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Fieldiana. Anthropology.
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FIELDIANA
Anthropology
NEW SERIES, NO. 34
S. Bauer
(MC
of Anthropology
University of Illinois at Chicago
1007 West Harrison
Street
Illinois 60607-7139
Chicago,
Department
Bradford M.
027)
Jones
Department
of Anthropology
University of Illinois
607 South Mathews
Illinois 61810
Urbana,
November
1, 2002
March
31, 2003
1521
Publication
Accepted
Published
of Natural History
ISSN 0071-4739
PRINTED
IN THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA
Table
of Contents
2. Qotakalli
(black-and-red
polychrome
.
from Peqokaypata
on-cream)
3.
Abstract
Introduction
Early
and
Ceramic
Inca
cha .
the
Program
6.
7.
Component
Summary
Conclusions
Appendix
2: Arahuay
Appendix
Appendix
3: Qotakalli
4: Incised
Appendix
5: Muyu
from Pukacancha
13
14
18. Puma
ments
Dates
Incensarios
Orco
38
.
Ceramics
.
Ceramics
45
57
63
stone
from
knives
.
24
25
25
rim fragments
incised
head,
from Tankarpa?
incensario
.
from Peqokaypata
from Peqokaypata
selected
Carved
stone
Peqokaypata
25.
vations in 1999 . 4
2. Site of Pukacancha . 7
3. Site of Tankarpata . 9
4. Site of Peqokaypata . 11
Calibrated
from
frag?
18
31
region.
karpata . 19
example
offering
dates
radiocarbon
contexts
at
from Wari
in the Cuzco
16
Appendix Illustrations
2.1.
2.2.
from Tankarpata.
from Pukacancha
ceramic
an
. 34
and Wari-related
List of Illustrations
1. Arahuay
from
fragment
24
23
23
35
Ceramics
from
ta
.
16. Bichrome Qotakalli ceramics from
Peqokaypata . 26
17. Qotakalli polychrome from
Peqokaypata . 27
24.
of
Tankarpata
15. Vinaque
List ofMaps
1. Location
22
ceramic
Tankarpata
17
Cited.
21
from
17
1: Radiocarbon
21
13
Acknowledgments
Literature
Tankarpata
Appendix
knives
ceramics
12. Ground
10
11
and
stone
Pukacancha
from Pukacancha.
pottery
"celt"
from Pukacancha.
11. Huamanga
Pukacancha
pata
from
examples
Tankarpata
Peqokaypata.
Inca
Bronze
9. Arahuay
ceramic
Pukacancha
at Pukacan?
Tankarpata
. 20
Oreo
8. Ground
at Pukacancha
Tankarpata
of
19
from
Peqokaypata . 20
5. Site of Pukacancha . 6
Component
Horizon
Middle
4. Muyu
Middle
Styles
Cuzco Region.
1
The 1999 Excavation
pukacancha
incensarios
Peqokaypata
Intermediate
Horizon
Incised
from Tan?
2.3.
Incurving
Tankarpata
Arahuay
. 41
iii
39
.
40
bowls
from
26
2.4.
bowls
incurving Arahuay
. 42
Pukacancha
2.5.
2.6.
3.1.
on bowls
rectangular
panels
from Tankarpata.
43
ceramics
from Tankarpata
Arahuay
Vertical,
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.
3.8.
3.9.
....
4.1.
44
4.2.
46
Tankarpata
Tankarpata
4.3.
47
4.4.
48
Qotakalli
bowls
4.5.
polychrome
5.1.
polychrome
Peqokaypata
vessels
Incised
. 59
Rim
from
. 60
of
scallops
incised
Incised
incensario
. 62
Muyu
Oreo
Muyu
5.3.
fragments
ceramics
Oreo
from
back
from
. 64
of Muyu
Oreo
5.4.
from
Rim
scallops
cover:
Incised
puma
heads
from
on Muyu
Peqokaypata.
iv
from
. 64
rim forms
Fragments
incensarios
. 61
ics fromPeqokaypata.
and
with
from
incensarios
Peqokaypata
. 54
Above
puma
Peqokaypata
5.2.
from
Peqokaypata . 52
Tripodal Qotakalli bowls from
Peqokaypata . 53
Qotakalli
heads
Peqokaypata
Peqokaypata . 50
Qotakalli polychrome vessels from
Peqokaypata . 51
Qotakalli
fragments
fromPeqokaypata
from
vessels
Incised
Peqokaypata
incensario
Peqokaypata
Incised
.
puma motifs fromPeqokaypata
3.2.
from
pedestal
. 65
Oreo
65
ceram?
58
S. Bauer1
and
M.
Bradford
Jones2
Abstract
This study presents new information on the ceramic styles of the Cuzco region during the
Early Intermediate period and theMiddle Horizon. The results of excavations in 1999 and
2000 at three sites in theCuzco Valley afford better definition of the ceramic styles and dating
two
these
of
time periods.
New
information
during
local
came
Andean
under
highlands
of two great states, Wari
and Tiwanaku.
research
that the Wari
suggests
began
the
to
in the
of Peru
550
region
Ayacucho
and that state expansion
a.D.
after which
900,
after a.D.
sometime
continued
the
state
through
appears
at least
to have
is known
naku,
naku,
caca
in Bolivia,
Expansion
a.D.
500
was
of Tiwanaku
and
waned,
of considerable
importance.
around
have
may
begun
near
the end of
like Wari,
FIELDIANA:
of
occupation
the Cuzco
region
ceramic
as well
styles
our
improve
N.S., NO.
in the
importation
of
understanding
the
se?
ceramic
are
of new
during
better able
radiocarbon
our
dates
on materials
excavations
1),
(Appendix
oc?
the period
of Wari
and to evaluate
its impact
to date
in the region
cupation
on the material
practices
Cuzco
Valley.
Intermediate
Early
Horizon
Ceramic
Cuzco
Region
of
the inhabitants
of the
and Middle
Styles of the
in the Cuzco
other
general
Since
that
region.
researchers
have
helped
for
ceramic
chronology
of Anthropology,
of Illinois at Chicago,
University
(bsb@uic.edu).
of Anthropology,
of Illinois, Davenport
University
ANTHROPOLOGY,
as
the
1
Brian
the Wari
time periods.
Introduction
south-central
on
is presented
34, MARCH
1007 West
Hall,
1-65
607
Harrison
nu?
to define
the
area
Street, Room
S. Mathews,
time,
Urbana,
that several
clear
were
of ceramics
styles
to the west
This
work
and
discusses
of Cuzco.
southeast
a number
ce?
of different
illustrated.
little
most
Furthermore,
the
of
refinement
logical
associated
styles
Horizon
able
more
to make
will
researchers
region,
interpretations
grounded
be
about
Among
important
styles
are a series
cucho
and
gion.1 These
later
into
the Cuzco
Chakipampa,
imported
Vinaque,
re?
styles of
and
Huamanga,
Robles Moco
(Knobloch 1991; Glowacki 1996,
2002). Various examples of possible imported
Wari
ceramics
have
been
found
in excavations
at
are, however,
a number
of other
ceramic
1
The terminology used in this paper differs slightly
the ceramic
from that used in earlier works discussing
1999, 2001). The re?
region (Bauer
styles of the Cuzco
of the
finement is based on our increased understanding
of the Cuzco
local and imported ceramics
region over
several additional years of research.
cally
but
produced
wares
at Pikillacta
recovered
of theWari
ceramics
ceramics
imitate
that closely
the finer
of theWari
the Okros
resemble
but were
homeland
produced
2001).
are
ceramics
Arahuay
characterized
ceramics
Huamanga
neutron
Through
have
leagues
were
made
the Ayacucho
she
and
region.
her
col?
that Arahuay
ceramics
activation,
also
shown
from
local
et
(Montoya
clays
al.
in the Cuzco
the area.
It has
also
ceramics
influenced
as
a marker
region,
for Wari
and we
cur?
in
influence
that Arahuay
suggested
or were
the direct antecedents
been
represented
of
the dominant
ceramic
styles
of
slip
2). Major
chromes
cream)
and
elaborate
geometric
designs
(Fig.
(black-on-cream,
and
polychromes
or more
rarely
red-on
(black-and-red-on
However,
period.
conducted
by
other
the results
researchers
of investigations
in the
elsewhere
FIELDIANA:
ANTHROPOLOGY
For
Horizon.
the Middle
at
excavations
example,
have
Oreo
Bat?n
and
Pikillacta
generated
bi?
in as?
(black-on-cream)
pottery
Qotakalli
in?
ceramic
Horizon
with Middle
styles,
used
that this ceramic
during
style was
chrome
sociation
dicating
they were
respectively,
not
ceram?
the only
tribution
incensarios
incised
Cuzco
between
incensarios
that incised
with
produced
local
in the Cuzco
incensarios
had
region
been
influence
not well
was
forms
its vessel
have
however,
vations,
and
known,
little understood.
the range of
exca?
Our
additional
provided
ex?
pendix 4).
Another
ceramic
called
style,
Oreo,
Muyu
may
sites
in the Cuzco
and
Valley
surround?
is based
black,
and
on
two observations.
are
ceramics
orange
colors
First, Muyu
with
decorated
painted
white,
bright
over a polished,
Pucara
forms
and
(i.e.,
Tiwanaku.
annulated
Second,
bowls)
and
various
vessel
vessel
attributes
as a
has been classified
1999). The research pre?
style (Bauer
indicates that most Qo?
sented in this report, however,
took place during the Early Interme?
takalli production
Middle
of this, Qotakalli
Horizon
diate period.
BAUER
STYLES
5). The
timing
understood
well
was
not
of this influence,
however,
our excavation
before we began
project.3
The
1999 Excavation
Program
that
processes
developmental
long-term
oc?
groups,
forces
ca.
7000
b.c.,
in a.d.
1532
until
the
(Bauer
in
covered
350
square
kilometers,
was
com?
In
1999.
were
collections
the
course
the
of
at more
made
survey,
than
1,200
surface
archae?
ological
sites were
for second
revisited
collections.
three
small
to medium-sized
sites
conducting
sites, we were
By
study.
small
able
to isolate
at multiple
the
date
and
of
questions
the Cuzco
answer
an
wanted
Altiplano
and Wari
concerning
Most
Valley.
the pre-Inca
cul?
we
important,
to the question,
When
did the
on ceramic
influences
produc?
chosen
for
test excavations
included
the follow?
ing:
3
that
In an earlier, report Bauer
(1999)
proposed
incised
incensarios.
Oreo
ceramics
Muyu
post-dated
we
on the excavation
data from Peqokaypata,
Based
now believe
that they were both produced
during the
Early
4
Intermediate period.
test excavations
OF THE CUZCO
VALLEY
FIELDIANA:
ANTHROPOLOGY
site on
141): A medium-sized
a
with
small
of
Hill,
Taucaray
slope
and
Inca
Numerous
Inca buildings.
Pukacancha
(Co.
the western
cluster
of
Arahuay
ceramic
Qotakalli
sherds
as a few
as well
fragments
were
from the sur?
recovered
sherds
its major
that
suggested
one
It is located
remains.
to the
ridge
the
from
collections
site
of Tankarpata
and minor
amounts
the surface
collection
and
of many
we be?
architectural
The
ceramic
dominant
were
the surface
collections
Qo?
styles within
as
known
takalli
and Chanapata-derived
(also
and
Oreo
Some Muyu
Late Formative)
pottery.
sherds were
incensario
incised
recovered,
along
absence
complete
at Peqokaypata
vessels,
Horizon
Middle
known
styles and
that
suggested
Cuzco
In
Valley.
to
and Middle
mediate
ciated
ceramic
lected
Peqokaypata,
styles
the Early
investigate
and
Horizon
cultures
Horizon;
a clear Wari
earlier
of
an
the Cuzco
Valley,
immediately
pre-Wari
se?
site;
Pukacancha,
that manifested
site
at each
of
the
selected
sites. We
re?
were
conducted
with
picks,
shov?
STYLES
Ceramic,
were
sep?
bagged
collected
samples were
on
and
recorded
inventory
special
in the course
of this
recovered
artifacts
were
fieldwork
work
to Cuzco
for analysis.
transported
at the
on the artifacts
recovered
Pukacancha
The
is locat?
site of Pukacancha
archaeological
from Taucaray
the com?
and
Cuzco
between
Horizon
and
Pukacancha
corn,
wheat,
and
for
used
currently
and
potatoes
is owned
cultivating
by a sin?
we
photographs
stone artifacts
completed
taken.
and
and
excavation.
terminating
forms were
separately
forms. All
The
metal,
arately
asso?
remains.
two weeks
bone,
before
level
each
Inter?
for
made
excavation
Several
in order
sum,
Standardized
wire
through ^-inch
to reach
in all units
screened
were
Attempts
sediments
sterile
Laboratory
region.
was
soil
cavated
mesh.
material
an
plowed
near
structures
tractor
the corner
from
our
before
area
the Inca
to the northeast
the hill
of the eastern
structures.
at the site,
excavations
and
slope
structure. The
of
the
damaged
other parts
plows.
surface
Two
collections
at
the
site
recovered
at
the site,
suggesting
that Pukacancha
at Pukacancha
Excavations
involved
six test
clarify
features
that were
encountered.
OF THE CUZCO
VALLEY
Fig.
to examine
their construction
5.
Site photograph,
evaluate
techniques,
materials
beneath
the
structures.
Unit
in the plaza,
and Unit
5 was
posi?
a southern
terrace of the site to test for
located
on
tioned
structures
additional
Pukacancha.
and middens.
clear
known.
Inca Component
at Pukacancha
closure)
ings,
once
from
on
stood
the
three
an
around
clustered
this ridge.
The
build?
rectangular
that
open
courtyard,
or courtyard
cancha
throughout
The
revealed
excavations
Horizon
con?
1 had
whereas
been
Building
occupation,
into
sterile
subsoil.
structed
excavations
through
in the course
of the ex?
recovered
Inca artifacts
cavation
ments
included
(Fig.
6),
fine
animal
and
domestic
bones,
and
vessel
a bronze
frag?
"celt"
(Fig. 7).
The excavations within the buildings produced
a relatively low quantity of Inca artifacts when
compared
with
deposits
outside,
and
downslope,
Carbon
recovered
from
the
Inca
in
floor
composed
large
stones
with
mortar,
was
set.
to provide
extra
support,
was
constructed
FIELDIANA:
ANTHROPOLOGY
BAUER
&
JONES: CERAMIC
STYLES
OF THE CUZCO
VALLEY
Middle
The
occupation.
of
excavation
clay
as
a floor
surface.
Finally,
meters
a floor,
to create
down
over
the contay
the walls
were
plastered.
laid
and
fill
The
rectly
not known.
stones
unmodified
function
di?
placed
is
of these stones
piece
95.4%
probability:
Horizon
95.4%
the site
both
units.
The
surface
and
in all
the excava?
of Units
excavation
and
re?
midden
excavations
in a natural
depression.
deposit
that the
also
however,
revealed,
deposits
at Pukacancha
including
riety of artifacts,
metal
orated
ceramics,
pins,
held
animal
bones,
undec
ground
recovered
from
the pre-Inca
deposits
at Pukacan?
For
example,
Unit
1, which
sampled
within
a small
natural
depression,
770-a.d.
980;
sample
AA
probability:
a.d.
650-a.d.
780;
sample
AA
95.4%
probability:
a.d.
430-a.d.
720;
sample
AA
the
from
two
the excavation
surface
as
as well
collections
units, were
bichromes
(black
yield?
imported
contexts
rarely
Wari
to be
of what
still, samples
appear
were
in the same
found
fine wares
2, well
as Arahuay
pottery. For
beneath
the Inca
floor,
ability:
a.d.
in Unit
example,
a
we
recovered
a.D.
[89.7%]
900,
a.d.
920
ahuay,
Ware,
va?
a wide
and
decorated
level
More
tion
a.d.
This
on-cream).
Ware.5
39 b.p. (calibrated
from
at Pukacancha
Component
Black
site,
Middle
Incised
of
single
at
is also
by our excavations
supported
as well
as by earlier work
in the prov?
Tankarpata
south of Cuzco
ince of Paruro
(Bauer
immediately
Horizon
1999, 2001).
It should also be noted that below the red clay
floor and contay fill of the Inca building inUnit 6,
a thick lens of burnedmaterial was found overlying
numerous
on which
surface
large
occupation
and
domestic
of Arahuay
sherds
wares,
pottery
recovered.
sherds, were
along with a few Qotakalli
an
The
nature
of the ash
and
carbon
lens
is uncertain,
perhaps
the result
of
the burning
and
subse
5Numerous
have been
vessels
Incised Black Ware
in the
found at a Wari offering at the site of Muyu Roqo
Province of Paruro. A carbon sample (sample AA 35003
[bone]) from that site dated to 1135 ? 50 b.p. (calibrated
a.d. 770-a.d.
95.4%
1000). For additional
probability:
information and for illustrations
see Bauer
(1999, 2001).
FIELDIANA:
of Incised
Black Ware,
ANTHROPOLOGY
the abandonment
adjacent
date
for Pukacancha.
cultivation.
Early
scatter
covering
an
area
approxi?
site
of Tankarpata
was
selected
for exca?
&
both ox-plow
and tractor-based
are members
landowners
of the
community.
Tankarpata
at Tankarpata
Tankarpata
density
under
All
JONES: CERAMIC
STYLES
OF THE CUZCO
VALLEY
suits
of
the carbon
that a Late
confirmed
dating
a.d.
probability:
1280-a.d.
1410;
sample
of
quadrant
the unit,
two
where
of
45
b.p.
95.4%
(calibrated
probability:
a.d.
670
collected.
been
ever,
were
areas
Other
unaffected.
One
of
the unit,
level,
how?
approximately
47
95.4%
(calibrated
a.d.
probability:
540
ceram?
of Arahuay
examples
re?
Excavations
sherds.
few Qotakalli
numerous
a
bichrome
only
Qotakalli
fragments.
an age
yielded
95.4%
of
probability:
a.d.
probability:
a.d.
1189
710
b.p.
40
a.D.
[5.2%]
(calibrated
750; a.d.
600-a.d.
780;
sample
AA
39789).
In
sherds.
it appears
that
the
site
of Tankarpata
undisturbed
in only
two units.
Fu?
from Middle
Horizon
derrated
at Tankarpata
artifact
likely
imported
recovered
types
contexts
included
decorated
pottery,
and
burned
bones,
unburned
pottery,
Arahuay
and a surprisingly
stones,
excavations,
structures.
Horizon
2 and
Middle
3, encountered
was
2, which
Unit
positioned
the western
side of
wall.
On
north/south-running
was
a dense
that con?
the wall
matrix
gravelly
contained
floor
pottery
large Arahuay
of
level
red
fragments.
and various
clay
Carbon
from the
walls
additional
and
area.
paved
Two
sediments,
of which
an
contained
ashy ma?
One
fragments.
the
contained
pits
Arahuay
as
single
of bichrome
fragments
Qotakalli
numbers
it is clear
karpata,
that
the
site
in large
at Tan?
its maxi?
reached
with
excavations
Pukacancha,
that
indicate
alongside
ceramics
huay
es. Ultimately,
abandoned
and
Inca
abundant
as well
as
imported
during
Wari
the Wari
piec?
occu?
and was
not
later placed
fragments
Ara?
polychrome
rare
sometime
pation of theCuzco
was
Component
of
the recovery
Horizon
burials were
Middle
as
Common
Since
sum,
and was
as well
ramies
Wari
found
reoccupied,
although
the
surface
most
period
and
Late
Horizon
occupa?
tions.)
10
FIELDIANA:
ANTHROPOLOGY
CO31 Peqoykaykata
j?HBM
wS$iWSm
unit
Excavation
area
Site
^^^PlI^^igHm^l^^
pW^^
||
north
Grid
|
If"^l!
m
Map
4.
The
JONES: CERAMIC
STYLES
IfRfl
Hal
II
site of Peqokaypata.
Peqokaypata
BAUER
IIB
the
surface
collections
were
numer?
OF THE CUZCO
VALLEY
11
incensario
sherds.
sherds.
These,
were
(There
also
most
however,
likely
few
came
Inca
indicated
that
from
context.)
It appears
site was
excavated
transition
from
mediate
period
on
to gain
the
information
to Early
the Early Horizon
Inter?
as well
as information
on
ceramics
Oreo
styles of Muyu
The
absence
complete
rios.
and
incised
of any
the
Wari
imported
Horizon
surface
indicated
rare Early
Inter?
of
the Wari
at the site
tions
in the Cuzco
took
Excava?
Valley.
two field seasons
over
place
indicate
occupation
The
component.
rizon
cavations
Interme?
Early
smaller
Early Ho?
collections
and ex?
surface
no
provided
substantial
and
period
evidence
of site occupation
was
found
at the site.
sherds
can
from
the
surface
of
the
site
as Chanapata-derived
pottery
a
red earthenware
dat?
(Rowe
1956),
finely made
the
late
Horizon
and
Inter?
ing
Early
early Early
mediate
in the Cuzco
Numerous
period
Valley.
be
examples
covered
Several
black
classified
re?
pottery were
of the excavation.
of Chanapata-derived
almost
all levels
from
units,
however,
which
sediment,
a dark
contained
overlies
the basal
to
brown
sediment
contain
pure
Chanapata-de?
from these
samples
carbon
100 b.c.-a.d.
probability:
130;
sample
AA
of single-course
stone
"foundations"
found
occupation
were
identified
from
the
construc?
occupation.
and
ceramics
incised
were
incensarios
re?
across
the units
in close
ous
although
Peqokaypata,
always
numer?
with
the vastly more
sherds. Qotakalli
however,
pottery,
association
Qotakalli
incised
incensarios
were
and
present
above
materials
site. However,
laboratory
These
19-21).
(Figs.
find?
at Peqokaypata
Component
recovered
a disturbed
came
from
the substantial
apata-derived
Early Horizon
sample
that
incensa
the
work
may
the Ear?
phases
The
period.
to an intensive
first occupa?
oc?
domestic
tools,
and
modified
lithic
tools
and
and manufacturing
stone.
unmodified
debris,
However,
7, no
clear
architectural
features
or
in
activity
period
occupation.
carbon
sample
Chanapata-derived-bearing
generated
It is interesting
period
occupation.
this date was
in association
recovered
note
that
with
several
large
fragments
of
an
unknown
to
ce?
FIELDIANA:
ANTHROPOLOGY
be
might
pata-derived
The
site
the Chana?
style between
and Qotakalli
ceramics
of the region.
takes on a distinct
in the lat?
character
transitional
apparent
site, and
of
use
the domestic
the construction
a small
around
of
the
plaza
of
structure
tion varied
the
corner
southwest
the structures,
among
to a similar
at
built
(Units 2/15).While
tradition
of construction
adhered
that entailed
to create
order
elevated
surface.
occupation
this latter occupation
with
associated
Artifacts
animal
ceramics,
lithic ma?
and
bone,
recovered
bon
dates
associated
shell
we
re?
also
22-24).
(Figs.
Nearby
a small fragment
of unworked
Spondylus
a small
in association
with
Recent
crystal.
stone
carved
covered
have
Intermediate
Two
occupation.
were
samples
brated
95.4%
ple AA
b.p.
a.d.
probability:
540-a.d.
670;
sam?
39781
95.4%
(calibrated
620; sample AA
a.d.
probability:
39783
430-a.d.
[wood carbon]). A
of one
incised
third
of the plat?
incensario
of Qotakalli
and
51 b.p.
(calibrated
95.4%
a.d.
probability:
530
fourth
and
fifth
period
suggest
centuries
a.d.,
for Peqokaypata.
that between
the
the
function
at Peqokaypata
and
small
offering
placed
on
the sur?
STYLES
in theLu?
are
items
Intermediate
com?
offer?
period
elaborate
larger, more
in Unit
10. This
burial
burial
was
found
feature
was
asso?
second,
looted
occupation
We
it.
and
Summary
Conclusions
of better
the complex
understanding
se?
ceramic
It was
ument
the influence
of critical
importance
that the Ayacucho
to better
doc?
region,
and
from
our
The
information
Valley.
gained
at Pukacancha,
Tankarpata,
us
some
to draw
allows
firm
excavations
and
Peqokaypata
conclusions
about
about
speculate
some
of
these
and
issues
to
others.
in the
these
and
transformed
before
the site
layout of the site were
was
a.d.
in the seventh
abandoned
Fur?
century
Killke
that
of Late
features
shown
understood
eras
of
the Cuzco
region.
There
half
on
a century
the name
has ap?
"Huaro"
in association
ceramic
with
sequences
ever,
OF THE CUZCO
the Huaro
VALLEY
ceramic
13
style
remains
virtually
few
because
unknown,
or
illustrations
descrip?
ceramics
to be
continue
has
there
debated,
the Wari
that when
nized
the eastward
began
from the Ayacucho
area,
ceramics
the two
surface
collections
our
excavations
ing
cha
been
or
during
takalli
throughout
arrived.
theWari
wares
was
period,
and
shorter-lived,
tery was
around
the time of theWari
ware
cream-slip
called
(Bauer
Qotakalli
however,
in
transformation
id
the burnished
from
suggest
local
earthen
a rap?
ceramic
production
and Chan?
Chanapata
earliest
cure
context
came
ceramics
Qotakalli
that dated
a.d.
to about
from
500.
se?
also
(We
and
appears
fourth
to have
occurred
century
a.d.
between
(This
the
is also
date
that
noted
have
are
there
2001).
By
black-on-cream
and
are
substyles
black-and-red-on-cream.
In
than
the
that there
takalli
subtypes
black-on-cream.
those
and
recovered
is best
This
illustrated
by
at
com?
on
Pukacancha,
the other
ward.
occupied
A
small
for some
percentage
three hundred
of
this
years
site's
total
fell
into
the black-on-cream
category.
occupation
have
vessels
also
ceramic
styles,
on
information
provided
Oreo
Muyu
(Bauer
on
two
these
which
southerly, Alti
information
important
to reflect
believed
currently
The
influence.
plano
most
styles comes
contained
from
numerous
Oreo,
Muyu
dens.
ibrated
from
extracted
Carbon
platform
incensario
as well
structures
several
vealed
contact
in direct
stratified mid?
top of
a shattered
with
a date
provided
95.4%
probability:
sample AA
as
the
1422
of
a.d.
small
incised
51 b.p.
530-a.d.
(cal?
700;
abandoned.
it should
Furthermore,
no
of
examples
recovered
been
two
these
secure
in
be
ceramics
cultural
noted
styles
contexts
current
words,
and
ceramics
data
incised
suggest
incensarios
that Muyu
reflect an
Middle
Horizon
after?
ce?
in the val?
hand,
has
research
In other
is
Peqokaypata
ended
its production
black-on-cream
Qotakalli
other
have
with
Peqokaypata
at Pukacancha.
Our
two
that
excavations
the Early
during
produced
of pot?
but this finer version
was
to the Qo?
element
is a temporal
and red-and
of black-on-cream
paring theQotakalli
lections
has
research
Our
bichromes.
that only
red-and-black-on
Qotakalli
also
Chanapata
incen
and incised
Qotakalli,
or Arahuay
but no imported Wari
sario fragments,
at the site re?
Extensive
excavations
ceramics.
several
common
the most
It appears
ley. These
derived,
were
Intermediate
kaypata,
there.
the
at Pukacan
and
pottery
early
began
Inter?
much
of the Early
black-on-cream
continued
after
of their state
dur?
recovered
made
pansion
was
and-black-on-cream
This
red
Researchers
have
long
noted
the presence
of
Wari
14
FIELDIANA:
ANTHROPOLOGY
foreign
occupation
it is also
Fortunately,
of
periods
the region's
development.
indigenous
one
of the better
studied
history.
Cultural as a Result of
Changes
theWari Occupation
in the Cuzco Region. Dur?
ing theMiddle Horizon, a relatively small number
inMaterial
were
of vessels
to the Cuzco
of
imported
from
imported
region. For
Wari
example,
have
been
vessels
heartland
the Wari
various
pieces
in
recovered
appear
jamarca
During
been
our
from Nazca
imported
and Ca
1991:253; Glowacki
(Knobloch
excavations
in the Cuzco
1996).
we
Valley,
of Tankarpata
contained
of Vi
fragment
to 1210
a.d.
b.p.
45
cal?
680-a.d.
960;
pansion
More
ever,
ing theMiddle
called
Horizon
which
Arahuay,
how?
Dur?
imitates
pottery
Huamanga
record
is very
similar
in the manu?
to that used
vessels
as
the Cuzco
region
was
drawn
and-red-on-cream
ceramics
that
were
first
re?
placed
chrome
Arahuay
These
changes
vessels.
in ceramic
styles
and manufac?
STYLES
procurement
more
For
patterns.
their obsidian
sources
from
than
thousand
region obtained
in the
located
south?
when
Horizon,
the Cuzco
occupied
region,
at Tankarpata,
Intermediate
Early
we
no
recovered
only metal
nate. This
contrasts
of Middle
excavations
karpata
discarded
greatly with
Horizon
Although
at Tan?
contexts
where
Pukacancha,
or bronze
copper
objects
and
fragmented
were
relatively
and
common.
the
artifacts;
lami?
of gold
the results of our
this
speculative,
trend
sug?
area
the Cuzco
than had
been
available
dur?
currently have
the arrival
and
set consists
from Pikillacta
dates
extracted
earliest
levels
are
dates
derived
in the complex
that
from
suggest
excavated
a
foun?
of dates
between
a.d.
640
and
a.d.
700
in?
OF THE CUZCO
samples
VALLEY
come
15
from
construction
materials
AD 500
?
Fig.
25.
calibrated
68.2%probability ?
Calibrated
radiocarbon
dates
from Wari
calibrated
95.4%probability
and Wari-related
cused
on
contexts
Pukacancha,
in the Cuzco
Tankarpata,
region.
and
Peqokay?
strata
Wari?Vinaque
or
features
that
and Huamanga?or
contain
imported
ce?
Arahuay
FIELDIANA:
ANTHROPOLOGY
between
AA
sample
650
A.D.
and
falls
34937,
780,
between
while
A.D.
the
780
latest,
and A.D.
excavations
the
support
some
with
smaller
sites
traditional
dates
in the Cuzco
of Wari
Our
modifications.
region
suggests
in the region
into the
even
tiplano-influenced
cised
incensarios)
recovered
in?
and
Oreo
(Muyu
at the site of Peqo?
were
transformed
dramatically
rival of theWari
in the Cuzco
with
-.
the ar?
region.
Burger,
Espinoza Martinez,
H. 1983. Evidencia
cultural del Ho?
rizonte Medio
(Wari) Aqomoqo-Cuzco,
pp. 16-22. In
A. Gibaja Oviedo,
Andina. Ediciones
ed., Arqueologfa
Instituto Nacional
2002.
The Huaro
site complex:
archaeological
the Huari
of Cuzco,
occupation
pp. 267
Isbell and H. Silverman,
eds., Andean Ar?
Vol.
1. Variations
of Sociopolitical
chaeology.
Orga?
nization. Kluwer Academic,
New York.
rethinking
285. In W
tional
Science
Vinaque)
Literature
ceramics.
All
radiocarbon
Foundation.
Cited
Barreda
L. 1982. Asentamiento
humano de
Murillo,
los Qotakalli
del Cuzc,
pp. 13-21. In I. Oberti Rod?
de Cuzco.
Instituto Na?
comp., Arqueologia
riguez,
tional de Cultura, Cuzco.
B. S. 1989. Muyu
para
tipos de cer?mica
Andina,
7(2): 537-542.
Bauer,
BAUER
&
E. A. 1996. An archaeological
for
perspective
Intermediate
Period
Inca development
in the
region. Journal of the Steward Anthropological
Dos
Orqo y Ccoipa:
la region del Cusco.
JONES: CERAMIC
STYLES
nuevos
Revista
121-156.
24(1-2):
McEwan,
Lucre,
(Huamanga,
Peru.
Excavation
R. Alan
included
project members
Miriam
Rene
Silvia
Araoz,
Pilco,
Flores,
Covey,
Richardo
and Car?
Huaullani,
Bustinza,
Reynaldo
los Arriola.
We
thank Silvia
Flores
for creating
as
the ceramic
as
well
Glowacki
drawings,
Mary
and
Cuzco,
Society,
Acknowledgments
Okros,
de Cultura,
M.
Glowacki,
ern highlands
Kendall,
Late
Cuzco
tradiciones
alfareras de la
antiguas
Centra de Estudios Regionales
An
de Las Casas,"
Peru.
Cuzco,
Michigan.
2001. Las
region del Cuzco.
dinos, "Bartolome
K. L. M?hr.
1985. Early Tiahuanaco-related
Chavez,
ceremonial
burners from Cuzco,
Peru, pp. 137-178.
In Di?logo
de Historia
Andino, No. 4. Departamento
Universidad
de Tarapac?, Arica, Chile.
y Geografia
expansion,
research
-.
-.
D.C.
Washington
and A. Gibaja.
G. F., M. Chatfield,
2002.
McEwan,
The archaeology
of Inca origins: Excavations
at Cho
OF THE CUZCO
VALLEY
17
In W
Isbell and
Peru, pp. 287-302.
kepukio, Cuzco,
1. Var?
Vol.
H. Silverman,
eds., Andean Archaeology.
Aca?
Kluwer
iations of Sociopolitical
Organization.
demic, New York.
and P. Men
J. Zapata,
E., M. Glowacki,
and Distribu?
2000. A Study in the Production
Horizon
Peru: Final
tion of Middle
Pottery of Cuzco
Research
for Regional
Coordinated
Program
Report
on Nuclear
in Archaeological
Techniques
Analytical
Montoya,
doza.
International Atomic
Energy Agency
Investigations.
D.C.
and Smithsonian
Institution, Washington,
La cultura pre-Incaica
J. H. 1943. Chanapata:
Rowe,
Cuzco.
Tupac Amaru, 2(2/3): 41-43.
-.
1944. An
Cuzco.
In Papers
can Archaeology
vard University,
-.
Peru,
150.
del
to the archaeology
of
introduction
of Ameri?
of the Peabody Museum
vol. 27, no. 2. Har? -.
and Ethnology,
Massachusetts.
Cambridge,
1956. Archaeological
American
1954-1955.
explorations
Antiquity,
in southern
135
22(2):
Torres
Poblete,
N.
away. Licenciado
Ciencias
Sociales,
Abad
de Ar
1989. Sondeo
arqueol?gico
en Arqueologia
de
Tesis, Facultad
San Antonio
Universidad
Nacional
del Cusco.
A. 1984. Arqueologia
de Qolqam
Zegarra,
e Instituto de Arqueologia,
del Museo
pata. Revista
de San Antonio Abad,
23: 47-62. University Nacional
Cuzco.
Valencia
J. 1997. Arquitectura
Zapata,
y contextos funerarios Wari
en Batan Urqu, Cusco, pp. 165-206.
In Boletm de Ar?
PUCP, Vol. 1. La Muerte en el Antiguo Peru:
queologia
ed.
Funerarios. Peter Kaulicke,
Contextos
y Conceptos
del Peru, Lima.
Cat?lica
Pontificia Universidad
cerros sagrados: Panorama
del Per
en la cuenca del Vilcanota,
Cuzco,
pp.
In Boletm
2.
de Arqueologia
307-336.
PUCP, Vol.
en
el
del
Periodo
Formativo
Perspectivas
Regionales
del Peru, Lima.
Cat?lica
Peru. Pontificia Universidad
1998. Los
iodo Formativo
18
FIELDIANA:
ANTHROPOLOGY
Fig. 1. Arahuay
ceramics are characterized
a buff slip. This example
is from Tankarpata.
Fig.
BAUER
&
2.
Qotakalli
JONES: CERAMIC
polychrome
STYLES
red bands,
(black-and-red-on-cream)
OF THE CUZCO
outlined
with
narrow
from Peqokaypata.
VALLEY
19
black
lines, over
Fig.
20
3.
Incised
incensarios
from Peqokaypata.
FIELDIANA:
ANTHROPOLOGY
Fig.
6.
Inca pottery
recovered
in Building
1 at Pukacancha.
,'ly??Li
Fig.
BAUER
7.
STYLES
Bronze
"celt"
from Pukacancha.
OF THE CUZCO
VALLEY
Fig.
Fig.
BAUER
&
10.
JONES: CERAMIC
9.
Arahuay
Bichrome
STYLES
ceramics
Qotakalli
from Pukacancha.
(black-on-cream)
OF THE CUZCO
from Pukacancha.
VALLEY
23
Fig.
11.
Fig.
24
fragment of Huamanga
12.
Ground
stone knives
ceramics
from Pukacancha.
from Tankarpata.
FIELDIANA:
ANTHROPOLOGY
Fig.
Fig.
BAUER
&
14.
13.
Arahuay
Bichrome
JONES: CERAMIC
bowl
with wing
(black-on-cream)
STYLES
design
Qotakalli
OF THE CUZCO
from Tankarpata.
ceramics
from Tankarpata.
VALLEY
25
BAUER
&
JONES: CERAMIC
STYLES
OF THE CUZCO
VALLEY
27
? ?
[.'-.....
*
j
Fig.
18.
Puma
head,
incised
incensario
fragments
from Peqokaypata.
28
FIELDIANA:
ANTHROPOLOGY
Fig.
19.
Qotakalli
polychrome
(black-and-red-on-cream)
ceramics
from Peqokaypata.
These
are
tripodal
bowl
fragments.
29
Fig.
30
20.
Qotakalli
vessel
with modeled
FIELDIANA:
ANTHROPOLOGY
BAUER
STYLES
OF THE CUZCO
VALLEY
31
Fig.
22.
Small
llama
figurine of Spondylus
shell found
in an offering
at Peqokaypata.
FIELDIANA:
ANTHROPOLOGY
Fig.
BAUER
&
23.
JONES: CERAMIC
Miniature
STYLES
Killke
jar found
in an offering
OF THE CUZCO
at Peqokaypata.
VALLEY
Fig.
34
24.
Carved
stone found
in an offering
at Peqokaypata.
FIELDIANA:
ANTHROPOLOGY
es
et
U
m o o o m o
oo co CO COOn
o o o o
xf- in *sOCO CO^t O CO in cn \oo
CMO
^ on
on
q q q q q q
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CN CO
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o
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on
0
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^
O
O
o
OOOCOOOOO^OO
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cn
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q. q < < q q < q. < q q.
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ooTtcN^r^inxfvq^q^f;
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Ph
STYLES
OF THE CUZCO
VALLEY
35
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FIELDIANA:
ANTHROPOLOGY
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Pu
STYLES
OF THE CUZCO
VALLEY
cd
M
O
cr
2. Arahuay
Appendix
examples
have
ceramics
been
identi?
from
the most
but
collections,
are
straight-sided,
common
bowls
flaring
several
running
below
centimeters
the rim.
off with
been marked
vertical
out?
red bands,
are
ics. Checks
X's
and
those
also
a wing motif.
Small
found on Arahuay
decora?
be
common;
quartered
(Fig. 2.6).
Glowacki
sign
well
contain
can
however,
circles
have
curving
also
been
ceram?
lines,
noted
ceramics
found on Arahuay
compositions
as their vessel
are very
similar
shapes
of Huamanga
gion. (Glowacki
Arahuay/Wamanga.)
ceramics
in the Ayacucho
as
to
re?
has
also
demonstrated
Ceramics
cucho
influence
(i.e., Wari)
in the Cuzco
region,
numerous
sites with
Arahuay
ceramics
and
influence in
at the sites of
excavations
region. Our
seven
and Tankarpata
radio?
yielded
con?
contexts
from
secure
dates
which
ceramics.
Arahuay
These
samples,
each
of
It is also
similarities
to note
that there are some
important
between
and Killke
ceramics.
Arahuay
a distinctive
is also
characteristic
of Ara?
observations,
production
Bauer
of Arahuay
has
proposed
that
the
began
after
the
ceramics
gion,
and
ceramics
that Arahuay
influenced,
re?
or
ceramics.
ahuay
traditions,
ceramics
then
the
from Ar?
did develop
transition
between
Ar?
38
FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY
BAUER
&
JONES: CERAMIC
STYLES
OF THE CUZCO
VALLEY
39
40
FIELDIANA:
ANTHROPOLOGY
BAUER
&
JONES: CERAMIC
STYLES
OF THE CUZCO
VALLEY
41
Fig.
42
2.4.
Straight-sided,
flaring Arahuay
bowls
and
incurving Arahuay
bowls
FIELDIANA:
from Pukacancha.
ANTHROPOLOGY
43
44
FIELDIANA:
ANTHROPOLOGY
3. Qotakalli
Appendix
been
have
ceramics
Qotakalli
that time,
Since
ceramics.
of Qotakalli
pale
cream
pinkish
fabric.
cream-col?
the body
their exteriors.
clay covers
a matt,
that
surface
have
rather sandy
from
vessels
commun.,
(pers.
Lunt
walls
The
2001).
of
the
or pushed
characteristic
small,
shape,
flaring
bowls
(pers.
in
commun.,
incurving
decorations.
geometric
are
ments
lines,
zigzagging
Two major
and
horizontal
straight
the
lines,
and
triangles,
black-on-cream
dominate
ele?
vertical
diamonds,
substyles,
and-red-on-cream,
common
most
and
dots.
black
collections.
In
than
the bichromes.
period
suggest,
in
the Cuzco
however,
that
region.
the pro?
BAUER
ones
&
are executed
in either
JONES: CERAMIC
red or black.
STYLES
at numerous
found
Ceramics
lines.
In
nested
lines
these
vessels,
interior
red. The
is commonly
cross-hatched,
The
interior of
diamonds.
the diamonds
tains
the polychrome
and
black
between
alternate
of
or con?
the
trian?
triangles
In general,
ones
chrome
and
ex?
the polychrome
are more
burnished.
extensively
are
Bowls
vessels.
Qotakalli
especially
and
curved-sided
incurving,
forms
(Figs.
straight-sided
have
vessels
These
3.1-3.5).
Bowls
decorated.
chrome
and
the poly?
to be
within
found
also
however,
collections;
tend
they
straight-sided
(Figs.
3.6
chrome
form
is a steep-sided,
3.7).
bowl
tripodal
The
of
base
these
bowls
steep-sided
is
or
alternate
which
may
triangles,
of
interior
surface
the entire
the
Rarely,
decorated
with
bowls
is covered
steep-sided
common
vessel
has
Another
signs.
with
geometric
a flat base
in
de?
and
3.9).
These
appear
to be
the bases
of keros,
have
also
yielded
ceramic
vessels
the remains
inventories
with
of jars
also
can
modeled
and
OF THE CUZCO
VALLEY
45
0
r-^
46
FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY
?
Fig.
48
3.3.
Bichrome
?
Qotakalli
?
bowls
from Tankarpata.
FIELDIANA:
ANTHROPOLOGY
BAUER
&
JONES: CERAMIC
STYLES
OF THE CUZCO
VALLEY
49
?
Fig.
3.5.
?
Bichrome
Qotakalli
?
bowls
from Peqokaypata.
FIELDIANA:
ANTHROPOLOGY
BAUER
&
JONES: CERAMIC
STYLES
OF THE CUZCO
VALLEY
51
52
FIELDIANA:
ANTHROPOLOGY
BAUER
&
JONES: CERAMIC
STYLES
OF THE CUZCO
VALLEY
53
BAUER
&
JONES: CERAMIC
STYLES
OF THE CUZCO
VALLEY
55
m ?
Fig.
56
3.11.
Qotakalli
?
vessels
with modeled
faces.
FIELDIANA:
ANTHROPOLOGY
4. Incised
Appendix
In 1985 K. Chavez
of incised
bution
incensarios
burners)
(ceremonial
Later
cavations
and ex?
collections
surface
systematic
south
of Paruro,
in the Province
directly
identified
censarios.
provided
tion with
several
Excavations
a carbon
a
large
more
sites with
in?
incised
sample,
fragment
of an
incised
incensa
BAUER
although
examples
that
contain
STYLES
styl
Incensarios
at
excavations
recovered
heads
(Fig.
were
which
4.2).
the
incised
Most
also
of Peqokaypata
incised
site
of
examples
once
attached
various
to
puma
the vessels
incensarios
to
appear
a raised,
area
solid
in their centers
(K. Cha?
tool
across
the vessel's
surface
(Fig.
suggesting
recent
While
that
the vessel
research
were
by Montoya
once
et al.
of Cuzco
appears
influence.
OF THE CUZCO
VALLEY
57
to reflect
an Altiplano
Fig.
BAUER
&
JONES: CERAMIC
4.2.
Incised
STYLES
?
puma
?
heads
?
from Peqokaypata.
OF THE CUZCO
VALLEY
59
60
FIELDIANA:
ANTHROPOLOGY
BAUER
&
JONES: CERAMIC
STYLES
OF THE CUZCO
VALLEY
61
Fig.
4.5.
Incised
incensario
fragments
from Peqokaypata.
FIELDIANA:
ANTHROPOLOGY
5. Muyu
Appendix
of Paruro,
south
of Cuzco,
in the
late
including
dark
red,
black,
white,
and
or?
BAUER
STYLES
Oreo
Ceramics
are
The
and orange
black,
white,
pigments
fall off the ves?
thick, and occasionally
relatively
vessels
tend to be me?
in flexes. The
sel surface
5.2).
to thin-walled
dium-
terra cotta
clusions
of
and
are
that contains
fabric
varied
colors
of a dark
composed
abundant
(pers.
in?
small
Sara
commun.,
Lunt 2001).
Few recovered fragments of this style were
large enough to suggest specific vessel forms.The
vessel
ed
forms
that have
been
bowls,
and
annulated
pedestal bases
5.4).
Oreo
Recent
bowls.
Some
steep-sided
vessels
have
excavation
were
ceramics
includ?
reconstructed
used
data
suggest
in the Cuzco
that Muyu
Valley
to?
OF THE CUZCO
of
VALLEY
the area.
63
BUI
?
Fig.
?
5.2.
?
Selected
?
Muyu
?
Oreo
qokaypata.
Fig.
64
5.1.
Muyu
Oreo
ceramics
from Peqokaypata.
FIELDIANA:
ANTHROPOLOGY
a
Fig.
5.3.
?
Fragments
?
of Muyu
?
Oreo
?
pedestal
bases
from Peqokaypata.