1.

0 Type Of Retaining Wall

A retaining wall is a structure designed to sustain the lateral pressure of soil or rock and water. It
also to prevent down slope movement or erosion. Retaining wall is important to construct for any
purpose such building work, infrastructure work, support soil load for basement wall, shoring for
excavation, flood control channel wall, construct tunnel, terrace landscaping, road and other. The
main function is to resists the horizontal pressure exerted by earth on one site, resists the
hydrostatic pressure of any ground water which may be present in the soil being retaining, act to
supporting walls, required for bridge decks, floor beam etc., required to support vertical load from a
structure above it as well as vertical load from self-weight, required to prevent the movement of
water into a structure basement. The retaining wall is dividing by three such gravity wall, cantilever
or embedded walls and reinforced & anchored earth.
1.1 Gravity Wall
Gravity wall is not suitable for high ground. Construction requires high costs and requires a lot
of material needed on site. Gravity walls are any coherent structures that rely solely on its mass and
geometry to resist the earth pressure forces acting on it. Modular gravity walls rely on weight,
depth, wall batter, and inter-unit shear strength to achieve stability. Larger units with more depth
provide greater stability and can achieve greater wall height as indicated in the gravity wall design
these depend largely upon their own weight for stability, have wide bases and usually a rigid
construction. Type of gravity wall is masonry wall, brick wall, rock wall, crib wall, gabion wall, RC
wall, counter ford walls, & buttressed walls.
1.1.1 Gabion Wall
Gabions are rectangular (occasionally cylindrical) baskets made from galvanized steel mesh or
woven strips, or plastic mesh. Wire mesh baskets will be filled with stone rubble or cobbles, to
provide free draining wall units. Gabion wall provide easy for maintenance and easy to use, that
cannot required large of equipment for installation. Has a gap between stone and low pressure to
support soil.

Figure 1.1.1: Gabion Wall

1.1.2 Masonry Wall

The use of material such as bricks and stones can increase the thermal mass of a building and
can protect the building from fire. Most types of masonry typically will not require painting and so
can provide a structure with reduced life-cycle costs. Masonry is non-combustible product. Masonry
structures built in compression preferably with lime mortar can have a useful life of more than 500
years as compared to 30 to 100 for structures of steel or reinforced concrete. Masonry wall usually
from mass concrete brickwork or stonework, the strength of the wall material is generally much
greater than that of the underlying soil. The base is usually formed in mass concrete and will
typically have a breadth of one-third to one-half of the wall height.

Figure 1.1.2: Masonry Wall

1.1.3 Crib Wall
Crib wall will be built in the area to be cut only. Crib wall to allow water to flow. Time to build is
fast and does not require high expertise. Construction process not to use high equipment and is not
required drainage, use of crib wall durable and cost effective. Crib lock retaining wall consists of
interlocking concrete cribs. The individual crib lock together and the interior cells are commonly
filled are compacted fill. Stretches run parallel to the wall face and the headers are laid
perpendicular to the wall face. Crib locks retaining wall area form of gravity wall, lacking steel
reinforcement and a conventional type foundation. Crib lock retaining walls are considered best
suited to support planter area. Crib locks are not considered to be suitable for support of slopes or
structures which could be damaged in the event the wall fails. The space formed by the cribs is filled
with free draining material, such as stone rubble cobbles or gravel.

Figure 1.1.3: Crib Wall

1.1.4 Counterfort Walls

Usually counterfort has a high of tightness, and can use for high of wall. The higher wall, the
width of the base is needed. Basically RC gravity walls with tension stiffeners (counterforts)
connecting the back of the wall slab and the base, so that the bending and shearing stresses are
reduced. Used for high walls or where high lateral pressures will occur, e.g. where the backfill is
heavy surcharged.

Figure 1.1.4: Counterfort Walls

1.1.5
1.1.6
1.1.7
1.1.8

Brick
Rock
Semi-Gravity Walls
Buttressed walls

1.2 Cantilever/ Embedded Walls

1.2.1 Driven Sheet Pile
1.2.2 Bored Pile
1.2.3 Diaphragm
1.3 Reinforced & Anchored Earth
1.3.1 Reinforced Earth
1.3.2 Soil Nailing
1.3.3 Ground Anchored