, Millisits, Wareldian, Ornil, D6, Ghamerly, PZFUN, ClockworkTroll, AliveFreeHappy, Stankovic, R U Bn, RossPatterson, Johan Elisson, Discospinster, Solitude, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot,
BlueMars, ThomasK, Qutezuce, Francis Schonken, Billzeeter, Quiensabe, MuDavid, Pavel Vozenilek, SpookyMulder, WegianWarrior,
Bender235, Zaslav, Kbh3rd, Goplat, Steerpike, Klenje, ReallyNiceGuy, Neko-chan, RJHall, Maclean25, Aecis, Zscout370, Sfahey, El
C, Gertjan R., Julius.kusuma, Kwamikagami, Mwanner, Avenger, Ducheyn, Shanes, Ajunne, Sietse Snel, Art LaPella, Markussep, Dalf,
RobNS, Bastique, Taarten, Bobo192, Sortior, Herzliyya, Shenme, Viriditas, Maurreen, Wwwillly, Kappa, QTxVi4bEMRbrNqOorWBV,
Pokrajac, Scott Ritchie, SpeedyGonsales, Jerryseinfeld, Blotwell, Man vyi, Jojit fb, TheProject, PeterisP, Llywelyn, RussBlau, Pperos,
Sam Korn, Polylerus, Pharos, Pearle, Gsklee, Nsaa, Tom verbeure, HasharBot, Jumbuck, 578, Storm Rider, Zachlipton, Red Winged
Duck, Stephen G. Brown, Danski14, Alansohn, Anthony Appleyard, Hektor, Buaidh, Slof, Rd232, Mr Adequate, Queson, Andrewpmk,
M7, Craigy144, Ronline, Andrew Gray, Lord Pistachio, Riana, Demi, Derumi, Lectonar, Fortinbras, Lightdarkness, Mailer diablo, Seancdaug, David de Cooman, Cdc, TygerDawn, Snowolf, Zulzain, Wtmitchell, Yuckfoo, Mikeo, Pethr, Unchorner, Skyring, Rrenaud, Kusma,
Stijn7, Redvers, Nightstallion, Adrian.benko, Fdewaele, Zntrip, Jvb, Newnoise, Angr, Velho, TimComm, Mel Etitis, Woohookitty, Henrik,
Mindmatrix, Brhaspati, TigerShark, Rocastelo, Pietervermeersch, Ae-a, Olivert1977, Holdspa, SP-KP, WadeSimMiser, JeremyA, Julien
Tuerlinckx, Tabletop, Kelisi, OnCloudFive, Amikeco, BlaiseFEgan, Male1979, Romihaitza, Wayward,
, Toussaint, Prashanthns,
Cedrus-Libani, Karam.Anthony.K, Dysepsion, Mandarax, Tslocum, Mask, Graham87, Marskell, Qprmeteor, Magister Mathematicae, Rsg,
Jalada, Brycem, Bunchofgrapes, FreplySpang, RxS, Electionworld, Ketiltrout, Sj, Rjwilmsi, Angusmclellan, Koavf, Rogerd, Cyr, NatusRoma, Gryndor, Jivecat, Vary, Bob A, Eeamoscopolecrushuva, Amire80, Sdornan, Feydey, Tawker, Eric Burnett, SpNeo, Funnyhat,
Ligulem, CQJ, ElKevbo, Boccobrock, Brighterorange, The wub, DoubleBlue, Ttwaring, Twarin, Olessi, MarnetteD, Dar-Ape, Ucucha,
Sango123, Yamamoto Ichiro, Bash, Falphin, FlaBot, Naraht, Ian Pitchford, RobertG, Ground Zero, Pdehaye, CalJW, Latka, Brusselsshrek,
Nihiltres, Nivix, Chanting Fox, Mark83, RexNL, Avichsc, Arctic.gnome, Drumguy8800, Pevernagie, Stevenfruitsmaak, Malhonen, McDogm, Idaltu, Victor12, King of Hearts, Chobot, Scosco62, Jared Preston, DVdm, 334a, Gwernol, E Pluribus Anthony, Tone, GreyWyvern,
Wavelength, Sortan, RobotE, Wester, TSO1D, Huw Powell, Phantomsteve, RussBot, V Brian Zurita, Jtkiefer, The Storm Surfer, Salsia,
Jensboot, Briaboru, Debatebot101001, Epolk, SpuriousQ, HVH, Devahn58, WayneRay, Van der Hoorn, Stephenb, Polluxian, Gaius Cornelius, CambridgeBayWeather, Deodat, Wimt, Anomalocaris, Alohawolf, Shanel, NawlinWiki, SEWilcoBot, Mymap, Wiki alf, Xyzyxx,
Grafen, AKeen, Daniel crowley, Terli, Rjensen, StephenWeber, Howcheng, Morhange, Thiseye, Lexicon, Nick, R Daneel Olivaw, Jorgenpfhartogs, Seeaxid, Banes, Brian Crawford, RFBailey, Vb, Rmky87, Moe Epsilon, Froth, BertK, Emersoni, PM Poon, Tony1, Syrthiss,
Lockesdonkey, BOT-Superzerocool, Wangi, Saintamh, DeadEyeArrow, CorbieVreccan, Jpeob, Martinwilke1980, Wknight94, Ms2ger,
Bob247, Pegship, Boivie, FF2010, EAderhold, 21655, Zzuuzz, Lycaon, Warfreak, Barryob, Nikkimaria, Theda, Closedmouth, Pietdesomere, Dspradau, BorgQueen, GraemeL, LeonardoRob0t, Fram, Hayden120, MartinUK, Fenrus, Fideel, Kaicarver, Whouk, PaxEquilibrium, X3210, Katieh5584, Squell, Kungfuadam, Ief, Le Hibou, Pentasyllabic, Nick-D, Amberrock, Paul Pieniezny, DVD R W, DocendoDiscimus, MattiasVd, Intangible, A bit iy, SmackBot, MattieTK, YellowMonkey, Hurkummer, Slarre, The Dark, David Kernow,
Reedy, Herostratus, WookieInHeat, Michael Dorosh, EncycloPetey, Delldot, Prexcaz, Boris Barowski, Kintetsubualo, Janneman, HalfShadow, Sebesta, Yamaguchi , Gilliam, Brianski, Ohnoitsjamie, Gareldt, Hmains, The Gnome, Skizzik, Polaron, Carl.bunderson, Cswolves, LadnaV, Amatulic, Chris the speller, Master Jay, Quinsareth, Gold heart, Lamadude, Rex Germanus, Jprg1966, Master of Puppets,
Hebel, Liamdaly620, Miquonranger03, MalafayaBot, Papa November, 1652186, Akanemoto, Bazonka, Breadandcheese, Rowlan, Dustimagic, Robth, Baronnet, Thibes, Colonies Chris, Darth Panda, Lightspeedchick, D-Rock, GoodDay, Sct72, Fjmustak, Nick Bond, Can't
sleep, clown will eat me, MaartenVidal, OrphanBot, Lazar Taxon, MJCdetroit, Yidisheryid, TheKMan, Rrburke, Edivorce, Cairnarvon,
Amazins490, Blueboar, Cribananda, Pushit, Jrenier, Rarelibra, Maniacgeorge, Khoikhoi, Ganchelkas, Theanphibian, Krich, Flyguy649,
Cybercobra, Nibuod, Nakon, James.kendall, Cordless Larry, Weregerbil, Aaker, Er Komandante, DDima, Kukini, Balagen, Ricky@36,
Son of Yoda, Clicketyclack, Andrew Dalby, TenPoundHammer, Ohconfucius, Will Beback, Paul Willocx, Vildricianus, Harryboyles, Dirk
math, Kuru, John, AmiDaniel, Heimstern, Ocee, SilkTork, Kstephent, Warniats, Henrik Ebeltoft, Edwy, LestatdeLioncourt, Tim Q. Wells,
Joelo, Mgiganteus1, Green Giant, Goodnightmush, Gnevin, Seb951, IronGargoyle, George McFinnigan ie, Jake-helliwell, Ben Moore,
041744, Ckatz, 16@r, Eivind F yangen, Slakr, Tasc, Booksworm, Noah Salzman, Optimale, Yvesnimmo, Spiy42, Mr Stephen, Bendzh,
Flamerule, AxG, Maksim L., Waggers, Spi666, SandyGeorgia, Mesgary, Guitargeorge, Neddyseagoon, NJA, Sijo Ripa, Peter Horn,
Scorpion0422, Paul Nollen, Violncello, Mackan, Levineps, BranStark, DouglasCalvert, Iridescent, V6g3h7, ACinfo, OttomanReference,
Lakers, R, Amakuru, Dionysos1, Octane, Pinakib, Lucy-marie, Civil Engineer III, Courcelles, Namiba, Thricecube, Billy Hathorn, FairuseBot, Tawkerbot2, Dlohcierekim, Daniel5127, Galati, Jim McFadden, JForget, Conorobradaigh, Pukkie, E-boy, Interstellar, Dorothiminor,
Van helsing, Aherunar, Conchy dulce, Picaroon, Babelcello, R9tgokunks, Ballista, WeggeBot, Tom Hillstrom, Wikipeder, Zurkhardo, Lear
21, Beno18, Themightyquill, Cydebot, Steel, Peterdjones, Blessthishouse, Gogo Dodo, Siberian Husky, Flowerpotman, R-41, Arthurian

14.1

Text

25

Legend, Corpx, ST47, Adolphus79, Xeo-Wizzard, Colin S, Eu.stefan, Tkynerd, Soccerj021, Ejk81, DumbBOT, RelHistBu, Monsieur
Fou, Eboracum, 218, Kozuch, Imperator Honorius, Ward3001, Tarkan1st, Daven200520, Brad101, Bramme, Piccolo Modicatore Laborioso, Omicronpersei8, AlexanderVogt, Casliber, CieloEstrellado, Mglovesfun, Thijs!bot, ChKa, Epbr123, Fisherjs, Biruitorul, DavidHolden, Kro666, Knarf-bz, Daniel, HappyInGeneral, Deborahjay, Louis Waweru, Marek69, John254, Jakerake, James086, Yettie0711,
LordPhaZe, Salion, Cogito ergo sumo, Dfrg.msc, EdJohnston, Therequiembellishere, Pbwinter, Sean William, Dawnseeker2000, SvenAERTS, RoboServien, SomeHuman, AlefZet, Escarbot, Pieterpieter, Oreo Priest, David Liuzzo, Alex45, Schnitzelman, AntiVandalBot,
Lucas Richards, TERMA, Majorly, BokicaK, Dekkanar, JurgenG, Bcnviajero, Carolmooredc, Quintote, Michael042, DarkAudit, Jj137,
Pacarama, Fayenatic london, Mackan79, Trezjr, Mihas, Credema, Alphachimpbot, Boulinou, Emmelie, The Utterly Annoying Pedant,
Myanw, Klow, Gkhan, Caper13, Ioeth, Bogger, JAnDbot, Deective, Leuko, Husond, Twilight, Armando12, MER-C, Speculoos, RedZebra, M.C., MeeMo, Redking7, Vlatkomil, Andonic, Resher, Hut 8.5, PhilKnight, Rothorpe, Kerotan, Severo, Acroterion, ,
Magioladitis, WolfmanSF, Pedro, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Elpato, AuburnPilot, Scanlan, Dekimasu, AtticusX, Kuyabribri, JNW, FabrizioMarana, Anthonyramos1, JamesBWatson, John Smith M.D., Ph.D, Cadsuane Melaidhrin, CTF83!, Alpenblitz, Christo jones, Incredible007, Sfu, Jvhertum, Zhongs, Animum, Allstarecho, Cpl Syx, Spellmaster, Glen, DerHexer, Philg88, Felisopus, JdeJ, Pax:Vobiscum,
Patstuart, The Sanctuary Sparrow, Bardhylius, DJ MeXsTa, Pikolas, Mannerheim, Greenguy1090, Macmelvino, MartinBot, Vigyani, Tvoz,
Tekleni, Rettetast, Anaxial, Autocratique, CommonsDelinker, AlexiusHoratius, Csidle2, Nono64, Ruud64, Lilac Soul, Tgeairn, El0i, Artaxiad, Ssolbergj, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Trusilver, Cabmille, Ali, Numbo3, Uncle Dick, Cebueq01, A Nobody, Michiel
Buddingh', Medjl, Quizimodo (usurped), TablaRas, Sunnybondsinghjalwehra, Dispenser, Sergioroa, BrokenSphere, DSuser, I'm a friendly
user!!!, McSly, Eltl 312, Samtheboy, RenniePet, Wiki1609, Plasticup, Colchicum, WHeimbigner, Joshana, NewEnglandYankee, Flatterworld, AlanBarnet, VanCleave, Largoplazo, Jeanniebastian, Prhartcom, KylieTastic, Juliancolton, Royalcello, Bogdan, Lebob, Lighted
Match, Jjhcap99, Jevansen, Vanished user 39948282, Nimora, Diego, Paularblaster, Ad43, Andy Marchbanks, Inwind, JavierMC, Ellasevia, CA387, Martial75, Sgeureka, Steel1943, Idioma-bot, Highelds, 007ketan, Lights, ChaosNil, Deor, Caspian blue, VolkovBot,
Thedjatclubrock, ABF, Orphic, Awpc, DSRH, Ryn78, Winterborn, Bipin74, WOSlinker, Maxtremus, Lizhereinlondon, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, GimmeBot, Jkeene, Longlostlotrelf, Justiglesias, Captain Courageous, Zonneschijn, Wikidemon, Netuser500, Meowlolol,
Rocopterftl, Quizimodo, Ehorn13, Qxz, Una Smith, Martin451, Knorrepoes, JhsBot, Sanfranman59, ^demonBot2, GeneralBelly, Johnraciti, Drappel, Malalalalalaylanguauauauage, Zachary calderone, ARUNKUMAR P.R, Lombar2, Dorfner, Uannis, Bobby1361, Verbist,
Usergreatpower, Dataranking, Meters, Synthebot, Lova Falk, Jorisvb, Strangerer, Richtom80, AjitPD, Mellow gold, Seresin, Spinningspark,
GoPurpleNGold24, Sevela.p, Clorvy, Le Fou, Blk mage1555, Why Not A Duck, AndresTM, Sanchez67, AlleborgoBot, Bluedenim, Usermason, Logan, Munci, EmxBot, S.rvarr.S, SPQRobin, Thucydides of Thrace, SieBot, Coee, Whiskey in the Jar, Matt 96, BotMultichill,
WTucker, Vexorg, Caltas, Triwbe, Wing gundam, JabbaTheBot, Calabraxthis, Inglis, Purbo T, Francish7, Bentogoa, Flyer22, Tiptoety,
HkCaGu, Ryancullinane, LibStar, Serblood, Oda Mari, Arbor to SJ, Elcobbola, Ventur, Ludditeworld, Imsocoolso, Rhanyeia, Oxymoron83,
Wudkanz, GnevinAWB, Targeman, CJ Aikman, Lightmouse, Frenchcheese8, Miguel.mateo, Manneken Pis, Astrale01, Jisern, Draconion
devil, Lilgunner94, Drbb01, Eugen Simion 14, Macy, Ctxppc, Afernand74, OKBot, Kumioko (renamed), Correogsk, Slovenski Volk,
Philly jawn, Mygerardromance, LogosLive, Hooiwind, Wernervb, Pinkadelica, Dolphin51, McLar eng, Literaturegeek, Danog-76, Gomedog, Hpdl, TarquinWJ, , Sfan00 IMG, Flyingfoxglove, ClueBot, Deviator13, GorillaWarfare, Bob1960evens, PipepBot, Snigbrook, Fyyer,
Kotniski, The Thing That Should Not Be, Welthir, Rodhullandemu, Kafka Liz, Lievinie, Mattgirling, Swedish fusilier, EoGuy, Marked4life,
Nnemo, Jappalang, Kneperle, Arakunem, Drmies, U41364, Uncle Milty, Bellum et Pax, Skpperd, Regibox, Kewaga, DigitalNinja,
CounterVandalismBot, Iuhkjhk87y678, Sirrunk, Rockfang, Amcham, Luc.de.bry, AlainSki, NuclearVacuum, Detroiterbot, Excirial, Jusdafax, Tomeasy, Ishdsai, Editedit1, Yemal, Mfa fariz, SpikeToronto, Ziko, Yorkshirian, Pikachu102, Gianlucadimilano, Birdkid100, Tyler,
NuclearWarfare, Cenarium, Jotterbot, Vinn0r, DeltaQuad, Hans Adler, Donkeydoodle, YellowOnline, Razorame, Michael.palomino-atgmx.ch, Dekisugi, Idontknow610, Red34255, Twi913, Mickey gfss2007, Foogus, PhiRho, Muro Bot, Ottawa4ever, La Pianista, Mothecool, Hdrgjuxdjv, C628, John Paul Parks, Tired time, Lalala99, Secret, Panwan, Ehliss, Pisceesumsprecan, Aitias, Samantha555, Daylight
hint, WlReik, Widdle Ogie, Antun Gustav, Qwfp, Egmontaz, Bertzor, DumZiBoT, Bobjhdhijdvnjd, XLinkBot, Katarakta, 7Inuyasha1,
Actionfury199, TaalVerbeteraar, Jovianeye, Rror, Spider Pig, Spider Pig, does whatever a Spider Pig does, Nepenthes, Allladin, Sergay,
Doc9871, SilvonenBot, NellieBly, Jd027, Sonyray, Bruxelloise, Good Olfactory, RyanCross, Gggh, Surtsicna, Jhendin, Monkeygirl9689,
Xp54321, Brumski, AVand, Some jerk on the Internet, DOI bot, Prattlement, Trescastillos, AkhtaBot, Tanhabot, TutterMouse, Manchester15, Elmondo21st, Mww113, Kanchelskis-it, Fieldday-sunday, Ham123456789, Xgmx2, Larry Yuma, CanadianLinuxUser, Leszek
Jaczuk, Leighto, Zschernicky, Cst17, Jim10701, Mnmazur, Morning277, CarsracBot, Giving is good, as long as you're getting, Ccacsmss, Buster7, Chzz, Debresser, Favonian, LinkFA-Bot, 5 albert square, Numbo3-bot, Bobje117, Answer is Blue Stripes, Dt12, Tide rolls,
Lightbot, Manuguf, Luckas Blade, RobSchop, Gail, WWWQQQ123, HerculeBot, Sooperkula, Aaroncrick, Ben Ben, Luckas-bot, Yobot,
2D, Bunnyhop11, Kartano, Ptbotgourou, Fraggle81, QueenCake, KamikazeBot, Lston2,
, South Bay, LemonMonday, Dickdock,
Tempodivalse, Burord, Backslash Forwardslash, AnomieBOT, Turkish Flame, DemocraticLuntz, Rubinbot, 1exec1, Grey Fox-9589, Killiondude, Jim1138, Galoubet, Kvdh, AdjustShift, Samuel Lann, Jos Fontaine, CartoonistHenning, Jo3sampl, Ulric1313, Genuis at spelling,
Materialscientist, Kwalk7, Craigzomack, Historian19, BreizhAtav, Alawadhi3000, DerekvG, Citation bot, John Milito, GB fan, ArthurBot,
Shadak, LilHelpa, Madalibi, Xqbot, Timir2, B. Franken, Johnsmith12321, The Banner, Addihockey10, JimVC3, Lllakisha, Capricorn42,
Fmph, Theobald Tiger, Belgiumboy108, TechBot, Nasnema, Theprophetofperhaps, DSisyphBot, Cosialscastells, Sodacan, Ffokoob, Supermustache21, Locos epraix, Editor120, Ayrtoncools, GrouchoBot, Abce2, JeNBelgium, ProtectionTaggingBot, Backpackadam, MichiWe,
RibotBOT, MadGeographer, IShadowed, Miyagawa, WebCiteBOT, Vdjj1960, A. di M., Tktru, Sheno1gunner, George2001hi, Appeltree1, FrescoBot, Mamaberry11, Acb4341, MontseBL, Kierzek, LucienBOT, Paine Ellsworth, Tobby72, Thayts, Sirtywell, Boris grishenko,
Mistakender, AriTotle, Alpboyraz, Alxeedo, Izzedine, Haeinous, HJ Mitchell, Finalius, Bambuway, JNlis, BenzolBot, DivineAlpha, Citation bot 1, Pinethicket, I dream of horses, Elockid, HRoestBot, Jamouse, LittleWink, Calmer Waters, Wigbold, BRUTE, RedBot, Pikiwyn, Jaguar, Haahaamagician, SpaceFlight89, Wikiain, , ScottMHoward, Jamesinderbyshire, Ultimate Destiny, FoxBot, WardMuylaert,
TobeBot, Declan Clam, Sznax, Lotje, Teddycom, RoadTrain, Dinamik-bot, Vrenator, Deelybopper, Felipito1.966, Jerd10, Canuckian89, Weedwhacker128, Underlying lk, IRISZOOM, Nascar1996, Tbhotch, Minimac, Sideways713, APUSHhistorywiz, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Easysteve, Northwestern guy, Cintari, Andrea105, Stephreef, Mean as custard, RjwilmsiBot, Ultimatetime, Chipmunkdavis,
12nicky, Regancy42, Seniorfox, Beyond My Ken, Aub 713, MAXXX-309, Franzcourtens, Avatarion, CalicoCatLover, Zujine, DASHBot,
EmausBot, John of Reading, Acather96, Fuzzums69, WikitanvirBot, Eekerz, Vbrems, Logical Cowboy, Immunize, Dewritech, GoingBatty, Boom and bust, Mesgul82, Sdaht, Vrity, Bkuerazor, PaulFontaine, Nickinbrussels, Moswento, Tommy2010, Zominis, Wikipelli,
K6ka, P. S. F. Freitas, WAW, Jemangeleschiens, APayan, Baever123, Helsinkicommission, Ipberlin1, Urondo, Joneass, Rgould3, The
Madras, ZroBot, John Cline, F, Dolovis, Ngst, Alcea setosa, Kissmenowlover, Subtropical-man, Alpha Quadrant (alt), DavidKRoosters, Elellailelle, Semmler, Tallfernstar, H3llBot, SporkBot, Cymru.lass, RasmusBE, Erianna, PhaiakianLandIsScandinavia, UltimaRatio,
JmRay, Chezi-Schla, BernhardtP, Nicepirate, Esimon221, Sfoske70, Bawheed18, Dead shy 111, LostLanguages, Donner60, Michael
Jackson (not king of pop), Zinedinho, Btsz, Pun, ElockidAlternate, BernardaAlba, DavidBatesonFan, Spatulli, ChuispastonBot, Italiano111, Brigade Piron, LikeLakers2, KarlsenBot, TYelliot, Sven Manguard, Girasoletitti, CHANABS, ClueBot NG, Wiskylson, Ordbok,

26

14

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Myriamverhas, Arthurcox, CocuBot, MelbourneStar, Caitlynnho16, Satellizer, Laricaney, Muziah, Movses-bot, Kman665, Geckobyte,
G.Burggraaf, Sevendirtywords, Snotbot, Frietjes, Twillisjr, Hazhk, Aight 2009, TAG-A-b10, O.Koslowski, Mattie156, Widr, Antiqueight,
Chacha15, Alan McBrazil Burger, Knook, Gcorral, JJthejetplan, Oddbodz, Helpful Pixie Bot, Beckylou27, Thehumanipod, Jean-Pol
GRANDMONT, Wbm1058, Hasbrogames1946, Lowercase sigmabot, Rosu III, TGilmour, My Precious, Belgium is the best, Vagobot,
ISTB351, HIDECCHI001, Trollaccount221, Wiki13, ElphiBot, MusikAnimal, AvocatoBot, Compfreak7, 19ronnie96, Theonlyftyve,
YodaRULZ, Atoine85, Ollieinc, Alessioolumn, Friends147, JaroV, Hdkeulenaer, Stegdino, Thomas Westermann, JVdP100, Shredder2012,
Aayush18, Scarsonbrodway, EricEnfermero, Gylatshalit, B b b b uk lau!!, Deaconfrst8, Spacedickings, Mumofnine, RandomUnknownStranger, Ashleigh1430, ChrisGualtieri, Adnan bogi, Khazar2, Ekren, JYBot, Plokijnu, Jamesbwilk, APerson, Carmelant97, Treemapper, Dexbot, SantoshBot, Webclient101, SamWinchester000, Mogism, Anton88be, Rcastiglione, Pluto2012, , Lugia2453,
Jamesx12345, Maab77, Magick71, Ghostofjustice, More-researcher, Athomeinkobe, ZH8000, Klldefnub, NikolasTzimoulis, Pinx, Killuminator, TeslaKing, Epicgenius, CsDix, RomeoSolano, AmaryllisGardener, Hardeep.singh khurana, Inglok, MASHMALLOW123, Tentinator, MAGNA PRIMUS, EvergreenFir, Dwscomet, Backendgaming, Pepesia, Honorabletundra, Accepttruth, ArmbrustBot, Babitaarora,
Ray Lightyear, Ugog Nizdast, The Herald, Samtyler654, MrBrianP, XTURDEOx, Kareldorado, Glenmeister, Urbex3, EssexBoyAbroad,
Abhi8421, EranHendrickx, Coreyemotela, RyanvdVis, ChloBirbBubbles, Van Luden 3, Stockton1212, Kaleidostone, JaconaFrere, TheEpTic, Bobistheawesomestbob, Moosarocks, Zxcvbnmatt, 01editor01, Spacepotatoes, Monkbot, Cleothebest 12, Calmguy354, TheBoulderite, Ryopus, Nyarlathotep42, Theboutsi, BIGDADDY113, Monopoly31121993, Conxi Muoz, StradBot, Rmoorewiredneck, Ve3dwl,
XaytawrisesWiki, Youstink6905, GoodGame1324, Bunnyboy69, Lewisdox, Ridethepony93, Reecemoore44, Utigg78, Romesmith290,
Americanoutlaw68, Groove McDuck, Asdfghjkkll, INeonLollypop, Bedeltufo, Overall2000, HARRISOn1999, Naghmfghjk, Amir2005,
Grayfell12, Duonaut, Retusntoeroginr and Anonymous: 2441

14.2

Images

File:00_Bruxelles_-_Mont_des_Arts.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/00_Bruxelles_-_Mont_des_


Arts.jpg License: CC-BY-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jean-Pol GRANDMONT
File:1_May_2004_enlargement_celebration_in_Parc_du_Cinquantenaire.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/0/00/1_May_2004_enlargement_celebration_in_Parc_du_Cinquantenaire.jpg License:
CC-BY-SA-2.0 Contributors:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/robdeman/114494254/in/pool-24642083@N00 Original artist: Rockcohen
File:Armoiries_Luxembourg_province.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Armoiries_Luxembourg_
province.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Palais Gouvernal de la Province de Luxembourg de la Belgique Original artist:
Original author: Caranorn
File:Armoiries_Principaut_de_Lige.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Armoiries_Principaut%
C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Odejea
File:BasKoek.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/BasKoek.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
from French wikipedia: fr:Image:BasKoek.jpg Original artist: Photo fr:Utilisateur:Roby
File:Belgium_-_Location_Map_(2013)_-_BEL_-_UNOCHA.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/
4b/Belgium_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_BEL_-_UNOCHA.svg License: CC-BY-3.0 Contributors: Belgium Locator Map
(ReliefWeb), ESRI, UNCS Original artist: UN Oce for the Coordination of Humanitarian Aairs (OCHA)
File:Belgium_National_Team_vs_USA_2013.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Belgium_National_
Team_vs_USA_2013.jpg License: CC-BY-2.0 Contributors: Flickr: Belgium National Team Original artist: Erik Drost
File:Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg License: CCBY-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Marie-Claire
File:Blason_Limburg_province_Belgique.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Blason_Limburg_
province_Belgique.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zorlot
File:Blason_namur_prov.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Blason_namur_prov.svg License: CC-BYSA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Bruegge_huidenvettersplein.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Bruegge_huidenvettersplein.jpg
License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Brussel_Parlementsgebouw.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Brussel_Parlementsgebouw.jpg
License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Brussels_signs.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Brussels_signs.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Photograph: Own work Original artist: Ejk81
File:Carlos_V_en_Mhlberg,_by_Titian,_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
Public domain
commons/d/d2/Carlos_V_en_M%C3%BChlberg%2C_by_Titian%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg License:
Contributors: The Prado in Google Earth: Home - 7 th level of zoom, JPEG compression quality: Photoshop 10. Original artist: Titian
File:Carte_du_Conseil_de_l'Europe.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Carte_du_Conseil_de_l%
27Europe.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work by uploader, based on Image:Euro 2008.png Original artist: JLogan
File:Charleroi_-_place_Charles_II.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Charleroi_-_place_Charles_II.
jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jmh2o
File:Charles_Michel_UNDP_2010.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Charles_Michel_UNDP_2010.
jpg License: CC-BY-2.0 Contributors: UNDP Administrator Helen Clark meets with Belgian Minister for Development Cooperation Charles
Michel Original artist: United Nations Development Programme
File:Coat_of_arms_of_Antwerp.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Wapen_van_de_provincie_
Antwerpen_%28klein%29.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: File:Wapen van de provincie Antwerpen in de 20e eeuw.svg Original
artist: Lemmens, Tom

14.2

Images

27

File:Coat_of_arms_of_Flemish_Brabant.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_
Flemish_Brabant.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This vector image includes elements that have been taken or adapted from
this: (by Katepanomegas). Original artist: Katepanomegas
File:Coat_of_arms_of_Walloon_Brabant.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_
Walloon_Brabant.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This vector image includes elements that have been taken or adapted from
this: (by Katepanomegas). Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Communities_of_Belgium.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Communities_of_Belgium.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Diksmuide_-_Polders_-_IJzer.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Diksmuide_-_Polders_-_IJzer.
jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: LimoWreck
File:Domino_-_Jacques_Brel_5.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Domino_-_Jacques_Brel_5.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0-nl Contributors: Nationaal Archief Original artist: Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Rijksfotoarchief: Fotocollectie Algemeen Nederlands Fotopersbureau (ANEFO), 1945-1989 - negatiefstroken zwart/wit, nummer toegang 2.24.01.05, bestanddeelnummer
914-8399
File:EU-Belgium.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/EU-Belgium.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Location European nation states.svg Original artist: NuclearVacuum
File:Europe_(orthographic_projection).svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Europe_
%28orthographic_projection%29.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Europe_green_light.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Europe_green_light.png License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Aegean Boy
File:Eyck.hubert.lamb.750pix.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Eyck.hubert.lamb.750pix.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: Web Gallery of Art: <a href='http://www.wga.hu/art/e/eyck_van/jan/09ghent/1open.jpg' datax-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Inkscape.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/20px-Inkscape.
svg.png' width='20' height='20' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/30px-Inkscape.svg.png
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/40px-Inkscape.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='60' datale-height='60' /></a> Image <a href='http://www.wga.hu/html/e/eyck_van/jan/09ghent/1open.html' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img
alt='Information
icon.svg'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/20px-Information_
icon.svg.png'
width='20'
height='20'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.
svg/30px-Information_icon.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/
40px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='620' data-le-height='620' /></a> Info about artwork Original artist: Jan van
Eyck (circa 13901441)
File:Flag_Belgium_brussels.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Flag_Belgium_brussels.svg License:
CC-BY-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Flag_of_Belgium.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Van den Bussche, E., Chief of Protocol, Belgian Federal Department of the Interior (2008) Noble Belgique, Mre chrie LE PROTOCOLE EN BELGIQUE (PROTOCOL IN BELGIUM), Heule: Editions UGA ISBN: 9789067689359. Original artist: Dbenbenn and
others
File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Europe.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
File based on the specication given at [1]. Original artist: User:Verdy p, User:-x-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi,
User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Flanders.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Flag_of_Flanders.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: De vlag van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap + various ocial publications.
An example of the actual ag Original artist: Lemmens, Tom
File:Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Based on Image:Francophonie 1987.png. Original artist: Denelson83
File:Flag_of_NATO.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: www.nato.int Original artist:
Vectorized by Mysid and uploaded to Flag of NATO.svg
File:Flag_of_Wallonia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Flag_of_Wallonia.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Coq de Paulus Original artist: Lemmens, Tom
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Gent_vanuit_Meestentoren1.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Gent_vanuit_Meestentoren1.
JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Own work (photo personnelle) Original artist: Torsade de Pointes
File:Great_Coat_of_Arms_of_Belgium.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Great_coat_of_arms_of_
Belgium.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work, elements by Ssolbergj and Katepanomegas; Based on :File:Greater Coat of
Arms of Belgium.png Original artist: Sodacan

28

14

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg License:


CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Modied from <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blason_Beaumont_sur_Sarthe_72.svg'
class='image'><img alt='Blason Beaumont sur Sarthe 72.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Blason_
Beaumont_sur_Sarthe_72.svg/50px-Blason_Beaumont_sur_Sarthe_72.svg.png' width='50' height='55' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Blason_Beaumont_sur_Sarthe_72.svg/75px-Blason_Beaumont_sur_Sarthe_72.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Blason_Beaumont_sur_Sarthe_72.svg/100px-Blason_Beaumont_sur_Sarthe_
72.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='600' data-le-height='660' /></a> Original artist: Ipankonin
File:Image-Charlemagne-by-Durer.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Charlemagne-by-Durer.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Albrecht Drer
File:Kim_Clijsters_2006.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Kim_Clijsters_2006.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.pbase.com/ahuse/image/64785277 by Andrew Huse Original artist: Andrew Huse
File:Klein_wapen_van_West-Vlaanderen.svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Klein_wapen_
van_West-Vlaanderen.svg License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wapen_van_
West-Vlaanderen.svg' class='image' title='File:Wapen van West-Vlaanderen.svg'><img alt='File:Wapen van West-Vlaanderen.svg'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wapen_van_West-Vlaanderen.svg/20px-Wapen_van_West-Vlaanderen.
svg.png' width='20' height='12' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wapen_van_West-Vlaanderen.
svg/30px-Wapen_van_West-Vlaanderen.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wapen_van_
West-Vlaanderen.svg/40px-Wapen_van_West-Vlaanderen.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1487' data-le-height='893' /></a> (Lemmens,
Tom )
Original artist: Lemmens, Tom
File:Koning_Filip_van_Belgi.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Koning_Filip_van_Belgi%C3%AB.
jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Lars Koopmans
File:Liege_View_03.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Liege_View_03.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.02.5-2.0-1.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: A.Savin
File:Mercator.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Mercator.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.nmm.ac.uk/collections/prints/viewRepro.cfm?reproID=PU2381 Original artist: Nicolas III de Larmessin (1684
1755)[#cite_note-3 [3]]
File:NATO_flag.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg License: Public domain Contributors: www.nato.int Original artist:
Vectorized by Mysid and uploaded to Flag of NATO.svg
File:OLV-Kathedraal.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/OLV-Kathedraal.jpg License: CC-BY-SA3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Ougree_16.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Ougree_16.jpg License: CC-BY-2.0-be Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Provinces_of_Belgium.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Provinces_of_Belgium.svg License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Regions_of_Belgium.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Regions_of_Belgium.svg License: CCBY-3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Speakerlink-new.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kelvinsong
File:Steady2.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Steady2.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own
work Original artist: Tomchen1989
File:Terrestrial_globe.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6b/Terrestrial_globe.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:The_Brabanconne.ogg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/The_Brabanconne.ogg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.navyband.navy.mil/anthems/national_anthems.htm Original artist: United States Navy Band (rendition),
uploaded to Wikimedia by Keith Lehwald
File:Tintin-mainCast.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b3/Tintin-mainCast.png License: Fair use Contributors:
It is believed that this comics panel can or could be obtained from the publisher, Egmont Group.
(This image was cropped and processed from: File:Tintin-mainSupportingCharacters.png). Original artist: The Herg Foundation
File:Tree_map_export_2009_Belgium.jpeg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Tree_map_export_2009_
Belgium.jpeg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Electronic Complexity Observatory, MIT Media Lab and the Center for International
Development at Harvard University. http://atlas.media.mit.edu Original artist: R Haussmann, Cesar Hidalgo, et. al.
File:Wapen_van_Oost-Vlaanderen.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Wapen_van_Oost-Vlaanderen.
svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: 20px|Flag of Oost-Vlaanderen.svg (F5JMH )
Original artist: Lemmens, Tom
File:Wappers_-_Episodes_from_September_Days_1830_on_the_Place_de_lHtel_de_Ville_in_Brussels.JPG
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Wappers_-_Episodes_from_September_Days_1830_on_the_Place_de_l%
E2%80%99H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_in_Brussels.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Photo by Szilas at the Royal
Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels Original artist: Egide Charles Gustave Wappers
File:Wikibooks-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Bastique, User:Ramac et al.
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

14.3

Content license

29

File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0


Contributors:
Original artist: Nicholas Moreau
File:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Snorky
File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AleXXw
File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk contribs), based
on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber

14.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

Вам также может понравиться