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Early Intermediate and Middle Horizon Ceramic Styles of the Cuzco Valley

Author(s): Brian S. Bauer and Bradford M. Jones


Reviewed work(s):
Source: Fieldiana. Anthropology, New Series, No. 34, Early Intermediate and Middle Horizon
Ceramic Styles of the Cuzco Valley (March 31, 2003), pp. i-iv, 1-65
Published by: Field Museum of Natural History
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FIELDIANA

Anthropology
NEW SERIES, NO. 34

Early Intermediate and Middle Horizon


Ceramic Styles of the Cuzco Valley
Brian

S. Bauer

(MC
of Anthropology
University of Illinois at Chicago
1007 West Harrison
Street
Illinois 60607-7139
Chicago,

Department

Bradford M.

027)

Jones

Department
of Anthropology
University of Illinois
607 South Mathews
Illinois 61810
Urbana,

November
1, 2002
March
31, 2003
1521
Publication

Accepted
Published

PUBLISHED BY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURALHISTORY

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2003 Field Museum

of Natural History

ISSN 0071-4739
PRINTED

IN THE UNITED

STATES OF AMERICA

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Table

of Contents

2. Qotakalli

(black-and-red
polychrome
.
from Peqokaypata

on-cream)
3.
Abstract

Introduction
Early

and

Ceramic

Inca

cha .

the

Program

6.

7.

Component

Summary

Conclusions

Appendix

2: Arahuay

Appendix
Appendix

3: Qotakalli
4: Incised

Appendix

5: Muyu

from Pukacancha

13

14

18. Puma
ments

Dates

Incensarios
Orco

38
.

Ceramics
.
Ceramics

45
57
63

stone

from

knives
.

24

25

25

rim fragments

incised

head,

from Tankarpa?

incensario
.

from Peqokaypata

from Peqokaypata

selected

Carved

stone

Peqokaypata

for test exca?

25.

vations in 1999 . 4
2. Site of Pukacancha . 7
3. Site of Tankarpata . 9
4. Site of Peqokaypata . 11

Calibrated

from

frag?
18

31

region.

karpata . 19

example

offering
dates

radiocarbon

contexts

at
from Wari

in the Cuzco

16

Appendix Illustrations
2.1.

Straight-sided, flaringArahuay bowls

2.2.

Straight-sided, flaringArahuay bowls

from Tankarpata.
from Pukacancha

ceramic

an

. 34

and Wari-related

List of Illustrations
1. Arahuay

from

fragment

24

22. Small figurine from an offering at


Peqokaypata . 32
23. Miniature Killke jar from an offering
at Peqokaypata . 33
sites

23

23

19. Qotakalli polychrome fragments from


Peqokaypata . 29
20. Qotakalli vessel with modeled face
from Peqokaypata . 30
21. Qotakalli vessels with modeled faces

35

Ceramics

from

ta
.
16. Bichrome Qotakalli ceramics from
Peqokaypata . 26
17. Qotakalli polychrome from
Peqokaypata . 27

24.
of

Tankarpata
15. Vinaque

List ofMaps
1. Location

22

ceramic

Tankarpata

17

Cited.

21

from

14. Bichrome Qotakalli ceramics from

17

1: Radiocarbon

21

13. Arahuay bowl with wing design from

13

Acknowledgments
Literature

Tankarpata

Early Intermediate Period in theCuzco


Valley . 14
Middle Horizon in theCuzco Valley.

Appendix

knives

ceramics

12. Ground

10

11

and

stone

Pukacancha

Early Horizon Component at


Peqokaypata . 12
Early Intermediate Period Component at
Peqokaypata . 12
Killke and Inca Components at Peqokay?
.

from Pukacancha.
pottery
"celt"
from Pukacancha.

11. Huamanga
Pukacancha

Middle Horizon Component at

pata

from

examples

10. Bichrome Qotakalli

Tankarpata

Peqokaypata.

Inca
Bronze

9. Arahuay

ceramic

Pukacancha

at Pukacan?

Early Intermediate Period Component at

Tankarpata

. 20

Oreo

8. Ground

at Pukacancha

Tankarpata

of

19

from

Peqokaypata . 20
5. Site of Pukacancha . 6

Component
Horizon

Middle

4. Muyu

Middle

Styles

Cuzco Region.
1
The 1999 Excavation
pukacancha

incensarios

Peqokaypata

Intermediate

Horizon

Incised

from Tan?

2.3.

Incurving
Tankarpata

Arahuay
. 41

iii

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39
.

40
bowls

from

26

2.4.

Straight-sided, flaringArahuay bowls


and

bowls

incurving Arahuay
. 42
Pukacancha
2.5.
2.6.

3.1.

on bowls
rectangular
panels
from Tankarpata.
43
ceramics
from Tankarpata
Arahuay
Vertical,

3.3.
3.4.
3.5.

3.6.
3.7.

3.8.
3.9.

....

4.1.

44

4.2.

46

Tankarpata
Tankarpata

4.3.

47

Bichrome Qotakalli bowls from

4.4.

48

Qotakalli

bowls

4.5.

polychrome

5.1.

polychrome

Peqokaypata

vessels

Incised

. 59

Rim

from

. 60
of

scallops

incised

Incised

incensario

. 62

Muyu

Oreo

Muyu

5.3.

fragments

ceramics

Oreo

from

back

from

. 64

of Muyu

Oreo

bases from Peqokaypata

5.4.

from

Rim

scallops

cover:

Incised

puma

heads

from

on Muyu

Peqokaypata.

iv

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from

. 64
rim forms

Fragments

incensarios

. 61

ics fromPeqokaypata.

and

with

from

incensarios

Peqokaypata

. 54

Above

puma

Peqokaypata
5.2.

from

Peqokaypata . 52
Tripodal Qotakalli bowls from
Peqokaypata . 53

Qotakalli

heads

Peqokaypata

Peqokaypata . 50
Qotakalli polychrome vessels from
Peqokaypata . 51
Qotakalli

fragments

fromPeqokaypata

from

vessels

Incised

Peqokaypata

Bichrome Qotakalli bowls from


Peqokaypata . 49
Bichrome

incensario

Peqokaypata

Bichrome Qotakalli bowls from


.

Incised

.
puma motifs fromPeqokaypata

Bichrome Qotakalli bowls from


Pukacancha

3.2.

3.10. Qotakalli polychrome jar fragments


fromPeqokaypata . 55
3.11. Qotakalli vessels with modeled
faces . 56

from

pedestal

. 65

Oreo

65

ceram?

58

Early Intermediate and Middle Horizon


Ceramic Styles of the Cuzco Valley
Brian

S. Bauer1

and

M.

Bradford

Jones2

Abstract
This study presents new information on the ceramic styles of the Cuzco region during the
Early Intermediate period and theMiddle Horizon. The results of excavations in 1999 and
2000 at three sites in theCuzco Valley afford better definition of the ceramic styles and dating
two

these

of

time periods.

New

information

region and the influence thatAltiplano


these

during

local

The Middle Horizon encompassed a broad span


of time during which much of the central and
influence
Current

came

Andean

under

highlands
of two great states, Wari
and Tiwanaku.
research
that the Wari
suggests
began

the
to

expand from their traditional power base

in the

of Peru

550

region
Ayacucho
and that state expansion
a.D.
after which
900,

after a.D.

sometime
continued

the

state

through
appears

at least
to have

suddenly collapsed (Williams 2001). Though less


the development
of Tiwa?
concerning
it seems
that by a.D.
300
the city of Tiwa?
near
Titi?
the southwestern
shore of Lake

is known
naku,
naku,
caca

in Bolivia,

Expansion
a.D.
500

was

of Tiwanaku
and

waned,

of considerable

importance.
around
have
may
begun
near
the end of
like Wari,

the firstmillennium (Kolata 1993).


During theMiddle Horizon the Cuzco region,
which lies between the highland centers ofWari
and Tiwanaku, came under the sway of theWari
empire. Archaeologically this situation is reflected
in changes
in the use and production of
S. Bauer, Department
IL 60607-7139
2102, Chicago
2
Bradford
Jones, Department
IL 61801
(bmjones@uiuc.edu).

FIELDIANA:

of

occupation

the Cuzco

region

ceramic

as well

styles

our

improve

N.S., NO.

in the

importation

of

understanding

the

se?

ceramic

quence for the Early Intermediate period and the


Middle Horizon in theCuzco Valley. By investi?
gating the ceramic styles of these periods in light
of a series
recovered
we

are

of new

during
better able

radiocarbon
our

dates

on materials

excavations

1),
(Appendix
oc?
the period
of Wari
and to evaluate
its impact

to date

in the region
cupation
on the material
practices
Cuzco
Valley.

Intermediate
Early
Horizon
Ceramic
Cuzco
Region

of

the inhabitants

of the

and Middle
Styles of the

The development of a ceramic sequence for the


Cuzco region was begun by JohnH. Rowe (1943,
1944, 1956) during his early, groundbreaking re?
search
merous

in the Cuzco
other

general

Since
that
region.
researchers
have
helped
for
ceramic
chronology

of Anthropology,
of Illinois at Chicago,
University
(bsb@uic.edu).
of Anthropology,
of Illinois, Davenport
University

ANTHROPOLOGY,

as

of various foreign styles into the region. One of


themajor goals of our 1999 field season was to

the
1
Brian

the Wari

cultures had on the Cuzco

time periods.

Introduction

south-central

on

is presented

(i.e., Lake Titicaca)

34, MARCH

31, 2003, PP.

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1007 West
Hall,

1-65

607

Harrison

nu?

to define
the

area

Street, Room

S. Mathews,

time,

Urbana,

(Bauer 1999, 2001). The ceramic styles of the


Early Intermediate period and theMiddle Horizon
in theCuzco area have proved to be some of the
most challenging to date and to understand. It is
different

that several

clear

were

of ceramics

styles

being produced in theCuzco region during these


periods and thatothers were being imported from
areas

to the west

This

work

and

discusses

of Cuzco.

southeast

a number

ce?

of different

ramic styles of the Early Intermediate period and


theMiddle Horizon found in the Cuzco region.
Many of these styles have been poorly described
and

illustrated.

little

most

Furthermore,

the

of

styles have been dated through relative dating


techniques rather thanwith the aid of radiocarbon
samples found in direct association with the pot?
tery styles. It is our hope that through a chrono?
of the ceramic

refinement

logical

associated

styles

with theEarly Intermediate period and theMiddle


in the Cuzco

Horizon
able

more

to make

will

researchers

region,

interpretations

grounded

be

about

these important periods of Andean prehistory.


Among the various styles discussed in this report
are (1) styles thatwere produced in the Cuzco
region but imitate or were greatly influenced by
Wari pottery traditions of the Ayacucho region,
(2) styles thatwere produced in other regions but
were imported to Cuzco, and (3) styles thatwere
indigenous to the Cuzco region.We present brief
discussions of these styles below and provide
more detailed descriptions and illustrations in the
appendices.
the various

Among

important

styles

are a series

of styles thatwere actually produced in theAya?


area

cucho

and

gion.1 These

later

into

the Cuzco

include the Ayacucho


Okros,

Chakipampa,

imported
Vinaque,

re?

styles of
and

Huamanga,

Robles Moco
(Knobloch 1991; Glowacki 1996,
2002). Various examples of possible imported
Wari

ceramics

have

been

found

in excavations

at

Pikillacta and other sites in the Cuzco region.


Neutron activation analysis by Glowacki and her
associates of selected pieces indicate that they
were in fact produced in theWari heartland and
then imported into theCuzco region (Montoya et
al. 2000).
There

are, however,

styles in the Cuzco

a number

of other

ceramic

region that appear to be lo

1
The terminology used in this paper differs slightly
the ceramic
from that used in earlier works discussing
1999, 2001). The re?
region (Bauer
styles of the Cuzco
of the
finement is based on our increased understanding
of the Cuzco
local and imported ceramics
region over
several additional years of research.

cally

but

produced

wares

at Pikillacta

recovered

of theWari

ceramics

ceramics

imitate

that closely

the finer

heartland. For example,

of theWari

the Okros

resemble
but were

homeland

produced

in the Cuzco region (Knobloch 1991:253-254;


Glowacki 1996; Montoya et al. 2000). Another
example is the recently defined style of Arahuay
1996; Bauer
(Torres Poblete 1989; Glowacki
1999,

2001).

are

ceramics

Arahuay

characterized

by the use of broad red bands, outlined with nar?


row black lines, over a buff slip (Fig. 1) (photo?
graphs of the artifacts discussed in this report ap?
pear on pp. 19-34). Glowacki (1996) has dem?
onstrated thatArahuay pottery closely imitates the
of

ceramics

Huamanga

neutron

Through

have
leagues
were
made

the Ayacucho
she
and

region.
her
col?

that Arahuay

ceramics

activation,

also

shown

from

local

et

(Montoya

clays

al.

2000). Surveys have found thatArahuay ceramics


are widespread
use
them
rently

in the Cuzco

the area.

It has

also

ceramics

influenced

as

a marker

region,
for Wari

and we

cur?

in

influence

that Arahuay
suggested
or were
the direct antecedents
been

of Killke pottery, a major ceramic style of the


Cuzco Valley during theLate Intermediate period
(Bauer 1999, 2001). Although Arahuay ceramics
one

represented

of

the dominant

ceramic

styles

of

the Cuzco region during theMiddle Horizon, its


period of production was littleunderstood before
our 1999 excavation season (Appendix 2).
Qotakalli is a distinct style of ceramics with a
cream

slip

2). Major
chromes
cream)

and

elaborate

geometric

designs

(Fig.

subtypes of this pottery include bi

(black-on-cream,
and
polychromes

or more

rarely

red-on

(black-and-red-on

cream) (Appendix 3). First identified in theCuzco


Valley in the 1970s (Barreda Murillo 1982), Qo?
takalli pottery is now known to be relatively
1983; Valencia
widespread (Espinoza Martinez
Poblete
Torres
McEwan
1984;
Zegarra 1984;
1989; Glowacki 1996; Zapata 1998). Before our
1999 field season therewas just one radiocarbon
date forQotakalli materials. Excavations by Ann
Kendall (1996:153) at the site of Huillca Raccay
in the Cusichaca Valley recovered Qotakalli pot?
tery in a midden that yielded a radiocarbon date
of 1580 ? 60 b.p. (calibrated 95.4% probability:
a.d. 340-a.d. 620; sample Q3091; see Appendix
1). These data suggested that the production of
Qotakalli ceramics began in the Early Intermedi?
ate

However,

period.
conducted

by

other

the results
researchers

of investigations
in the
elsewhere

region have indicated that certain kinds of


Qotakalli vessels continued to be produced during
Cuzco

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ANTHROPOLOGY

For

Horizon.

the Middle

at

excavations

example,
have
Oreo

Bat?n

and

Pikillacta

generated

bi?

in as?
(black-on-cream)
pottery
Qotakalli
in?
ceramic
Horizon
with Middle
styles,
used
that this ceramic
during
style was

chrome
sociation
dicating

the time ofWari influence (Barreda 1982; Mc


Ewan 1984, 1991; Glowacki 1996; Zapata 1997).2
While Qotakalli and Arahuay represent the two
dominant ceramic styles of the Cuzco Valley for
theEarly Intermediate period and theMiddle Ho?
rizon,

they were

respectively,

not

ceram?

the only

ics being used. Surface collections conducted by


Karen Chavez (1985) have documented the dis?
of

tribution

incensarios

incised

Cuzco

between

and Lake Titicaca. Survey work by Bauer (1999,


2001) has also shown that these vessels can be
found directly south of Cuzco. Although neutron
activation work byMontoya et al. (2000) suggests
were

incensarios

that incised

with

produced

local

clays, their distribution south and southeast of


Cuzco and their similarity to incised early Tiwa
naku vessels suggest an Altiplano influence (K.
Chavez 1985). Because all of the examples of in?
cised

in the Cuzco

incensarios

had

region

been

recovered in surface collections, the timingof this


was

influence

not well
was

forms

its vessel

have

however,

vations,

and

known,

little understood.

the range of
exca?
Our

additional

provided

ex?

amples of this intriguing ceramic style (Fig. 3)


and new informationon its production dates (Ap?

pendix 4).
Another

ceramic

called

style,

Oreo,

Muyu

may

also reflectAltiplano influence in the Cuzco re?


gion. First identified in the province of Paruro
(Bauer 1989, 1999, 2001), it has now been found
at various

sites

in the Cuzco

and

Valley

surround?

ing areas (Espinoza Martinez 1983; Torres Poblete


1989; Zapata 1997). The proposed Altiplano con?
nection
Oreo

is based

black,

and

on

two observations.

are

ceramics
orange

colors

First, Muyu

with

decorated

painted

white,

bright
over a polished,

dark red background (Fig. 4). These colors are


also used in the Altiplano ceramic traditions of

Pucara
forms

and
(i.e.,

Tiwanaku.
annulated

Second,
bowls)

and

various
vessel

vessel
attributes

(i.e., rim scallops and pedestal bases) found in the


Muyu Oreo collections are frequently seen inAl?
tiplano collections of this time period (Appendix
2
Because

as a
has been classified
1999). The research pre?
style (Bauer
indicates that most Qo?
sented in this report, however,
took place during the Early Interme?
takalli production

Middle

of this, Qotakalli

Horizon

diate period.

BAUER

& JONES: CERAMIC

STYLES

5). The

timing
understood

well

was
not
of this influence,
however,
our excavation
before we began

project.3

The

1999 Excavation

Program

In 1994, Brian Bauer began the first systematic


regional survey of the Cuzco Valley to examine
the

that

processes

developmental

long-term

oc?

curred in the valley from the time of thefirsthunt?


ing and gathering
of European
arrival

groups,
forces

ca.

7000

b.c.,

in a.d.

1532

until

the

(Bauer

in

press; Bauer and Covey 2002). The study,which


some

covered

350

square

kilometers,

was

com?

pleted by Bauer and R. Alan Covey between 1997


and

In

1999.

were

collections

the

course

the

of

at more

made

survey,

than

1,200

surface

archae?

sites. In 1998 and 1999, many of these

ological

sites were

for second

revisited

collections.

In 1999, building on the results of our system?


atic survey of the Cuzco Valley, we selected for
test excavations

three

small

to medium-sized

sites

that contained differentcombinations of Early In?


termediate and Middle Horizon ceramic styles
rather than excavating
l).4 In other words,
(Map
a single,
site, we used our
large, multicomponent

survey results to select sites that had the specific


combinations of pottery styles thatwe wanted to
test excavations

conducting
sites, we were

By

study.
small

able

to isolate

at multiple
the
date

and

various ceramic styles used in the Cuzco Valley


during the Early Intermediate period and Middle
Horizon. We were also able to address a series of
interrelated
tures

of

questions
the Cuzco
answer

an

wanted
Altiplano

and Wari

concerning
Most
Valley.

the pre-Inca

cul?

we
important,
to the question,
When
did the
on ceramic
influences
produc?

tion in theCuzco Valley begin and end? The sites

chosen

for

test excavations

included

the follow?

ing:
3
that
In an earlier, report Bauer
(1999)
proposed
incised
incensarios.
Oreo
ceramics
Muyu
post-dated
we
on the excavation
data from Peqokaypata,
Based
now believe
that they were both produced
during the
Early
4

Intermediate period.
test excavations

were also dug at the small


to
the village of Huilcarpay,
Pata, above
ceram?
gain information on the Late Intermediate period
to be
the site proved
ic style of Killke. Unfortunately,
were also con?
In 2000, excavations
poorly preserved.
site
the first preceramic
ducted at the site of Kasapata,
to be found in the region. The results of those excava?
tions are currently being analyzed.
In 1999,
site of Cruz

OF THE CUZCO

VALLEY

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ANTHROPOLOGY

site on
141): A medium-sized
a
with
small
of
Hill,
Taucaray
slope
and
Inca
Numerous
Inca buildings.

Pukacancha

(Co.

the western
cluster

of

Arahuay

ceramic

Qotakalli

sherds

as a few
as well
fragments
were
from the sur?
recovered

face of the site. The large number of Arahuay


at Pukacancha

sherds

its major

that

suggested

pre-Inca occupation dated to theMiddle Hori?


zon. By excavating this sitewe hoped to better
understand the timing ofWari influence in the
Cuzco

Tankarpata (Co. 195): A medium-sized site beside


the village of Tankarpata with no visible archi?
tectural

one

It is located

remains.

to the

ridge

west of the original type site of Qotakalli. Sur?


face

the

from

collections

site

of Tankarpata

yielded numerous fragments of Qotakalli


ceramics
Arahuay
other styles. From

and minor

amounts

the surface

collection

and

of many
we be?

lieved that the site was continually occupied


during the Early Intermediate period and Mid?
dle Horizon.

Peqokaypata (Co. 31): A small sitewith no visible


remains.

architectural

The

ceramic

dominant

were
the surface
collections
Qo?
styles within
as
known
takalli
and Chanapata-derived
(also
and
Oreo
Some Muyu
Late Formative)
pottery.
sherds were
incensario
incised
recovered,
along

with a few later (Killke and Inca) styles. The


of

absence

complete

at Peqokaypata

vessels,

Horizon

Middle

known

ceramics, including importedWari


Arahuay

styles and
that

suggested

this site would yield important information on


the immediately pre-Wari occupation of the

Cuzco
In

Valley.
to

and Middle

mediate
ciated

ceramic

lected

Peqokaypata,

styles

the Early
investigate
and
Horizon
cultures

Horizon;

a clear Wari
earlier

of
an

the Cuzco

Valley,

immediately

pre-Wari

se?
site;

Pukacancha,

that manifested

site

occupation with little evidence of

at each

of

the

selected

sites. We

re?

turned to Peqokaypata in June of 2000 to spend


an additional two weeks of fieldwork at the site.
excavations

were

conducted

with

picks,

shov?

els, and trowels and followed both arbitrary (10


cm) and natural (stratigraphic) levels. All the ex
BAUER

& JONES: CERAMIC

STYLES

Ceramic,

were

sep?
bagged
collected
samples were
on
and
recorded
inventory
special
in the course
of this
recovered
artifacts

were

fieldwork

work

to Cuzco
for analysis.
transported
at the
on the artifacts
recovered

siteswas conducted throughout the 1999 field sea?


son and was continued in June and July of 2000
and 2001.

Pukacancha
The

is locat?

site of Pukacancha

archaeological

ed at the end of a steep-sided ridge that juts out


Hill

from Taucaray

the com?

and

Cuzco

between

munity of Huilcarpay (Fig. 5). The site covers an


area approximately 100 by 100 meters and con?
tains significantLate Horizon as well as Middle
scattered
pottery
Densely
occupations.
of a small Inca ar?
foundations
the crumbling
of three rectan?
chitectural
complex,
composed
a nearly
tes?
structures
around
square
plaza,
gular

Horizon
and

tify to the pre-Hispanic use of the site (Map 2).


is

Pukacancha
corn,

wheat,

and

for

used

currently

and

potatoes

is owned

cultivating
by a sin?

gle family living inTankarpata and San Sebastian.


Some of the Inca walls have been dismantled to
corrals
Short-term
the size of the fields.
enlarge
and temporary
shelters have also been constructed
at the site using
months
Inca

we

photographs
stone artifacts

completed

taken.

and

and

excavation.

terminating
forms were

in the field. Carbon

separately
forms. All

The excavations began in June 1999 and con?


tinued for two months. We spent approximately

The

metal,

arately

asso?

remains.

two weeks

bone,

before

level

each

Inter?

Tankarpata, a site that had been occupied during


both the Early Intermediate period and Middle
and

for

made

excavation

Several

in order

sum,

Standardized

wire
through ^-inch
to reach
in all units

screened
were

Attempts
sediments

sterile

Laboratory

region.

was

soil

cavated
mesh.

material

an
plowed
near
structures

tractor

the corner

from
our

before

area

the Inca

to the northeast

the hill

of the eastern

structures.
at the site,

excavations
and

slope
structure. The

of

the

damaged
other parts

of the site continue to be worked with traditional


scratch

plows.
surface

Two

collections

at

the

site

recovered

fragments of Inca, Killke, Arahuay, and Qotakalli


pottery. (Fewer than five Killke fragmentswere
recovered

at

the site,

suggesting

that Pukacancha

was uninhabited during theLate Intermediate pe?


riod.)

at Pukacancha

Excavations

involved

six test

units, threeof which were subsequently expanded


to better

clarify

features

that were

encountered.

Unit 1was dug outside and slightlyupslope from


the Inca buildings to examine a dense sheetmid?
den with a high concentration ofArahuay pottery.
Units 2, 4, and 6 were placed within thebuildings

OF THE CUZCO

VALLEY

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Fig.

to examine

their construction

5.

Site photograph,

evaluate

techniques,

the Inca occupation at the site, and test forMiddle


Horizon
was

materials

beneath

the

structures.

Unit

in the plaza,
and Unit
5 was
posi?
a southern
terrace of the site to test for

located
on

tioned

structures

additional

Pukacancha.

bone fragmentswere found in association with a


prepared red clay floor. In Building 2 (Units 2 and
6) and on the natural clay floor of Building 1
(Unit 4), the Inca structures appear to have been
kept relatively clean. During the excavations, no
areas were
activity
in which
the structures

and middens.

clear

known.

Inca Component

at Pukacancha

The name of the site (Pukacancha = Red En?


comes

closure)
ings,
once

from

on

stood

the

three
an

around

clustered

this ridge.

The

build?

rectangular

that
open
courtyard,
or courtyard
cancha

layout of the buildings is a typical feature of Inca


architecture found in the Cuzco
region and
the empire.

throughout

The

revealed

excavations

that Building 2 rested above a Middle

Horizon

con?
1 had
whereas
been
Building
occupation,
into
sterile
subsoil.
structed
excavations
through
in the course
of the ex?
recovered
Inca artifacts
cavation
ments

included
(Fig.

6),

fine

animal

and

domestic

bones,

and

vessel

a bronze

frag?
"celt"

(Fig. 7).
The excavations within the buildings produced
a relatively low quantity of Inca artifacts when
compared

with

deposits

outside,

and

downslope,

from them, although some Inca sherds and a few

Carbon

and the manner


defined,
were
un?
used
remains

recovered

from

the

Inca

in

floor

Unit 4 generated a date of 440 ? 45 b.p. (cali?


brated 95.4% probability: a.D. 1400 [85.3%] a.d.
1530, a.d. 1570 [10.1%] a.D. 1630; sample num?
ber A A 34936 [wood carbon]).
The most detailed informationon how the Inca
constructed the buildings at Pukacancha came
fromUnits 2, 4 and 6. The excavation of Units 2
and 6 indicated that Building 2 was constructed
by firstdigging a wall trenchover half a meter in
depth and several centimeters wider than the base
of the wall. Into this trench the outer structure
wall, approximately 80 centimeters wide and
of

composed

large

stones

with

mortar,

was

set.

The trenchwas then filled with alternating layers


of different-colored clays from the hillsides sur?
rounding the site.A small clay mound, apparently
used

to provide

extra

support,

was

constructed

abutting the wall. A fill of contay, a soft chalky


white stone that is the underlying bedrock of the
ridge,was then used to raise and level the interior
6

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ANTHROPOLOGY

BAUER

&

JONES: CERAMIC

STYLES

OF THE CUZCO

VALLEY

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of the building. In the case of Building 2, this


contay fill capped and protected an underlying
Horizon

Middle

The

occupation.

of

excavation

Unit 4 in Building 1 revealed that unlike Build?


ings 2 and 3, this structurewas built in part by
excavating and leveling the hill slope and using
the underlying

clay

as

a floor

surface.

Finally,

thin coating of sterile red clay, roughly 5 centi?


thick, was

meters

a floor,

to create

down

over

the contay

the walls

were

plastered.

laid
and

fill
The

interiors of Buildings 1 and 2 were both subdi?


vided down the long axis by low courses of small
and medium-sized
on

rectly
not known.

stones

unmodified

the floor. The

function

di?
placed
is
of these stones

piece

95.4%

probability:

Horizon

95.4%

the site

both
units.

The

surface

and

in all

the excava?

of Units

excavation

and

re?

vealed that intactMiddle Horizon components


were preserved under the floor of Building 2, and
Middle
excavation of Unit 1 uncovered a stratified
Horizon
The

midden

excavations

in a natural
depression.
deposit
that the
also
however,
revealed,

Middle Horizon artifacts recovered inUnits 3, 4,


and 5 were in secondary contexts as a result of
and
to the Inca construction
related
redeposition
The
intact Middle
erosional
natural
processes.
Horizon

deposits

at Pukacancha

including
riety of artifacts,
metal
orated
ceramics,
pins,

held

animal

bones,

undec
ground

stone knives (Fig. 8), obsidian flakes, and other


lithic debitage of andesite.
The majority of the decorated pottery sherds

recovered

from

the pre-Inca

deposits

at Pukacan?

cha fall comfortably within the definition of the


Arahuay style (Fig. 9). Nevertheless, some bi
chrome examples of Qotakalli, the variant of the
Early Intermediate period ceramic style of the
Cuzco region that continued to be produced after
the arrival of theWari in the valley, were also
recovered.

For

example,

Unit

1, which

sampled

midden resulting from the gradual accumulation


of refuse

within

a small

natural

depression,

770-a.d.

980;

sample

AA

probability:

a.d.

650-a.d.

780;

sample

AA

95.4%

probability:

a.d.

430-a.d.

720;

sample

AA

[wood carbon]). This date may mark the


founding date for the site by people who were
using both bichrome Qotakalli and Arahuay pot?
tery. In this regard, it is important to note thatall
examples of Qotakalli pottery recovered at the
34934

the

from

two

the excavation

surface

as

as well

collections

units, were

bichromes

(black

yield?

imported
contexts

rarely
Wari

to be
of what
still, samples
appear
were
in the same
found
fine wares

2, well

as Arahuay
pottery. For
beneath
the Inca
floor,

ability:

a.d.

in Unit
example,
a
we
recovered

(Fig. 11) pottery


fragment of Huamanga-style
along with Arahuay ceramics in a deposit thatwas
dated to 1210 ? 45 b.p. (calibrated 95.4% prob?
680

a.D.

[89.7%]

900,

a.d.

920

[5.7%] a.d. 960; sample AA 34935 [wood car?


bon]). Together, this information suggests thatAr?
Black
Incised
(black-on-cream),
Qotakalli
were
in use con?
ceramics
and Huamanga
use of
The
Horizon.
the Middle
during
currently

ahuay,
Ware,

several differentceramic styles during theMiddle

va?

a wide
and

decorated

level

39791 [wood carbon]). The lowest level of a trash


pit inUnit 1 contained bichrome Qotakalli pottery
and yielded a date of 1435 ? 65 b.p. (calibrated

More

tion

a.d.

This

on-cream).

The Middle Horizon component of Pukacancha


is defined by the recovery of Arahuay ceramics
from

Ware.5

39 b.p. (calibrated

[wood carbon]). In another deposit, Ara


huay and bichrome Qotakalli fragments were
found and dated to 1322 ? 40 b.p. (calibrated
39793

from

at Pukacancha

Component

Black

provided a date of 1167 ?

site,

Middle

Incised

of

single

ed various stratawith Arahuay potterymixed with


a small number of bichrome Qotakalli sherds (Fig.
10). In one level, a few bichrome Qotakalli sherds
were found with Arahuay fragments as well as a

at
is also
by our excavations
supported
as well
as by earlier work
in the prov?
Tankarpata
south of Cuzco
ince of Paruro
(Bauer
immediately

Horizon

1999, 2001).
It should also be noted that below the red clay
floor and contay fill of the Inca building inUnit 6,
a thick lens of burnedmaterial was found overlying
numerous
on which
surface
large
occupation
and
domestic
of Arahuay
sherds
wares,
pottery
recovered.
sherds, were
along with a few Qotakalli

an

The

nature

of the ash

and

carbon

lens

is uncertain,

although it appears to represent a single burning


episode that covered the ground surface in this
area,

perhaps

the result

of

the burning

and

subse

5Numerous
have been
vessels
Incised Black Ware
in the
found at a Wari offering at the site of Muyu Roqo
Province of Paruro. A carbon sample (sample AA 35003
[bone]) from that site dated to 1135 ? 50 b.p. (calibrated
a.d. 770-a.d.
95.4%
1000). For additional
probability:
information and for illustrations
see Bauer
(1999, 2001).

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of Incised

Black Ware,

ANTHROPOLOGY

quent collapse of a roof.Carbon collected from this


context provided a date of 1100 ? 45 b.p. (cali?
brated 95.4% probability: a.d. 780 [1.3%] a.d. 800,
a.d. 820 [94.1%] a.d. 1030; sample AA 34937
[wood carbon]). It is possible that this date marks

on the southern half of the site. This area of Tan


karpata is divided into three large parcels by ir?
rigation canals (Map 3). At the time of our work,

the abandonment

adjacent

date

for Pukacancha.

the site was

cultivation.

Early

The archaeological site of Tankarpata (Co. 195)


is located in agricultural fields along the northern
edge of the modern village of Tankarpata. Situ?
ated on a broad ridge abruptly terminating in a
steep-sided bluff, the site overlooks the modern
airport. The site was identified in 1997 as a high
sherd

scatter

covering

an

area

approxi?

mately 300 by 100 meters. An analysis of the ar?


tifacts collected during two surface collections in?
dicated that themajority of the diagnostic sherds
belonged to the Qotakalli and Arahuay styles.
Other minor styles recovered at the site included
Inca, Killke, and Muyu Oreo.
The

site

of Tankarpata

was

selected

for exca?

vation with the hope that itwould contain intact


Early Intermediate period and Middle Horizon re?
mains. Seven test units of varying sizes were dug
BAUER

&

both ox-plow
and tractor-based
are members
landowners
of the
community.

Tankarpata

Intermediate Period Component

at Tankarpata

Tankarpata

density

under
All

JONES: CERAMIC

STYLES

The Early Intermediate period component of


Tankarpata was defined by the presence of cultur?
al strata or features that contained only Qotakalli
or Muyu Oreo ceramics (or both). Such deposits
were identified in Units 4 and 7. Both of these
units are worth describing in some detail.
Unit 4 was located near the center of the site.
The unit proved to be the deepest of the site,
reaching sterile red clay at a depth of 1.5meters.
The excavation yielded a large number of Qo?
takalli and Arahuay fragments, several Muyu
Oreo sherds, and two possible importedWari
(Okros) sherds. Although several burial features
made the integrityof the components suspect, be?
cause of the depth of the deposit and the range of
ceramics found within this unit,we submitted five
carbon samples to help date its deposits. The re

OF THE CUZCO

VALLEY

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suits

of

the carbon

that a Late

confirmed

dating

Intermediate period burial (dated to 640 ? 50 b.p.;


95.4%

a.d.

probability:

1280-a.d.

1410;

sample

A A 34940 [wood carbon]) had been dug through


part of the unit, disturbing itsdeposits. This burial
compromised the stratigraphy of deposits in the
southeastern

of

quadrant

the unit,

two

where

of

our carbon samples, which provided dates of 1250


?

45

b.p.

95.4%

(calibrated

probability:

a.d.

670

a.d. 890; sample AA 34941 [wood carbon]) and


1275 ? 50 b.p. (calibrated 95.4% probability: a.d.
660-a.d. 890; sample AA 34939 [wood carbon])
had

collected.

been

ever,

were

areas

Other

unaffected.

One

of

the unit,

level,

how?

approximately

halfway down, which contained pure Qotakalli


(bichrome and polychrome) materials, yielded a
date of 1148 ? 39 b.p. (calibrated 95.4% proba?
990; sample AA 39785
bility: a.d. 770-a.d.
[wood carbon]). A level near the bottom of the
unit, again with only Qotakalli (bichrome and
polychrome) ceramics, provided a date of 1404 ?
b.p.

47

95.4%

(calibrated

a.d.

probability:

540

a.d. 710; sample AA 39787 [wood carbon]).


Unit 7 was located parallel to Unit 4 but 12
meters furtherwest. The upper deposits in the unit
provided
ics and

ceram?
of Arahuay
examples
re?
Excavations
sherds.
few Qotakalli

numerous
a

vealed a large trash pit cut into the sterile clay


that contained

bichrome

only

Qotakalli

fragments.

Two bones from this bichrome Qotakalli-bearing


feature were submitted for dating. The higher
bone

an age

yielded

95.4%

of

probability:

a.d.

probability:

a.d.

1189
710

b.p.

40

a.D.

[5.2%]

(calibrated
750; a.d.

760 [90.2%] a.d. 980; sample AA 39790), while


the lower was dated to 1345 ? 49 b.p. (calibrated
95.4%

600-a.d.

780;

sample

AA

39789).
In

sherds.

it appears

that

the

site

of Tankarpata

was founded late in theEarly Intermediate period


and thatQotakalli pottery continued to be used at
the site for a considerable period of time. The
Early Intermediate period occupation was not
nearly as large as theMiddle Horizon settlement
found

undisturbed

in only

two units.

Fu?

ture excavations in the area ofUnit 4, where deep


stratawere found, should provide additional in?
formation on the occupation of the site during this
time period.

from Middle

Horizon

derrated

at Tankarpata

The Middle Horizon occupation at Tankarpata


is defined by the predominance of Arahuay ce

artifact

likely

imported
recovered

types

contexts

included

decorated

pottery,
and

burned

bones,

unburned

pottery,
Arahuay
and a surprisingly

stones,

high number of metal artifacts. Two of the test


in Units

excavations,

structures.

Horizon

2 and

Middle

3, encountered
was

2, which

Unit

positioned

near the southern end of the fields, exposed

the western
side of
wall.
On
north/south-running
was
a dense
that con?
the wall
matrix
gravelly

tainedmany broken tupu pin shafts.The east side


a

contained

floor

pottery

large Arahuay

of

level

red

fragments.

and various
clay
Carbon
from the

floor level yielded a date of 1192 ? 40 b.p. (cal?


ibrated 95.4% probability: a.d. 710 [6.0%] a.d.
750; a.d. 760 [89.4%] a.d. 980; sample AA 39788
[wood carbon]).
On the east side of the fields, Unit 3 revealed
several

walls

additional

and

area.

paved

Two

shallow pits were also found cut into the basal


both

sediments,

of which

an

contained

ashy ma?

trix that yielded bones, lithics, and large ceramic


of

One

fragments.

the

contained

pits

Arahuay

(Fig. 13) and bichrome Qotakalli ceramics (Fig.


14) .Carbon from this feature provided a date of
1127 ? 40 b.p. (calibrated 95.4% probability: a.d.
780-a.d.
1000; sample AA 39786 [wood car?
bon]). The other pit held several Arahuay pieces
as well

as

single

of bichrome

fragments

Qotakalli

and likely importedWari (Vifiaque) pottery (Fig.


15) . Carbon from this feature yielded a date of
1290 ? 50 b.p. (calibrated 95.4% probability a.d.
650-a.d. 880; sample AA 34938 [wood carbon]).
recovered
pottery was
Arahuay
units
from all of the excavation

numbers

it is clear

karpata,

that

the

site

in large
at Tan?
its maxi?

reached

mum size during theMiddle Horizon. As was the


case

with

excavations

Pukacancha,

that

indicate

during theMiddle Horizon, bichrome Qotakalli


ceramics continued to be produced and used
the more

alongside

ceramics

huay
es. Ultimately,

abandoned

and

Inca

abundant

as well

as

imported

during

Wari

the Wari

piec?
occu?

region, the site of Tankarpata

and was

not

later placed

fragments

Ara?

polychrome

rare

sometime

pation of theCuzco
was

Component

of

the recovery

Horizon

burials were
Middle

as

Common

ground stone knives (Fig. 12), lithic debitage, un?

Since

sum,

and was

as well

ramies
Wari

found

reoccupied,

although

there. (The few Killke


on

the

surface

most

likely represent scatter from themany nearby Late


Intermediate

period

and

Late

Horizon

occupa?

tions.)

10

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ANTHROPOLOGY

CO31 Peqoykaykata
j?HBM
wS$iWSm
unit
Excavation

area
Site

^^^PlI^^igHm^l^^

pW^^
||

north
Grid
|
If"^l!

m
Map

4.

The

The archaeological site of Peqokaypata is lo?


cated on a ridge immediately west of the hill
called Tuino Oreo (District of San Jer?nimo), on
the south slope of the Cuzco Valley. Looking
north from the site, the communities of Chimpa
waylla and San Jer?nimo can be seen in the valley
below, and to the east is the village of Kayra. The
Peqokaypata site is defined by a dense scatter of
&

JONES: CERAMIC

STYLES

IfRfl
Hal

II

site of Peqokaypata.

Peqokaypata

BAUER

IIB

ceramics, approximately 60 by 100meters in size,


in an agricultural field thatbelongs to a family in
Chimpawaylla.

The sitewas firstfound in 1994 during the pilot


project for the valley-wide survey. Subsequent
surface collections at Peqokaypata in 1997 and
1998 yielded ceramics and modified stones. Iden?
tified within

the

surface

collections

were

numer?

ous examples of Chanapata-derived and Qotakalli


ceramics as well as a fewMuyu Oreo and incised

OF THE CUZCO

VALLEY

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11

incensario
sherds.

sherds.
These,

were

(There

also

most

however,

likely

few

came

Inca

indicated

that

from

context.)

It appears

the large nearby Inca site on Tuino Oreo.) The

site was

excavated

transition

from

mediate

period

on
to gain
the
information
to Early
the Early Horizon
Inter?
as well
as information
on
ceramics

the production of the apparently Altiplano-influ


enced

Oreo
styles of Muyu
The
absence
complete

rios.

and

incised

of any
the

Wari

imported

Horizon

surface

indicated

rare Early

Inter?

mediate period site thatwas abandoned before the


arrival

of

the Wari

at the site

tions

in the Cuzco

took

Excava?
Valley.
two field seasons

over

place

in 1999 and 2000, during which 16 units of vary?


ing sizes and depths were studied. Results of the
excavations
diate

indicate

occupation
The
component.

rizon

cavations

Interme?
Early
smaller
Early Ho?
collections
and ex?

surface

no

provided

substantial
and

period

evidence

of site occupation

after the Early Intermediate period, although an


isolated Late Intermediate period, Killke offering

was

found

at the site.

sherds

can

from

the

surface

of

the

site

as Chanapata-derived
pottery
a
red earthenware
dat?
(Rowe
1956),
finely made
the
late
Horizon
and
Inter?
ing
Early
early Early
mediate
in the Cuzco
Numerous
period
Valley.
be

examples
covered
Several
black

classified

re?
pottery were
of the excavation.

of Chanapata-derived
almost
all levels

from
units,

however,
which

sediment,

a dark

contained
overlies

the basal

to

brown
sediment

of the site. The lowest levels of this deposit, rich


in organic
materials,
Two
rived materials.

contain

pure

Chanapata-de?
from these
samples

carbon

deposits provided dates of 1881 ? 42 b.p. (cali?


brated 95.4% probability: a.d. 20 [2.1%] a.d. 40;
a.d. 50 [93.3%] a.d. 240; sample AA 39792
[wood carbon]) and 1985 ? 43 b.p. (calibrated
95.4%

100 b.c.-a.d.

probability:

130;

sample

AA

39782 [wood carbon]). With the exception of seg?


ments

of single-course

stone

"foundations"

found

in Units 7, 9 and 10, no clear features of the


Chanapata-derived

occupation

were

identified

other than this darker sediment. (A much older


date, 3395 ? 55 b.p. [sample AA 34932, wood
carbon], was provided by an additional carbon
sample

from

the

construc?

occupation.

Early Intermediate Period Component


at Peqokaypata
The Early Intermediate period component of
the site is defined by the presence of Qotakalli
(Figs. 16 and 17) and Muyu Oreo ceramics, as
well as by incised incensarios (Fig. 18). Muyu
Oreo

and

ceramics

incised

were

incensarios

re?

covered in highest percentages in the upper levels


of

across

the units

in close
ous

although
Peqokaypata,
always
numer?
with
the vastly more
sherds. Qotakalli
however,
pottery,

association

Qotakalli

continued to be found in abundance in deposits


below those in which theMuyu Oreo ceramics
and

incised

incensarios

were

and

present

above

materials

site. However,

laboratory

These

19-21).

(Figs.

find?

ings suggest that theQotakalli style predates any


Lake Titicaca influence in the Cuzco region and

at Peqokaypata

Component

recovered

a disturbed

came

the darker stratumwith high percentages of Chan

A significantpercentage (30%) of the diagnos?


tic

from

the substantial

tion activities carried on at the site by its inhabi?


tants during the Early Intermediate period de?
stroyed or irreversiblyaltered much of the earlier

apata-derived

Early Horizon

sample
that

incensa

ceramics or locally produced Middle


on
such as Arahuay
styles
that Peqokaypata
represented

the

work

have been produced


of
during much
Intermediate
ly
period.
The
two distinct
excavations
indicated

may

the Ear?

phases

of occupation for the site of Peqokaypata during


the Early
Intermediate
tional episode
relates

The
period.
to an intensive

first occupa?
oc?
domestic

of the site, and artifacts


recovered
cupation
during
the excavation
include
of both dec?
large samples
and undecorated
orated
bone
and
animal
pottery,
bone

tools,

and

modified

lithic

tools

and

and manufacturing
stone.
unmodified

debris,
However,

with the exception of a pit feature excavated


Unit

7, no

clear

architectural

features

or

in

activity

areas could be associated within this initialEarly


Intermediate

period

occupation.

carbon

sample

retrieved from theUnit 7 pit feature dug into the


deposit

Chanapata-derived-bearing

generated

date of 1615 ? 50 b.p. (calibrated 95.4% proba?


bility: a.d. 260 [2.0%] a.D. 280; a.d. 320 [93.4%]
a.D. 570; sample AA 34931 [wood carbon]),
which may mark the beginning of the Early In?
termediate

It is interesting
period
occupation.
this date was
in association
recovered

note

that

with

several

large

fragments

of

an

unknown

to
ce?

ramic style with wide but opaque orange lines


over a dull buff surface.We felt that thisnew style
12

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ANTHROPOLOGY

be

might

pata-derived
The
site

the Chana?
style between
and Qotakalli
ceramics
of the region.
takes on a distinct
in the lat?
character
transitional

terEarly Intermediate period occupation with the


termination

apparent
site, and

of

use

the domestic

the construction

a small

around

of

the

plaza

of

at least two low mounds inUnits 3 and 9/12 and


a large retainingwall (Units 2/4/6/13/15/16),with
a circular

structure

tion varied

the

corner

southwest

the particularities of construc?


all cases

the structures,

among

to a similar

at

built

(Units 2/15).While
tradition

of construction

adhered

that entailed

placing fill behind retainingwalls of fieldstone in


an

to create

order

elevated

surface.
occupation
this latter occupation

with

associated

Artifacts

include large quantities of both decorated and un?


derrated

animal

ceramics,

lithic ma?

and

bone,

terials.A small piece of gold foil recovered in a


midden context on the backside of the platform
mound in Unit 12 was the only piece of metal
the excavations.
Three
radiocar?
during
strata
submitted
from Qotakalli-bearing
this second
with
of occupation
phase

recovered
bon

dates

associated

The offering comprised a small llama figurine of


Spondylus shell, a miniature Killke jar, and a

shell

we
re?
also
22-24).
(Figs.
Nearby
a small fragment
of unworked
Spondylus
a small
in association
with
Recent
crystal.
stone

carved
covered

excavations at the site of Choquepukio


cre Basin
mon

have

Intermediate

Two

occupation.

were

samples

from deposits that yielded only Qotakalli ceram?


ics. These provide dates of 1439 ? 39 b.p. (cali?

brated

95.4%

ple AA
b.p.

a.d.

probability:

540-a.d.

670;

sam?

[wood carbon]); and 1527 ? 40

39781

95.4%

(calibrated

620; sample AA

a.d.

probability:

39783

430-a.d.

[wood carbon]). A

taken from the surface


sample,
a shattered
forms
that yielded
as well
as various
fragments

of one
incised

third

of the plat?
incensario

of Qotakalli

and

Muyu Oreo ceramics, resulted in a date of 1422


?

51 b.p.

(calibrated

95.4%

a.d.

probability:

530

a.d. 700; sample AA 39783 [wood carbon]). Giv?


en the location of this sample, we believe that it
dates
These

the last occupation


radiocarbon
dates

fourth

and

fifth

period
suggest

centuries

a.d.,

for Peqokaypata.
that between
the
the

function

thermore, they suggest thatAltiplano influence in


the Cuzco region was strongest during the later
part of theEarly Intermediate period.

at Peqokaypata

The Killke and Inca components of the site


consist of two burials to the south of themain
structures

and

small

offering

placed

on

the sur?

face of theEarly Intermediate platform inUnit 12.


BAUER

& JONES: CERAMIC

STYLES

in theLu?
are

items

Intermediate

com?
offer?

period

ings in the Cuzco region (McEwan et al. 2002).


An intact burial of an individual placed in a
small pit in a tightlyflexed position with a tupu
pin as the only grave good was found inUnit 8.
The tupu pin and the excellent preservation of the
burial suggest that itdates toKillke or Inca times.
A

elaborate
larger, more
in Unit
10. This
burial

burial

was

found

feature

was

asso?

second,

looted

ciated with both Killke and Inca ceramics. Al?


though these data indicate that the sitewas known
and visited during Killke and Inca times, there is
no evidence of significantKillke or Inca period
at

occupation

We

it.

and

Summary

Conclusions

began the 1999 field season with the goal

of better

the complex

understanding

se?

ceramic

quence of the Cuzco Valley during the Early In?


termediate period and theMiddle Horizon, as well
as wishing to gain additional information on the
cultures that occupied the valley during these pe?
riods.

It was

ument

the influence

of critical

importance
that the Ayacucho

to better

doc?

region,

and

perhaps theAltiplano, had on the indigenous cul?


tures of the Cuzco

from

our

The
information
Valley.
gained
at Pukacancha,
Tankarpata,
us
some
to draw
allows
firm

excavations

and

Peqokaypata
conclusions
about
about

speculate

some

of

these

and

issues

to

others.

Early Intermediate Period


Cuzco Valley

in the

The Early Intermediate period is one of the


least

and Inca Components

these

and

transformed
before
the site
layout of the site were
was
a.d.
in the seventh
abandoned
Fur?
century

Killke

that

of Late

features

greatly aid in dating this latter component of the


Early

shown

understood

eras

of

the Cuzco

region.

There

have been no major projects dedicated to under?


standing this period, and even its basic ceramic
styles are still being defined and debated. For
about
peared

half
on

a century
the name
has ap?
"Huaro"
in association
ceramic
with
sequences

theEarly Intermediate period (Rowe 1956). How?

ever,

OF THE CUZCO

the Huaro

VALLEY

ceramic

13

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style

remains

virtually

few

because

unknown,

or

illustrations

descrip?

tions of it have been published.


Although the specific characteristics of Huaro

ceramics

to be

continue

has

there

debated,

significant progress in recent years in identifying


and describing several other ceramic styles of the
Early Intermediate period. It is currently recog?
ex?

the Wari

that when

nized

the eastward
began
from the Ayacucho
area,

ceramics

the two

surface

collections

our

excavations

ing
cha

been

or

during

takalli

throughout

arrived.

theWari
wares

was

period,
and
shorter-lived,
tery was
around
the time of theWari

ware

cream-slip

called

(Bauer

Qotakalli

2001). The origins of this local style are unclear;


excavations

however,

in

transformation

id

the burnished

from

suggest
local

earthen

a rap?

that there was

ceramic

production
and Chan?

Chanapata

apata-derived styles to the distinctly different,


painted Qotakalli style some time after the begin?
exca?
era. More
specifically,
ning of the modern
at Peqokaypata
have
vations
Chanapata
yielded
a.d.
ceramics
that date to around
derived
100, and
our

earliest

cure

context

came

ceramics

Qotakalli
that dated

a.d.

to about

from
500.

se?
also

(We

identified a possible transitional style between


Chanapata-derived and Qotakalli that dated to
around a.d. 450 [sample AA 34931].) Thus the
transition
second

and

appears
fourth

to have

occurred

century

a.d.

between

(This

the
is also

date

that

noted

have

are

there

2001).
By
black-on-cream

and

are

substyles
black-and-red-on-cream.

In

general, the polychromes tend to be of a higher


quality
shown

than

the

that there

takalli

subtypes
black-on-cream.

those

and
recovered

is best

This

illustrated

by

at

com?

primarily an Early Intermediate period site, aban?


doned just before theWari entered theCuzco Val?
ley.At this site, approximately 33% of all Qota?
kalli sherds found were classified as red-and
black-on-cream.

on

Pukacancha,

the other

ward.

occupied
A
small

for some
percentage

three hundred
of

this

years

site's

total

fell

into

the black-on-cream

category.

is to say, not a single example of Qotakalli

occupation

have

vessels

also

ceramic

styles,

on

information

provided

Oreo

Muyu

(Bauer

1989, 1999, 2001) and incised incensarios (K.


Chavez 1985), which were in use in the Cuzco
Valley during the Early Intermediate period and
are

on

two

these

which

southerly, Alti
information
important

to reflect

believed
currently
The
influence.
plano

most

styles comes
contained

the site of Peqo?

from

numerous

Oreo,

Muyu

dens.

ibrated

from

extracted

Carbon

platform
incensario

as well

structures

several

vealed

contact

in direct

stratified mid?

top of
a shattered

with

a date
provided
95.4%
probability:

sample AA

as
the

1422

of

a.d.

small
incised

51 b.p.

530-a.d.

(cal?
700;

39783). Soon after this date the site

abandoned.

it should

Furthermore,

no

of
examples
recovered
been

two

these

secure

in

be

ceramics
cultural

noted

styles
contexts

that yielded importedWari or Arahuay ceramics.


Oreo

current

words,

and

ceramics

data

incised

suggest
incensarios

that Muyu
reflect an

Altiplano influence on theCuzco region thatdates


to the late Early Intermediate period and that end?
ed as a result of theWari occupation of theCuzco
Valley.

Middle

in the Cuzco Valley

Horizon

after?
ce?

ramic collection was classified as Qotakalli, all of


which

in the val?

hand,

is a Middle Horizon site established about the


time that theWari entered the Cuzco Valley and
was

has

research

In other
is

Peqokaypata

ended

its production

black-on-cream

Qotakalli

other

have

with

Peqokaypata

at Pukacancha.

Our
two

that

sherds found in surface col?

excavations

the Early
during
produced
of pot?
but this finer version

been found in Pikillacta (Barreda 1982; McEwan


1984, 1991; Glowacki 1996) as well as inWari
period tombs at Baton Oreo (Zapata 1997).

was

to the Qo?
element
is a temporal
and red-and
of black-on-cream

paring theQotakalli
lections

has

research

Our

bichromes.

that only

red-and-black-on

Qotakalli

also

Chanapata
incen
and incised
Qotakalli,
or Arahuay
but no imported Wari
sario fragments,
at the site re?
Extensive
excavations
ceramics.

several

common

the most

It appears

findings are consistent with the fact

ley. These

derived,

variations of Qotakalli ceramics (Barreda Murillo


1982; Glowacki 1996; Zapata 1997; Bauer 1999,
far

were

Intermediate

kaypata,

supported by a date recovered at the site of Huill


ca Raccay [sample Q 3091].)
Researchers

there.

mediate period and theMiddle Horizon, although


the quantity of its production diminished greatly
cream

the

at Pukacan

and
pottery
early
began
Inter?
much
of the Early

black-on-cream

continued

after

of their state

dur?

recovered

made

that the production of the slightly less fine, Qo?

dominant local ceramic style of theCuzco Valley

pansion

was

and-black-on-cream

This

red

Researchers

have

long

noted

the presence

of

influence in theCuzco region, and it is rec?


ognized that theAyacucho empire held sway over
the thrivingpolities of the region for several cen

Wari

14

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ANTHROPOLOGY

turies. Thus theMiddle Horizon is a fascinating


period for the Cuzco region. It is a time of both
and

foreign

occupation
it is also

Fortunately,
of
periods

the region's

development.
indigenous
one
of the better
studied
history.

Cultural as a Result of
Changes
theWari Occupation
in the Cuzco Region. Dur?
ing theMiddle Horizon, a relatively small number
inMaterial

were

of vessels

to the Cuzco
of

imported

from

imported
region. For

Wari

example,
have
been

vessels

heartland

the Wari

various

pieces
in
recovered

excavations at Pikillacta (Glowacki 1996, 2002;


Montoya et al. 2000). A few other exotic vessels
to have

appear

jamarca
During

been

our

from Nazca

imported

and Ca

1991:253; Glowacki

(Knobloch
excavations

in the Cuzco

1996).
we

Valley,

found various pieces of likely importedWari ce?


ramics as well. Carbon from a trashpit at the site
that

of Tankarpata

contained

of Vi

fragment

naque-style pottery provided a date of 1290 b.p.


(calibrated 95.4% probability: a.d. 650 [95.4%]
a.d. 880; sample AA 34938). In addition, a mid?
den at the site of Pukacancha with a piece of Hua
dated
pottery
manga-style
95.4%
ibrated
probability:

to 1210
a.d.

b.p.

45

cal?

680-a.d.

960;

sample AA 34935). These dates fall within the


time traditionally believed to frame theWari ex?
its Ayacucho
heartland.
were
changes
occurring,
significant
at the level of local ceramic
production.
outside

pansion
More
ever,

ing theMiddle
called

Horizon

which

Arahuay,

how?
Dur?

the ceramic style now

imitates

pottery

Huamanga

of theWari heartland, began to be produced in the


Cuzco Valley. At the same time Qotakalli black
and-red-on-cream
chaeological
black-on-cream

from the ar?


pottery
disappears
and the quantity
of Qotakalli
Be?
diminishes.
vessels
greatly

record

cause the clay used in the production of Arahuay


pottery

is very

similar

in the manu?

to that used

facture of Qotakalli vessels (Montoya et al. 2000),


we believe thatmany of the local potterswho pro?
duced Qotakalli wares before the arrival of the
Wari gradually accepted and began production of
Arahuay

vessels

as

the Cuzco

region

was

drawn

into the cultural orbit of theAyacucho state. It is


interestingto note that in this process, it appeared
to be the local, finer polychrome Qotakalli black

and-red-on-cream

ceramics

that

were

first

re?

placed

by the even better manufactured poly?

chrome

Arahuay

These

changes

vessels.
in ceramic

styles

and manufac?

ture correlate with other changes in thematerial


culture of the region as well. Burger et al. (2000)
have documented an important shift in obsidian
BAUER

& JONES: CERAMIC

STYLES

procurement

more

For

patterns.

their obsidian

sources

from

than

years, the peoples of the Cuzco

thousand

region obtained
in the

located

south?

erly region of Alca. However, during theMiddle


Wari

when

Horizon,

the Cuzco

occupied

region,

the obsidian flow from this source stopped. For


this relatively brief period of time, obsidian was
imported into the region from theQuispisisa area,
which, like the Cuzco Valley, was under Wari
control (Burger et al. 2000).
We also noted a possible change in the avail?
ability of metal. In our excavations of the Early
Intermediate period site of Peqokaypata and in
contexts
period
or bronze
copper
was
a piece
recovered

at Tankarpata,

Intermediate
Early
we
no
recovered
only metal
nate. This

contrasts
of Middle

excavations
karpata
discarded

greatly with
Horizon

Although

at Tan?

contexts

where
Pukacancha,
or bronze
copper
objects

and
fragmented
were
relatively

and

common.

the

artifacts;

lami?
of gold
the results of our

this

speculative,

trend

sug?

gests thatwith theWari occupation of the Cuzco


region came trade links (or possibly technology)
thatbrought a far greater number ofmetal objects
into

area

the Cuzco

than had

been

available

dur?

ing the Early Intermediate period.


of the Cuzco
Dating the Wari Occupation
Region. The timing of theWari impact on the
Cuzco region has long been debated. With the
we
of our excavations,
completion
two independent
sets to date
data

currently have
the arrival
and

set consists

from Pikillacta

withdrawal of theWari from the Cuzco region


(Fig. 25). (See Williams (2001) for a discussion
of Wari dates from across the Andes.) The first
of nine

dates

extracted

(McEwan 1948, 1996) (samples Beta 43230, Beta


43231, Beta 43232, Beta 43233, Beta 43234, TX
3996, TX 4247, TX 4750, and TX 4751; see Ap?
pendix 1. Sample TX 4747 was not used in this
study because of its large (? 370) sigma range).
The
floor

earliest
levels

are

dates

derived

in the complex

that

from
suggest

excavated
a

foun?

dation date after a.d. 530 (samples TX 4750 and


TX 4751. See also Appendix 1). The concentra?
tion

of dates

between

a.d.

640

and

a.d.

700

in?

dicates that theWari were active in the region


during this period. The latest samples from Pikil?
lacta come from thewooden beams charred in the
fire that destroyed the central sector of the site
and provide a broad spread of dates that overlap
in the range of a.d. 780 and a.d. 980 (samples
Beta 43230, Beta 43232 and Beta 43233; see also
Appendix 1). It should be noted thatbecause these
later

OF THE CUZCO

samples

VALLEY

come

15

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from

construction

materials

AD 500

?
Fig.

25.

calibrated
68.2%probability ?
Calibrated

radiocarbon

dates

from Wari

within Pikillacta, they do not date the destruction


of the site by fire but instead date what appears
to have been the last building phase (see Appen?
dix 1).
The second, independent data set for dating the
Wari impact on theCuzco Valley comes from our
excavation program in the Cuzco region that fo

calibrated
95.4%probability
and Wari-related

cused

on

contexts

Pukacancha,

in the Cuzco

Tankarpata,

region.

and

Peqokay?

pata. In all, eight carbon samples have been dated


from clearly defined Middle Horizon contexts
(i.e.,

strata

Wari?Vinaque

or

features

that

and Huamanga?or

contain

imported
ce?

Arahuay

ramics) (samples AA 34935, AA 34938, AA


39786, AA 34937, AA 39788, AA 39791, AA
16

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ANTHROPOLOGY

39793. See also Appendix 1. For this study we -.


have also added sample AA 35003, which comes
fromMuyu Roqo, a Middle Horizon site in the-.
Province of Paruro [Bauer 2001]). The earliest of
these eight samples, sample AA 39791, dates to-.
A.D.

between

AA

sample

650

A.D.

and
falls

34937,

780,

between

while
A.D.

the
780

latest,

and A.D.

1030. This suite of dates, taken from a series of


small Middle Horizon sites in the Cuzco region,
is very similar to that from theWari center of
Pikillacta.

The combined data sets fromPikillacta and our


at

excavations
the

support
some
with

smaller

sites

traditional

dates

in the Cuzco
of Wari

Our

modifications.

region
suggests

that theWari were certainly active in the Cuzco

after A.D. 640 and remained


region
until at least A.D. 900,
and perhaps

in the region
into the

even

new millennium. Finally, it is worth noting that


the beginning date ofWari influence in the region
also meshes well with the final appearance of Al
materials

tiplano-influenced
cised
incensarios)

recovered

in?
and
Oreo
(Muyu
at the site of Peqo?

were

transformed

dramatically

rival of theWari

in the Cuzco

with

-.

the ar?

region.

In press. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland


of the Inca.
of Texas Press, Austin.
University
B. S., and R. A. Covey.
2002. State develop?
Bauer,
ment
in the Inca heartland
(Cuzco, Peru). American
846-864.
10(3):
Anthropologist,
and S. J. Chavez.
R. L., K. L. Chavez,
2000.
the glass darkly: Prehispanic
obsidian
Through
pro?
curement and exchange
in southern Peru and northern
Bolivia.
of
Journal
World Prehistory, 14(3): 267-362.

Burger,

Espinoza Martinez,
H. 1983. Evidencia
cultural del Ho?
rizonte Medio
(Wari) Aqomoqo-Cuzco,
pp. 16-22. In
A. Gibaja Oviedo,
Andina. Ediciones
ed., Arqueologfa
Instituto Nacional

2002.

The Huaro
site complex:
archaeological
the Huari
of Cuzco,
occupation
pp. 267
Isbell and H. Silverman,
eds., Andean Ar?
Vol.
1. Variations
of Sociopolitical
chaeology.
Orga?
nization. Kluwer Academic,
New York.
rethinking
285. In W

tional

Science

Vinaque)

Literature

ceramics.

All

radiocarbon

Foundation.

Cited

Barreda

L. 1982. Asentamiento
humano de
Murillo,
los Qotakalli
del Cuzc,
pp. 13-21. In I. Oberti Rod?
de Cuzco.
Instituto Na?
comp., Arqueologia
riguez,
tional de Cultura, Cuzco.

B. S. 1989. Muyu
para
tipos de cer?mica
Andina,
7(2): 537-542.

Bauer,

BAUER

&

E. A. 1996. An archaeological
for
perspective
Intermediate
Period
Inca development
in the
region. Journal of the Steward Anthropological

Dos
Orqo y Ccoipa:
la region del Cusco.

JONES: CERAMIC

STYLES

nuevos
Revista

121-156.

24(1-2):

A. 1993. The Tiwanaku:


Portrait of an Andean
Kolata,
Civilization.
Oxford.
Blackwell,
en la cuenca del
G. F. 1984. Investigaciones
Cusco. Gaceta
andina, 9: 12-15.
arqueol?gica
1987. The Middle
in the Valley of Cuz?
Horizon
of the
co, Peru: The Impact of theWari Occupation
Lucre Basin.
BAR
International
Series
372. British
Archaeological
Reports, Oxford.

McEwan,
Lucre,

(Huamanga,

samples dated during the course of this project


were processed at the AMS facility at the Uni?
versity of Arizona, which is supported by theNa?

Peru.

P. J. 1991. Stylistic date of ceramics


from
Knoblock,
the Huari centers, pp. 247-258.
In Huari Administra?
tive Structure: Prehistoric Monumental
Architecture
and State Government.
Dumbarton
Oaks, Washington
D.C.

Excavation
R. Alan
included
project members
Miriam
Rene
Silvia
Araoz,
Pilco,
Flores,
Covey,
Richardo
and Car?
Huaullani,
Bustinza,
Reynaldo
los Arriola.
We
thank Silvia
Flores
for creating
as
the ceramic
as
well
Glowacki
drawings,
Mary
and

Cuzco,

1996. The Wari occupation


of the south?
of Peru: A ceramic perspective
from the
site of Pikillacta.
Ann Arbor,
University Microfilms,

Society,

Acknowledgments

Okros,

de Cultura,

M.
Glowacki,
ern highlands

Kendall,
Late
Cuzco

for her help in identifying theWari

tradiciones
alfareras de la
antiguas
Centra de Estudios Regionales
An
de Las Casas,"
Peru.
Cuzco,

Michigan.

kaypata. This suggests that ties within the Lake


Titicaca region thathad been established centuries
earlier

2001. Las
region del Cuzco.
dinos, "Bartolome

K. L. M?hr.
1985. Early Tiahuanaco-related
Chavez,
ceremonial
burners from Cuzco,
Peru, pp. 137-178.
In Di?logo
de Historia
Andino, No. 4. Departamento
Universidad
de Tarapac?, Arica, Chile.
y Geografia

expansion,

research

1999. The Early Ceramics


of the Inca Heart?
land. Fieldiana:
n.s., 31: 1-156.
Anthropology,

-.

-.

1989. The Wari empire in the southern Peruvian


In
highlands: A view from the provinces,
pp. 53-71.
R. M. Czwarno,
F. M. Meddens,
and A. Morgan,
eds.,
The Nature ofWari: A Reappraisal
of theMiddle
Ho?
rizon Period
in Peru. BAR
International Series 525.
British Archaeological
Reports, Oxford.
-. 1991.
at the Pikillacta
Site: A
Investigations
center in the Valley
of Cuzco,
provincial Huari
pp.
93-119.
InW H. Isbell and G. F. McEwan,
eds., Huari
Administrative
Structure: Prehistoric Monumental
Ar?
chitecture and State Government.
Dumbarton
Oaks,

D.C.
Washington
and A. Gibaja.
G. F., M. Chatfield,
2002.
McEwan,
The archaeology
of Inca origins: Excavations
at Cho

OF THE CUZCO

VALLEY

17

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In W
Isbell and
Peru, pp. 287-302.
kepukio, Cuzco,
1. Var?
Vol.
H. Silverman,
eds., Andean Archaeology.
Aca?
Kluwer
iations of Sociopolitical
Organization.
demic, New York.
and P. Men
J. Zapata,
E., M. Glowacki,
and Distribu?
2000. A Study in the Production
Horizon
Peru: Final
tion of Middle
Pottery of Cuzco
Research
for Regional
Coordinated
Program
Report
on Nuclear
in Archaeological
Techniques
Analytical

Montoya,
doza.

International Atomic
Energy Agency
Investigations.
D.C.
and Smithsonian
Institution, Washington,

La cultura pre-Incaica
J. H. 1943. Chanapata:
Rowe,
Cuzco.
Tupac Amaru, 2(2/3): 41-43.
-.

1944. An
Cuzco.
In Papers
can Archaeology
vard University,

-.
Peru,
150.

del

to the archaeology
of
introduction
of Ameri?
of the Peabody Museum
vol. 27, no. 2. Har? -.
and Ethnology,
Massachusetts.
Cambridge,

1956. Archaeological
American
1954-1955.

explorations
Antiquity,

in southern
135

22(2):

Torres

Poblete,

N.

away. Licenciado
Ciencias
Sociales,
Abad

de Ar
1989. Sondeo
arqueol?gico
en Arqueologia
de
Tesis, Facultad
San Antonio
Universidad
Nacional

del Cusco.

A. 1984. Arqueologia
de Qolqam
Zegarra,
e Instituto de Arqueologia,
del Museo
pata. Revista
de San Antonio Abad,
23: 47-62. University Nacional
Cuzco.

Valencia

J. 1997. Arquitectura
Zapata,
y contextos funerarios Wari
en Batan Urqu, Cusco, pp. 165-206.
In Boletm de Ar?
PUCP, Vol. 1. La Muerte en el Antiguo Peru:
queologia
ed.
Funerarios. Peter Kaulicke,
Contextos
y Conceptos
del Peru, Lima.
Cat?lica
Pontificia Universidad
cerros sagrados: Panorama
del Per
en la cuenca del Vilcanota,
Cuzco,
pp.
In Boletm
2.
de Arqueologia
307-336.
PUCP, Vol.
en
el
del
Periodo
Formativo
Perspectivas
Regionales
del Peru, Lima.
Cat?lica
Peru. Pontificia Universidad
1998. Los

iodo Formativo

18

FIELDIANA:

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ANTHROPOLOGY

Fig. 1. Arahuay
ceramics are characterized
a buff slip. This example
is from Tankarpata.

Fig.

BAUER

&

2.

Qotakalli

JONES: CERAMIC

by the use of broad

polychrome

STYLES

red bands,

(black-and-red-on-cream)

OF THE CUZCO

outlined

with

narrow

from Peqokaypata.

VALLEY

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19

black

lines, over

Fig.

20

3.

Incised

incensarios

from Peqokaypata.

FIELDIANA:

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ANTHROPOLOGY

Fig.

6.

Inca pottery

recovered

in Building

1 at Pukacancha.

,'ly??Li
Fig.

BAUER

& JONES: CERAMIC

7.

STYLES

Bronze

"celt"

from Pukacancha.

OF THE CUZCO

VALLEY

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Fig.

Fig.

BAUER

&

10.

JONES: CERAMIC

9.

Arahuay

Bichrome

STYLES

ceramics

Qotakalli

from Pukacancha.

(black-on-cream)

OF THE CUZCO

from Pukacancha.

VALLEY

23

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Fig.

11.

Fig.

24

fragment of Huamanga

12.

Ground

stone knives

ceramics

from Pukacancha.

from Tankarpata.

FIELDIANA:

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ANTHROPOLOGY

Fig.

Fig.

BAUER

&

14.

13.

Arahuay

Bichrome

JONES: CERAMIC

bowl

with wing

(black-on-cream)

STYLES

design

Qotakalli

OF THE CUZCO

from Tankarpata.

ceramics

from Tankarpata.

VALLEY

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25

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BAUER

&

JONES: CERAMIC

STYLES

OF THE CUZCO

VALLEY

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27

? ?
[.'-.....
*

j
Fig.

18.

Puma

head,

incised

incensario

fragments

from Peqokaypata.

28

FIELDIANA:

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ANTHROPOLOGY

Fig.

19.

Qotakalli

polychrome

(black-and-red-on-cream)

ceramics

from Peqokaypata.

These

are

tripodal

bowl

fragments.

BAUER & JONES:CERAMIC STYLES OF THE CUZCO VALLEY

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29

Fig.

30

20.

Qotakalli

vessel

with modeled

face from Peqokaypata.

FIELDIANA:

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ANTHROPOLOGY

BAUER

& JONES: CERAMIC

STYLES

OF THE CUZCO

VALLEY

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31

Fig.

22.

Small

llama

figurine of Spondylus

shell found

in an offering

at Peqokaypata.

FIELDIANA:

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ANTHROPOLOGY

Fig.

BAUER

&

23.

JONES: CERAMIC

Miniature

STYLES

Killke

jar found

in an offering

OF THE CUZCO

at Peqokaypata.

VALLEY

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Fig.

34

24.

Carved

stone found

in an offering

at Peqokaypata.

FIELDIANA:

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ANTHROPOLOGY

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2. Arahuay

Appendix

Arahuay ceramics take their name from the site


of Arahuay, located approximately 2 kilometers
south of Cuzco on the valley slope. The site was
excavated by Nilo Torres Poblete in 1989, and the
stylewas defined in his Licenciado thesis. Further
of Arahuay

examples

have

ceramics

been

identi?

fied in the ceramic collections from Pikillacta


1990; Glowacki
(McEwan
1996), Bat?n Oreo
(Zapata 1997), Huaro (Glowacki 2002) as well as
the Province of Paruro (Bauer 1999, 2001).
A variety of vessel forms have been identified
in Arahuay
fragments

from

the most

but

collections,
are

straight-sided,

common

bowls

flaring

(Figs. 2.1 and 2.2) and incurving bowls (Figs. 2.3


and 2.4). Some of the bowls are decorated with
broad, horizontal red bands, outlined with black
lines,

several

running

below

centimeters

the rim.

Areas between the horizontal red band and the rim


have

off with

been marked

vertical

out?

red bands,

linedwith black lines.Others have sets of vertical,


rectangular panels that contain curving lines (Fig.
2.5). Others
tive motifs

are

ics. Checks
X's

and

those

also

a wing motif.
Small
found on Arahuay

decora?

be

common;

quartered

(Fig. 2.6).
Glowacki
sign
well

contain
can

however,

circles

have

curving
also
been

ceram?
lines,
noted

(1996) has documented that the de?

ceramics
found on Arahuay
compositions
as their vessel
are very
similar
shapes
of Huamanga

gion. (Glowacki
Arahuay/Wamanga.)

ceramics

in the Ayacucho

as
to
re?

[1996] prefers to call this style


She

has

also

demonstrated

thatwhile Arahuay ceramics reflecta strongAya

Ceramics

cucho

influence

(i.e., Wari)

in the Cuzco

region,

they are made from local clays (Montoya et al.


2000). Our recent survey of the Cuzco Valley
found

numerous

sites with

Arahuay

ceramics

we currently use them to trackWari


the Cuzco
Pukacancha
carbon
tained

and

influence in

at the sites of
excavations
region. Our
seven
and Tankarpata
radio?
yielded
con?
contexts
from
secure
dates
which
ceramics.

Arahuay

These

samples,

each

of

falls between 1100 ? 45 b.p. (sample


and
1322 ?
40 b.p. (sample
AA34937)
AA39791), date to the period traditionally asso?
ciated with Wari control of theCuzco region.
which

It is also
similarities

to note
that there are some
important
between
and Killke
ceramics.
Arahuay

One of themost notable characteristics of Killke


ceramics is the use of broad red bands outlined
with black lines (Bauer 1999, 2001). This same
feature

a distinctive

is also

characteristic

of Ara?

huay ceramics. Outlined bands are found on both


Arahuay jars and bowls. Like their counterparts
inKillke vessels, these bands run horizontally and
vertically and are at times used to define panels
that are filled with geometric designs. Based on
these

observations,

production

Bauer

of Arahuay

has

proposed

that

the

began

after

the

ceramics

establishment ofWari presence in the Cuzco

gion,

and

ceramics

that Arahuay

influenced,

re?
or

may prove to be the direct antecedent of, Killke


If Killke

ceramics.
ahuay

traditions,

ceramics
then

the

from Ar?
did develop
transition
between
Ar?

ahuay and Killke ceramics most likely occurred


after the abandonment of Pikillacta at the end of
theMiddle Horizon.

38

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&

JONES: CERAMIC

STYLES

OF THE CUZCO

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40

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ANTHROPOLOGY

BAUER

&

JONES: CERAMIC

STYLES

OF THE CUZCO

VALLEY

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41

Fig.

42

2.4.

Straight-sided,

flaring Arahuay

bowls

and

incurving Arahuay

bowls

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ANTHROPOLOGY

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44

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ANTHROPOLOGY

3. Qotakalli

Appendix

(1982) published the first

Luis Barreda Murillo


description

been

have

ceramics

Qotakalli

that time,

Since

ceramics.

of Qotakalli

sites in theCuzco region (see Bauer 1999, 2001).


The vessels are generally composed of a fully ox?
idized,

pale

cream

pinkish

fabric.

cream-col?

ored (ranging fromyellow-cream to pink) self-slip


made
The

the body
their exteriors.
clay covers
a matt,
that
surface
have
rather sandy

from
vessels

is wiped but not normally compacted or polished


Sara

commun.,

(pers.

Lunt

walls

The

2001).

of

the pots are generally very thin (average 4-5


mm). The lip is pinched from the topmost coil to
a thin, rounded profile. This is pulled out to form
a very
for

the

or pushed

characteristic
small,

shape,
flaring
bowls
(pers.

in

commun.,

incurving

Sara Lunt 2001).


Qotakalli ceramics exhibit a limited variety of
The

decorations.

geometric
are
ments

lines,

zigzagging
Two major

and

horizontal

straight

the

lines,

and

triangles,
black-on-cream

dominate

ele?

vertical

diamonds,

substyles,

and-red-on-cream,

common

most

and

dots.
black

collections.

In

general, the polychromes tend to be of higher


quality

than

the bichromes.

Recent studies suggest thatQotakalli was the


primary ceramic style in theCuzco Valley at the
time of theWari arrival. As such it represents the
indigenous style that was produced during the
Intermediate
Early
Excavation
data

period
suggest,

in

the Cuzco

however,

that

region.
the pro?

duction of thefinerpolychromes ended around the


time of theWari occupation of the Cuzco valley,
while the bichromes continued to be made for
some time, although in diminishing quantities,
into theMiddle Horizon.
The major designs are defined in black, while
the minor

BAUER

ones

&

are executed

in either

JONES: CERAMIC

red or black.

STYLES

The straight and zigzagging lines tend not to ap?


pear singularly but in parallel groups of two to
five

at numerous

found

Ceramics

lines.

In

nested

lines

these

vessels,

interior

red. The

is commonly
cross-hatched,
The
interior of
diamonds.

the diamonds
tains

the polychrome
and
black

between

alternate

of

or con?
the

trian?

gles is at times painted solid, or filledwith nested


or dots.

triangles

In general,

ones

chrome

and

ex?

the polychrome

thinner lines than the bi

amples tend to have

are more

burnished.

extensively

There is a wide variety of bichrome and poly?


chrome

are

Bowls

vessels.

Qotakalli

especially

common within the bichrome collections. They


include
bowl

and

curved-sided

incurving,
forms
(Figs.

straight-sided
have
vessels

These

3.1-3.5).

small, flat or slightly curved bases. The exterior


Qotakalli incurving bowls frequently are decorat?
ed on the upper half, while the interiors are not
are

Bowls

decorated.
chrome

and

the poly?
to be

within

found

also

however,

collections;

tend

they

straight-sided

(Figs.

3.6

chrome

form

is a steep-sided,

3.7).

Perhaps themost distinct, if not unique, poly?


vessel

bowl

tripodal

with legs varying in length from 1 to 3 cm (Fig.


3.8).

The

of

base

these

bowls

steep-sided

is

rounded and the sides are slightly flared.The in?


nested

or

alternate
which
may
triangles,
of
interior
surface
the entire

the

terior rims are frequently


cross-hatched
color.

Rarely,

decorated

with
bowls
is covered
steep-sided
common
vessel
has
Another

signs.

with

geometric
a flat base

in
de?
and

stands on a rim that is approximately 0.5 cm high


(Fig.

3.9).

These

appear

to be

the bases

of keros,

tall, flaring, straight-sided drinking vessels. Our


excavations

have

also

(Fig. 3.10). Qotakalli


include
large face-neck

yielded
ceramic
vessels

the remains

inventories
with

of jars
also

can

modeled

and

applied faces, which are painted with straight or


curving lines (Fig. 3.11).

OF THE CUZCO

VALLEY

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0
r-^

46

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?
Fig.

48

3.3.

Bichrome

?
Qotakalli

?
bowls

from Tankarpata.

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ANTHROPOLOGY

BAUER

&

JONES: CERAMIC

STYLES

OF THE CUZCO

VALLEY

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49

?
Fig.

3.5.

?
Bichrome

Qotakalli

?
bowls

from Peqokaypata.

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&

JONES: CERAMIC

STYLES

OF THE CUZCO

VALLEY

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52

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BAUER

&

JONES: CERAMIC

STYLES

OF THE CUZCO

VALLEY

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&

JONES: CERAMIC

STYLES

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55

m ?
Fig.

56

3.11.

Qotakalli

?
vessels

with modeled

faces.

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ANTHROPOLOGY

4. Incised

Appendix

noted the widespread distri?

In 1985 K. Chavez
of incised

bution

incensarios

burners)

(ceremonial

at sites between theCuzco Valley and Lake Titi


caca.

Later

cavations

and ex?
collections
surface
systematic
south
of Paruro,
in the Province
directly

of theCuzco Valley, yielded fragments of incised


incensarios at four additional sites (Bauer 2001).
A more recent survey of the Cuzco Valley itself
also

identified

censarios.
provided
tion with

several

Excavations
a carbon
a

large

more

sites with

in?

incised

at the site of Peqokaypata


in associa?
recovered

sample,
fragment

of an

incised

incensa

rio, which yielded a date of 1422-51 b.p. (95.4%


probability: a.d. 530 [95.4%] a.d. 700; sample
A A 39784. All fragments shown in this report are
from the site of Peqokaypata). It is currentlybe?
lieved that the use of these vessels in the Cuzco
region ended with the arrival ofWari influence.
The designs on incised incensarios tend to be
geometric,

BAUER

although

examples

& JONES: CERAMIC

that

contain

STYLES

styl

Incensarios

ized puma motifs have also been noted (Fig. 4.1).


Our

at

excavations

recovered
heads
(Fig.

were

which
4.2).

the

incised

Most

also

of Peqokaypata
incised

site

of
examples
once
attached

various

to

puma
the vessels

incensarios

to

appear

have stood on pedestal bases (Fig. 4.3) and had


rim scallops (Fig. 4.4).
Circles are made with a hollow tool, which
leaves

a raised,

area

solid

in their centers

(K. Cha?

vez 1985: 138). The lines are made by dragging


a U-shaped

tool

across

the vessel's

surface

(Fig.

4.5). Their exteriors are roughly burnished, while


the interiors have simply been smoothed. The
faint remains of red and yellow postfiring pig?
ments can still be seen in the grooves of a few
examples,
painted.

suggesting
recent
While

that

the vessel

research

were

by Montoya

once
et al.

(2000) suggests that incised incensarios were pro?


duced with local clays, theirdistribution south and
southeast

of Cuzco

appears

influence.

OF THE CUZCO

VALLEY

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57

to reflect

an Altiplano

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Fig.

BAUER

&

JONES: CERAMIC

4.2.

Incised

STYLES

?
puma

?
heads

?
from Peqokaypata.

OF THE CUZCO

VALLEY

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60

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ANTHROPOLOGY

BAUER

&

JONES: CERAMIC

STYLES

OF THE CUZCO

VALLEY

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61

Fig.

4.5.

Incised

incensario

fragments

from Peqokaypata.

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ANTHROPOLOGY

5. Muyu

Appendix

Muyu Oreo ceramics were first identified in the


Province

of Paruro,

south

of Cuzco,

in the

late

1980s (Bauer 1989, 1999, 2001). Muyu Oreo


(Round Hill) is a common Quechua toponym.
This ceramic style is named for a site near the
in the Province of Paruro
town of Yaursique
(Bauer 1999, 2001). During our more recent sur?
vey work in the Cuzco Valley we found Muyu
Oreo pottery at 17 additional sites. It has also
been recovered in significantquantities during ex?
cavations at Batan Oreo (Zapata 1997, 1998) and
Raqchi (Bill Sillar, pers. commun. 1999). For oth?
er examples forMuyu Oreo ceramics found in the
Cuzco Valley, see Espinoza Martinez (1983) and
Torres Poblete (1989).
Muyu Oreo ceramics contain a distinct range of
colors,

including

dark

red,

black,

white,

and

or?

ange (Fig. 5.1). The dark red is used as a back?


ground to which other colors are applied (Fig.

BAUER

& JONES: CERAMIC

STYLES

Oreo

Ceramics

are
The
and orange
black,
white,
pigments
fall off the ves?
thick, and occasionally
relatively
vessels
tend to be me?
in flexes. The
sel surface

5.2).

to thin-walled

dium-

terra cotta
clusions

of

and

are

that contains

fabric
varied

colors

of a dark

composed
abundant

(pers.

in?

small

Sara

commun.,

Lunt 2001).
Few recovered fragments of this style were
large enough to suggest specific vessel forms.The
vessel

ed

forms

that have

been

bowls,

and

annulated

pedestal bases
5.4).
Oreo

Recent

bowls.

Some

steep-sided
vessels

have

(Fig. 5.3) and rim scallops (Fig.

excavation
were

ceramics

includ?

reconstructed

straight-sided drinking vessels,

used

data

suggest
in the Cuzco

that Muyu
Valley

to?

ward the end of the Early Intermediate period. It


is also suggested thatMuyu Oreo ceramics reflect
an Altiplano influence in the Cuzco region that
ended when theWari established theiradministra?
tive control

OF THE CUZCO

of

VALLEY

the area.

63

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BUI

?
Fig.

?
5.2.

?
Selected

?
Muyu

?
Oreo

rim forms from Pe

qokaypata.
Fig.

64

5.1.

Muyu

Oreo

ceramics

from Peqokaypata.

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ANTHROPOLOGY

a
Fig.

5.3.

?
Fragments

?
of Muyu

?
Oreo

?
pedestal

bases

from Peqokaypata.

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