Mechanical Properties

of Metals
Department of Mining,
Metallurgical and Materials
Engineering
COE, UP Diliman

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF METALS

All metals (except
solid at
Hg) are ______
room temperature.

Metals are hard but

malleable
also ________(sheets)
ductile
and _______(wires)

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF METALS

high
Metals have ______

relative densities

Metals are good

conductors of
heat
______and
electricity
_________

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF METALS

Most metals
low
have _____
specific heats.

Metals are

white, or nearly
white in color.
(exceptions are
Au and
____
Cu
____)

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF METALS

Metals are comparatively

difficult to penetrate
__________
with x-rays.

Most metals are magnetic

to some slight degree.

Fe __
Co
Ni and ___
(strong in __,
w/c are ferromagnetic)

Overview of Lecture:
Mechanical Properties
Tensile & Compressive
Hardness Test
Impact Test

Mechanical Properties
reflects the materials
response to an
load or force
applied____________
Factors:
Nature of Applied Load
tensile, compressive, shear
Application Time
seconds, years
Temperature

Definition of Stress
Stress = Force
Area

Pa = N/m2
MPa, GPa

psi, ksi

Definition of Strain
Strain = change in length = Lf - Lo
original length
Lo

Strain = change in area = Ao - Af

original area
Ao
Strain measures deformation

What is Deformation?
shape of a
change in dimension
________ or ______
material brought about by an applied
stress

What are the Different Types of

Deformation?
ELASTIC DEFORMATION

PLASTIC DEFORMATION

Engineering Stress and Strain

Engineering Stress

F
S
Ao

Engineering Strain

L
e
Lo

The Tensile Test

Stress-Strain Curve
describes the
mechanical
properties of metals
taken from the results
of a mechanical test:
e.g. Tension Test

Elements of Tension Test:

Universal Testing Machine
most used
equipment for
determining
mechanical
properties
can do tension,
compression, shear,
bending tests

Elements of Tension Test:

Tensile Test Sample
Dog-bone
shaped samples
Gage marks are
placed in the
sample

Extensometer
Measures
elongation during
tension test

The Tensile Test procedure

Sample is
pulled to failure
Rate of pulling
should be
controlled

Tester keeps
track of load
and extension

Stress-Strain Curve

How are stress and strain obtained

from the test?

Stress-Strain Curve

Plastic
deformation
(uniform)

Necking
(nonuniform)

Elastic
deformation

Data Obtained from the Stress-Strain

Curve

Elastic Modulus, E

also referred to as stiffness

Slope of stress-strain curve

aka Hookes Constant

S= Ee

Yield Strength
minimum stress that will
create a permanent
deformation in metal
3 Ways to Determine Yield Point

1. Defined by Graph (take lower yield strength)

2. Offset Method (either 0.1% or 0.2% offset ys)
3. Stress corresponding to a total strain of 0.005 (used
when there is no linear portion)

Yield Point Determination

Taken from GRAPH

Offset Method

Tensile Strength
Refers to the
maximum stress that a
material can withstand
before rupture
Highest point in the
s-e curve

Ductility
measure of the
degree of plastic
deformation
upon fracture
Percent elongation, %e = (Lf Lo) / Lo x 100%

Percent reduction in Area, %RA = (Ao Af) / Ao x 100%

Resilience vs Toughness

Resilience
- capacity to absorb energy

when it is deformed elastically

- area under the s-e curve taken
to yielding

Toughness
- ability of a material to
absorb energy up to fracture

- area under the s-e curve

up to fracture

Constitutive Equations:
Equations Relating Stress to Strain

Elastic region is linear

y = mx + b

Hookes Equation
S= Ee

Whats your conclusion on the

stress carried by the metal?

Whats your conclusion on the

stress carried by the metal?

Whats your conclusion on the

stress carried by the metal?

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
strength of materials
under constant
compressive loading

applied for brittle materials

essentially produces a curve
similar to tension test

Ecompression = Etension

Malleability

Overview of Metals Properties

Shear Strength

Shear load
acts parallel
to a surface

G = /

Hardness
measure of a
materials resistance
to localized plastic
deformation
Advantages of Hardness test
- simple and inexpensive, nondestructive, other
properties maybe estimated from the results of
this test (e.g. tensile strength)

Types of Hardness Test

1. Rockwell Hardness Test
2. Brinell Hardness Test
3. Knoop Hardness Test

4. Vickers Hardness Test

involves forcing a small indenter onto
the surface of metal
index number is taken on the basis of the
size or depth of resulting indentation

Rockwell Hardness Test

hardness determined from the
difference in depth of
penetration

resulting from the application of

an initial minor load followed by a
major load
number is read from
machine - HRA, HRB or HRC
Two types: Rockwell and Superficial Rockwell

Rockwell A :

DC

60 kg

Rockwell B :

1/16 SB

100 kg

Rockwell C :

DC

150 kg

Rockwell Test Scale

Brinell Hardness Test

uses a spherical
indenter (steel or WC)

10-mm diameter
BHN

F
D( D D 2 D22

size of diameter is
measured by a low-power
microscope
value is used to
calculate for BHN

Knoop and Vickers

Loads are between 1 to
1000 gms
measures microhardness
hardness number is
designated as HV and HK

used for testing brittle

materials

Calculation of HV and HK

P
HK
C p L2
Cp=0.070279
Kgf/mm2

Kgf/mm2

UTS and Hardness

Correlation between
Hardness and Tensile Strength

UTS (ksi) = 0.5*HB

UTS (psi) = 500*HB

UTS (MPa) = 3.45*HB

Impact Tests
heavy pendulum
breaks a notched
specimen
notch toughness
index = energy
absorbed in breaking
sample
2 Types of Impact Tests
Izod : vertical specimen , 167 J
Charpy: horizontal specimen, 300 J

1. Impact Testing Procedures:

CHARPY & IZOD TEST
Basics of Impact
Test
NOTCHED
specimen
Done at LOW
TEMP
IMPACT Loading

Impact Testing Procedures:

CHARPY & IZOD TEST

CHARPY

IZOD

HIGHER IMPACT
ENERGY

LOWER IMPACT
ENERGY

IZOD
CHARPY

V-NOTCH SAMPLE

DBTT or Nil Ductility Temperature

Thanks for Listening!