662

Part

Locatibn, Geometrrcs, and Drainage

Table

15.1

Computation of Fill and cut Volumes and Mass Haul Diagrarn

ordinate

ErdArca (JF)

Vohnte (yd3)

Statiorr Cut

9
.7
11"
22
89
157
231
374
467

18

50

97

130

51

:i

5
6

40
/t
AJ

45
2A

80

1.22

130

1,0

r40

11.

100

72

80

30

13

75

20

14

5o

50

l-)

20

90,

1r)

10

100

'17

120

120

40

s0

18

19

20

30

Total

Ctn

,l

6,7
,10

10

Shrinkage- Total

Fill

0
:

NetVolume (4-7)

s00
444
JJJ

287
231
130
56
19
6
80
130

Fill

FilI
percent (5 + 6)

Fifi
126

(-)

139

13

Mis
Ctt
(+)

l)Mgranx

Ordinate

130

272

27

299

)o.)

-130

420

42

462

-422

335

34

369

4s1
a,t1

178

18

196

107

120

12

132

25

-1220
-7327

46

51

180

-1302

14

360

-T122

463

s00

13

-873

-7A
199
:zot

6I

67

266.

93

102

185

130

13

143

88

241

24

265

135

366

310

41

448

429

444

44

488

482

315

11
JI

346

266

-179

148

1tr

163

33

--445

333
407

30

437
638

904
1089
1177

1042
732
303

-478

Solution:

r/
v Frt

Shrinkage

_ 100(,40c +

Atc)

54

=1oo(At\F

+ AtF)

54

100(3+

=-=/.aJvu

54

1oo(18

-'-"

'"

+50)

- --54-j-

=1239 Yd'

125.9 (0.10)
13 16:
Total fili volume = 126 * 13 = 739 yd3
The cut and fill volume berween station

urr.n4(x /

2)

0 + 00 and 1

00 is shown in cor-

Chapter

Highway Surveys and Location

663

Cut:

9 yd3 (Column 4)
Flll: 126yd3 (Column'S) +
Shrinkage: t3 yd3 (Colurnn 6;
Total Fill required: 139 yd3 (Column 7)
Net volume berween $ations 0-1 = Totar cut
(Column 8)

Totar Fiil

: 9-

r39 = -130 yd3

Note: Net fill volumes are negative (-) (Column B) and net cut volumes

(+) (Column
20

are

positive

9).

Similar calculations are performed between all other stations, from smrion
00, to obtain the remaining cut or Filr varues shown in columns 2-9.

I*

00 to

Cotnpating Ordinates of the Mass l:Iaul Diagram. The mass haul diagram is a series of
connected lines that depicts the net accumulation of cut or fiIl berween any two stations.
The ordinate of the mass diagram is the net accumulation in yd3 from ,, ,.Li,.^ry starting
point. Thus, the difference in ordinates between any two stations represents the net accumulation of cut or fill behveen these stations. If the first starion of tle roadway is considered to be the surting point, then the net accumulation at this station is zero.

Example

15.5

Computing Mass Haul Diagram Ordinates

ljse the data obtained in Example 15.4 to determine the net accumularion of cut or
beginning with station 0 * 00. plot the results.

Solution: Columns

fill

B and 9 show the net cut and fill between each station. To cornpute
maii haul dagrarn ordjnate between sration x ,rJ x ii;;ill.
nel accurnularion
from StationX (the first station) to the net cur or fill rroto*.'1CJ;;;;;;;;;;;;
stationsXandX+1.EnterthisvaIueinColumn10.

,trre

, : Station0

+
+
3+

Station 1
Station 2

'

OO,Mass Diagram Ordinate

Dialam Ordinate = 0 - 130 : -130 yd3

0O Mass Diafram Ordinate =
-130 - ZSZ : -inVa3
00 Mass

00 Mass Diagram Ordinate :

-422 - 451 : -g73 vd3
00.Ivlpss,piagprn Ordlnat e :
-873 .- 3t7 : _I22ti yd3
Station 5 + 00 Mass Diagram Ordinate :
-1220 _ 107 : _132i yd3
Station O + OO Mass Diaf:ram Ordinate :
-1;;, + iS : -;;;;;d,
starion 7 + 00 Mass Diagram ordinate =
-1302 * 1g0 =
Station

4.t
ltatio3

-r122yd3

664

Part 4

fr

Location, Geometrics, and Drainage

t?

l 500

000

E
500

s
o

o
o

-500
f

(J

-1000

-1500 o

12

16

20

Stations

Figure

15.15

Mass Haul Diagram for Computation Shown in Table

15.1

1. When the mass haul diagram slopes downward (negative), the preceding section is in
fill and when the slope is upward (positive) the preceding section is in cut.
2. The difference in mass haul diagram ordinates between any two stations represents
the net accumulationbewveen the tvvo stations (cut or

fill). For example the net accumu-

lation bet,;veen station 6 + 00 and 1,2 + 00 is 1,302 + 904 : 2206ya3 1nU;.

3. A horizontal line on the mass haul diagram defines the locations where the net accumulation be&veen these two points is zero. These are referred to as "balance points,"
because there is a balance in cut and fill volumes between these points. In Figure 15.15
the "x" axis represents a balance between points ,4' and D' and a balance between
points D' artd -E'. Beyond point E' the mass haui diagram indicates a fill condition for
which there is no compensating cut. The maximum value is the ordinate at station
20 + 00 of -478 yd3. For this section imported material (called borrow) will have to be
purchased and transported from an off-site location.
4. Other horizontal lines can be drawn connecting portions of the mass haul diagram.
For example lines,I-K and S-?] which are each five stations iong, depict a balance of
cut and fill benveen stations at pointsj and K and S and T.

Example

15.6

Computing Balance Point Stations

Compute the value ofbalance point stations for the mass haul diagram in Figure 15.15 for
the following situations:

(a) The x axis

(b) The horizontal

,u

distance S-71 which mea'sures 500

ft

Chapter

Highway Surveys and Location

Solution: Balance points are computed by interpolation using the even stations where
the ordinates change from cut to fill (or vice versa)
Balance poinrD occurs beuween Sution 9 + 00 and 10 * 00
(since ordinate vaiues are _299 and *201)
fusuming that the mass haul diagram ordinate changes linearly between srations, by
similar tr-iangles we can wrire
Station

ofthe Balance point

D:

(9 + 00)

12991(299

+ 201)](too; :

lzoztlzoz

+ 179)](t0o;:

17

60

Similarly,
Station oftheBalancepoint

1b)

B : (t7 + 00) +

63

:To

determine the balance poi,rt strtiorrs for line Si it i. necessary to draw the
mass haul diagram to a larger scale than depicted in the textbook, and to read the

station for one of the points directly from the diagram. Using this teChnique,
station 11 + 20 was measured for point S and from this value the station for
point T is computed as
(11 + 20)

+ (5 + 00) :

5trrion 16 +

Z0

Computing Owrhaul Payments, Contractors are compensated for the cost of earthmoving in the following manner. Tlpically, the contract price will include a stipulated
maximum distance that earth will be moved without the client incurring additional
charges. Ifthis distance is exceeded, then the contract stipulates a unit price add-on quoted
in additional station-yd3 of material moved. The maximum distance for which there is no
charge is called free haul. The ertra distance is called overhaul.

,Example

15.7

Computing Overhaul Pavment

The free-haul distance in a highway construction contract is 500 ft and the overhaul price
is $11lyd3 station. For the
-rL nr,rt diagram rfr""., i" fig";i5.i;;;;r;;;;.:;.,
compensation that must be paid to a contractor to balance the cut and fill betvrreen statioll
9 + 60 (D) and smtion 17 + 63 (E).

The overhaul volume will occur between statiolls 9 + 60 and 1 1 * 20, and

interpolation between stations 11

value

00 or by reading the

By interpolation the value is:

t'

',.,Overhaul

+ 00 and 1,2 *

from the mass haul diagram

Ordinate at station 11

(difference in ordinates ar 12 and 11) (20/100)

(q
,--\

665

Part

Location, Geometrics, and Drainage

..

=.]-__-,'

Thisoverhaulvalueshouldequa1thevalueatstation.416+20
By interpolation the value

is

Since the valtres are'not equa.i, u1e tle:average (669 yd3)

Or

measure the overhaul from'a lar$er scale diagram to' obtain a

value of 675 ydl. This value is selected for the calculation of contractor
compensation.

Step

2.

Determine the overhaul distance.

The method of moments is used is to Compute the weighted average'of
the overhaul distances from the balance line to the station where fiee haul
Lregins.

stations 9 * 60 to ,10r + 00, the volume moved is 201 ydl,

and the average distance to the free haul station (1,1 + 20) ip (10 +,00 r
140ft.
9 + 60)/2 + 100 +
Frorn stations' X0 00 to 11 +, 00, the volume moved is (538 207)
437 yd3t, and the distance moved to the free haul line is (11 + 00 - 10
+ 0O)/2 * 20 = 70 ft.
From station 1 1 *, 00 to station 11- * 20, the volume moved is 675 - 638 ;.
37 yd3 and the average d.istance is 10 ft.

nelin ring*rth

20:

OverhauldistancemovedbetweenStation.9*60and1':l*.2,0:..

Jrmrlarty, we compute the overhaul distance between the balance point at

+ 63 and the beginning of free haul at station 1,6 + 20.
Beginningwith stations 17 + 63to tZ + 00, thevolume moved is 303 yd3,
and the average distance to the free haul ,station (1 5 + 20) is (17 + 63 - 17 .
+ 00) + 2 + (17 + 00 - 16 + 20): 111.5 ft.
From stations 17 + 00 to 16 * 20, the volume moved is (675 - 303) :
372yd3,and the distance moved to the free haul line is (17 + 00 - 16 +
20) -2: 40 ft.
Oo.rhrrl p*rage dibtance movedbelween station 1.6 + 20 and17 + 53,

station 17

{(aol)(rrr.s) + (ztz)(+o)}+
Total overhaul distance
Step

3.

87.6

67s

72.1.

48,664.5

675

:72.1ft

= 1.59.7 ft

Compute overhaul cost due to the contractor.

Overhaul cost

contract price ($/yd3 station) x overhaul (yd') x stations

= 11 x 675 x (0.876 + 0.721): $11,858

computer programs are now available,that can be used to compute cross-sectional

areas and volumes directiy from the elevations given at the cross sections. Some programs