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A
bug
of
inertia
mb
collides
with
the
windshield
of
a
Mack
truck
of
inertia
mt mb
at
an
instant
when
the
relative
speed
of
the
two
is
vbt .
Part
(a)
Express
the
system
momentum
in
the
trucks
reference
frame
(T),
then
transform
that
expression
to
the
bugs
reference
frame
(B),
and
in
so
doing
remove
mb vbt
from
the
expression.
(Remember,
in
the
bugs
reference
frame,
the
bug
is
initially
at
rest
and
the
truck
is
moving.)
Part
(b)
Now
express
the
system
momentum
in
the
bugs
reference
frame,
then
transform
that
expression
to
the
trucks
reference
frame,
and
in
so
doing
remove
mt vbt
from
the
expression.
Part
(c)
Is
there
something
wrong
here?
How
can
we
change
the
momentum
by
a
small
amount
mb vbt doing
the
transformation
one
way
and
by
a
large
amount
mt vbt doing
the
transformation
the
other
way?
Solution
Part
(a)
!
!
!
!
!
!
In
the
truck
reference
frame
(T):
pT ,sys = pT ,b + pT ,t = mb vT ,b + mt vT ,t = mb vT ,bt .
Since
!
the
truck
is
not
moving
in
the
truck
reference
frame,
vT ,t = 0 .
The
negative
sign
is
included
due
to
the
(arbitrary)
choice
of
coordinate
axes;
the
velocity
of
the
bug
in
the
truck
reference
frame
is
selected
in
the
negative
direction
and
equal
in
!
!
magnitude
to
the
relative
speed:
vT ,b = vT ,bt .
Transform
using
the
frame-
!
!
!
transformation
rule:
vA,o = vAB + vB,o
for
the
velocity
of
an
object,
o,
measured
in
frame
A
and
in
frame
B,
where
frame
B
is
moving
with
respect
to
frame
A.
!
!
Transforming,
obtain
pB,sys = mT vB,bt
.
1
Solutions
and
brief
explanations
provided.
Method
not
shown.
Use
only
as
a
guide
for
discussion
in
class.
Part (b)
!
!
In
the
bug
reference
frame
(B):
pB,sys = mT vB,bt
.
After
transforming
to
the
truck
!
!
reference
frame,
obtain:
pT ,sys = mb vT ,bt
Part
(c)
There
is
noting
wrong
here.
Since
you
are
working
in
different
reference
frames,
you
will
measure
different
added
momenta
in
each;
a
small
or
large
amount
depending
on
the
reference
frame.
6.74
Asteroid
(A1),
m = 3.60 10 6
kg,
and
asteroid
(B1),
m = 1.20 10 6 kg,
collide
head-on
in
space.
Approximate
(rather
poorly)
the
collision
as
being
elastic.
Observers
watch
the
event
from
two
space
platforms.
An
observer
on
platform
Q
measures
the
speed
of
to
be
528
m/s
and
the
speed
of
to
be
315
m/s,
and
sees
heading
directly
toward
.
The
second
platform,
platform
Z,
is
at
rest
in
the
zero-
momentum
reference
frame
of
the
asteroids.
Part
a
What
is
the
combined
momentum
of
the
asteroids
measured
from
platform
Q?
Part
b
What
is
the
velocity
of
platform
Z
relative
to
platform
Q?
Part
c
Draw
velocity,
momentum,
and
kinetic
energy
graphs
for
the
asteroids
as
viewed
from
platform
Z,
using
graphs
like
those
in
Figure
P6.74
(reproduced
below).
Assume
the
collision
begins
at
t=40
s
and
lasts
for
20
s.
Velocity
Momentum
Kinetic
Energy
Part
d
Add
a
curve
for
the
momentum
of
the
system
to
the
momentum
graph
you
constructed
in
part
c.
Part
e
What
happens
to
the
kinetic
energy
when
its
curve
bends?
Part
f
On
your
kinetic
energy
graph
from
part
c,
show
what
an
observer
on
platform
Z
sees
for
the
convertible
and
nonconvertible
kinetic
energies
of
the
asteroids.
Part
g
Repeat
parts
cf
as
seen
from
platform
Q.
Solution
It
is
helpful
to
draw
a
picture
of
the
collision
in
the
two
reference
frames
for
the
initial
and
final
states
of
the
system.
Part a
Let
asteroid
be
initially
moving
in
the
+x
direction.
The
total
system
momentum
!
!
!
in
the
Q
reference
frame
is
given
by pQ,sys,i = m vQ, ,i + m vQ, ,i = 1.52 10 9 i
kg
m/s.
Part b
Platform
Z
(reference
frame
Z)
moves
at
the
same
velocity
as
the
center
of
mass
of
!
pQ,sys,i
!
the
system.
Find
the
center
of
mass
velocity:
vQ,cm =
= 317.25i
m/s
in
the
Q
m + m
reference
frame.
Part c
!
!
!
In
reference
frame
Z,
vZ , ,i = vQ, ,i vQZ = 528 317 = 211i
m/s
and
!
!
!
vZ , ,i = vQ, ,i vQZ = 315 317 = 632i m/s.
After
the
collision,
we
know
that
the
velocities
simply
change
in
direction,
not
magnitude,
due
to
the
symmetry
of
the
Z
!
!
frame
(see
Figure
6.12
in
the
textbook).
So
vZ , , f = vZ , ,i = 211i m/s
and
!
!
v
= v
= 632i m/s.
Z , , f
Z , ,i
!
!
Multiply
by
the
inertias
and
plot
the
momenta:
pZ , ,i = m vZ , ,i = 0.7587 10 9 i
kg
!
!
=m v
= 0.7587 10 9 i
kg
m/s
as
expected
for
the
zero
momentum
m/s
and
p
Z , ,i
Z , ,i
frame.
The
momenta
switch
signs
after
the
collision
as
shown
in
Figure
6.12
in
the
textbook.
Plot
these
momenta:
Part d
Part
e
The
kinetic
energy
curves
bend
as
the
kinetic
energy
is
converted
to
other
forms.
Part
f
The
translational
kinetic
energy
is
zero: K Z ,cm =
1
2
(m
observer
on
platform
Z
is
moving
with
the
center
of
mass
velocity
and
hence
measures
that
velocity
as
zero.
The
convertible
kinetic
energy
is
given
by
K Z ,conv = 12 vZ2 ,12 = 3.198 1011
J.
The
relative
speed
is
the
same
before
and
after,
but
drops
to
zero
at
the
t = 50
s.
Part
g
Repeat
Part
c
Velocity
!
vQ, ,i = 528
m/s
!
vQ, ,i = 315
m/s
!
!
!
vQ, , f = vQZ + vZ , , f = 317.25 210.75 = 106.5
m/s
!
!
!
vQ, , f = vQZ + vZ , , f = 317.25 + 632.25 = 949.5
m/s
Momentum
!
pQ, ,i = 1.9008 10 9
kg
m/s
!
pQ, ,i = 3.7800 10 8
kg
m/s
!
pQ, , f = 3.8340 10 8
kg
m/s
!
pQ, , f = 1.1394 10 9
kg
m/s
Kinetic
Energy
K Q, ,i = 5.0181 1011
J
K Q, ,i = 5.9535 1010 J
K Q, , f = 2.0416 1010 J
K Q, , f = 5.4093 1011 J
Repeat
Part
d
!
pQ,sys = 1.5228 10 9
kg
m/s
Repeat
Part
e
The
curves
bend
as
kinetic
energy
is
converted
to
other
forms.
Repeat Part f
K Q,conv = 12 vQ2 , =
K Q,cm =
1
2
(m
+ m
1
2
2
Q,cm
1
2
11
11
6.76
A
1500-kg
van
is
coasting
to
a
stoplight
at
15
m/s.
A
1000-kg
car
behind
the
van
is
doing
the
same
thing
at
25
m/s
and
crashes
into
the
rear
of
the
van.
The
bumpers
collide
with
a
coefficient
of
restitution
of
0.70.
Part
a
What
are
the
final
velocities
of
the
two
vehicles?
Part
b
How
much
kinetic
energy
is
converted
to
internal
energy
in
this
collision?
Part
c
How
much
energy
is
converted
if
the
bumpers
lock
together
in
a
totally
inelastic
collision?
Solution
Draw
a
picture.
Work
in
the
center
of
mass
reference
frame
for
simplest
solution
method.
Part
a
Let
the
direction
of
the
motion
of
both
cars
before
the
collision
be
in
the
positive
x
!
!
mc vc,i + mv vv,i
!
direction.
The
velocity
of
the
center
of
mass
is
given
by vcm =
= 19i
m/s.
mc + mv
!
!
In
this
reference
frame,
the
final
momentum
must
be
zero
so
mc vcm,c, f = mv vcm,v, f
(equation
1).
We
are
give
the
coefficient
of
restitution
which
is
the
ratio
of
the
differences
in
velocities
before
and
after
the
collision
between
the
two
objects:
!
!
vcm,v, f vcm,c, f
.
Solving
for
the
center
of
mass
final
velocity
of
the
van
in
terms
e= !
!
vcm,v,i vcm,c,i
!
!
of
the
car
from
this
expression
yields
vcm,v, f = vcm,c, f + 7.0i
m/s.
Combining
with
!
!
equation
1
above
yields
vcm,c, f = 4.2i
m/s
and
vcm,v, f = 2.8i
m/s.
Now
convert
both
!
!
!
!
back
to
the
Earth
reference
frame
using
vE,o = vE,cm + vcm,o .
This
gives
vE,v, f = 22i
m/s
!
and
vE,c, f = 15i
m/s.
So,
in
the
Earth
frame,
both
vehicles
continue
to
move
in
their
initial
direction
of
motion
after
the
collision.
Part
b
Simply
take
the
difference
between
the
final
and
initial
kinetic
energy
of
the
system:
K sys = K sys, f K sys,i = 12 mc v c,2 f v c,i2 + mv v v,2 f v v,i2 = 15
kJ.
15
kJ
of
energy
was
Part
c
In
this
case,
all
convertible
energy
is
converted
into
internal
energy.
The
amount
converted
can
be
written
K sys = K sys,conv,i = 12 vcv2 = 30
kJ.
6.78
Derive
!
!
Derive
by
differentiation
the
transformation
laws,
giving
vN and aN in
terms
of
vI
and
aI .
Solution
Derivation
Start
with
the
second
equation.
Take
the
first
derivative
with
respect
to
time.
Since
time
is
the
same
in
all
reference
frames,
there
is
no
ambiguity
in
the
time
derivative.
!
!
Also
note
that
aIN
is
a
constant,
and
vIN
is
a
constant
that
describes
the
velocity
d !
d ! !
!
!
! !
!
difference
at
time
t = 0
only.
Thus,
vN = ( rN ) = ( r1 vIN t 12 aIN t 2 ) = v1 vIN aIN t
dt
dt
d !
d ! !
!
!
! !
and aN = ( vN ) = ( v1 vIN aIN t ) = a1 aIN
.
dt
dt