2012 12th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications

Modified Selective Mapping Technique for PAPR

Reduction in OFDM Systems
Wen-Xiang Lin , Jia-Chin Lin and Yu-Ting Sun
Department of Communications Engineering, National Central University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
wenxiang0822@gmail.com , jiachin@ce.ncu.edu.tw , 965403001@cc.ncu.edu.tw

AbstractOrthogonal
frequency
division
multiplexing
(OFDM) is desirable technique of wireless communication.
Subcarriers of OFDM signal are orthogonally used on
the frequency spectrum, and can resist multipath effect
characteristics. Recently, OFDM has been used widely in many
kinds of communication standards. But the OFDM signal has a
major disadvantage is high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR),
which can resulted in significant nonlinear distortion when the
signal is operated through a nonlinear region of power amplifier,
and induces the degradation of bit error rate (BER).
The methods of PAPR reduction, selective mapping (SLM)
is effective and uncomplicated. SLM is a linear operation, it
doesnt destroyed the signal itself. The received signal can be
demodulated perfectly at receiver. But SLM has a problem
of the high computational complexity, in this paper, introduce
a modified SLM. The technique uses the concept of partition
into subcarriers, called a partial-sequence SLM (P-SLM), which
considerably reduces the computational complexity with the
similar performance of PAPR reduction compared with the
conventional SLM scheme. The simulation results show that
it achieves better performance of reduces the computational
complexity than the conventional SLM scheme.

I. I NTRODUCTION
An orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
system has been proposed as a standard for the next-generation
mobile radio communication system. An OFDM system is a
promising candidate for achieving high date rate transmission
in wireless communications, and has many well known advantages, such as robustness against frequency selective fading
or narrowband interference, high bandwidth efficiency, and
efficient implementation of hardware [1]. An OFDM system
has been widely deployed in many wireless communication
standards such as digital audio broadcasting (DAB), digital
video broadcasting (DVB), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), asymmetric digital subscriber loop
(ADSL), and long term evolution (LTE) [2].
In the OFDM system, it is a quite important subject to solution. Due to the OFDM signal is transmit by many subcarriers,
which can given a large peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)
when through to IFFT. A lage PAPR bring disadvantages
like an increased complexity and cost of the digital-to-analog
converter (DAC) and analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and
power amplifier (PA), which may severely impair system
performance due to induced spectral regrowth and detection
efficiency degradation [1]. If we can to reduce PAPR of the
OFDM signal, may avoid increasing the complexity and cost
of system for high PAPR, in order to utilize the technical
features of the OFDM.

978-1-4673-3070-1/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE

In the past, several techniques to reduce PAPR have been

proposed. These techniques have been known as clipping [1],
[4], clipping and filtering [1], [4], coding [3], tone reservation
(TR) [4], tone injection (TI) [4], partial transmit sequence
(PTS) [4]-[6], selected mapping (SLM) [4], [7] and active
constellation extension (ACE) [4]. One of these methods called
SLM has great reduction performance without destroy its own
signal. Therefore, we can demodulate signal completely at
receiver. However, the task for SLM is the problem of highcomputational complexity. The computational complexity of
SLM method is linearly increases as the number of phase
sequences increases, which corresponds to the number of
IFFTs required to generate the alternative OFDM signals. So
this paper dedicates to the Modified SLM method. In brief, it
is all about the concept that adds partition into subcarriers and
then uses the combinational computation between subblock?s
phase rotations to modify conventional SLM. Therefore the
modified SLM method can reduces computational complexity
with keeping the similar PAPR reduction performance compared with the conventional SLM method.
The paper is organized as follows. In the next section
we briefly review PAPR of an OFDM signal. Section II
explained the conventional SLM method. Section III explained
the proposed method, and its computational complexity is
compared with that of the conventional SLM method. Section
IV discusses the performance of the proposed method with
simulation result. Finally, conclusions are drawn in section V.
II. PAPR

IN

OFDM

In the discrete time, a complex OFDM signal x [n] of N

subcarriers is expressed as [10]:
N 1
2nk
1 X
x [n]
Xk e j N ,
=
N k=0

0nN 1

(1)

where Xk is the k-th data modulated symbol in OFDM

frequency domain, and N is the number of subcarriers.
The PAPR (in dB) of the transmitted OFDM signal is
defined as
h
i
2
max
|x [n]|
0nN 1
h
i
PAPR {x [n]} =
(2)
2
E |x [n]|
where E {} denotes the expected operator. The complementary cumulative distribution (CCDF) is most frequently used

764

performance measures for PAPR reduction techniques. The

CCDF of the PAPR denotes the probability that the PAPR of
a data block exceeds a given threshold is given by
P (PAPR > PAPR0 ) = 1 P (PAPR PAPR0 )
N

= 1 F (PAPR0 )

N
!
= 1 1 ePAPR0

(3)

III. A C ONVENTIONAL SLM M ETHOD

The SLM technique is effective and uncomplicated [7].
SLM is a linear operation, it doesnt destroyed the signal itself.
In the SLM technique, U statically independent phase vectors
are generated from same information and select proper phase
vector with smallest PAPR. A block diagram of the OFDM
transmitter with the SLM technique is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.
T

(u)

(u)

(u)

A. Partial-Sequence SLM
The modified technique uses the concept of partition into
subcarriers and combine subblock phase rotation, called a
partial-sequence SLM (P-SLM). The system can generate a
more large number of alternative sequences for transmitter
and select proper phase vector with smallest PAPR. The block
diagram of the OFDM transmitter with the SLM technique is
shown in Fig. 2.

Block diagram of the SLM.

Assume date sequence X = [X0 , X1 , . . . , XN 1 ]

in
and phase sequences B(u) =
i
h the frequency domain
b0 , b1 , . . . , bN 1

IV. A M ODIFIED SLM M ETHOD

Despite SLM method has respectable efficiency of PAPR
reduction, but it has a problem of the high computational
complexity. In the paper, introduce a modified SLM method
and shown to have lower computational complexity with the
similar performance of PAPR reduction compared with the
conventional SLM method.

, where u

1, 2, , U . The

phase sequence B(u) is generated by using the unit(u)

(u)
magnitude complex number, that is, bn = ejn , where
(u)
(u)
nn
[0, 2). The alternative
phase factor bn

o
2(W 1)
20
21
j W
j W
j
W
, where W is number of al,e
,...,e
e
ternative phase factor [8]. The data sequence X is multiplied
element by element with different U phase sequences, that is,

Block diagram of the P-SLM.

In the P-SLM technique, the data sequence is partitioned

2
P
Xv .
into two disjoint subblock sequence, such that X =
v=1

In general, Fig. 3 shows the subblock partitioning method

can be classified into three categories: adjacent, random and
interleaved [4]. If the system uses adjacent of partitioning
method, the subblock sequences X1 and X2 can written as
h
iT
X1 = X0 , X1 , . . . , X N 1 , 0, 0, . . . , 0
2
(6)
h
iT
X2 = 0, 0, . . . , 0, X N , X N +1 , . . . , XN 1
2

X(u) = X B(u)
h
iT
(u)
(u)
(u)
= X0 b0 , X1 b1 , . . . , XN 1 bN 1
The IFFT output is expressed as
n
o
x(u) = IFFT X(u) ,

1iU

(4)

(5)

Furthermore, the transmitted sequence x

with the lowest PAPR
is selected form U alternative sequences x(u) .
The receiver in order to recover original sequence, the
transmitted sequence need add side information which phase
sequence B(u) has actually been selected.

765

Fig. 3.

Subblock partitioning method.

The phase sequences B(u) =

(u)

(u)

(u)

b0 , b1 , . . . , bN 1

iT

where u = 1, 2, , U . The phase sequence B(u) is generated by using the unit-magnitude complex number, that is,
(u)
(u)
(u)
bn = ejn , nwhere n [0, 2). The alternative
phase
o
2(W 1)
20
21
(u)
, where W is
factor bn ej W , ej W , . . . , ej W
number of alternative phase factor [7]. The subblock sequences
X1 and X2 are multiplied element by element with different
U phase sequences, that is,
(i)

X1 = X1 B(i)
h
iT
(i)
(i)
(i)
= X0 b0 , X1 b1 , . . . , X N 1 b N 1 , 0, 0, . . . , 0
2

1qW U 2

(k)

X2 = X2 B(k)
h
iT
(k)
(k)
(k)
= 0, 0, . . . , 0, X N b N , X N +1 b N +1 , . . . , XN 1 bN 1
2

(7)

The IFFT output is expressed as

n
o
(i)
(i)
x1 = IFFT X1 ,
n
o
(k)
(k)
,
x2 = IFFT X2

1iU

(8)

1kU
(i)

If the linear combination of these two subblock sequences x1

(k)
and x2 can be written as
(i)

(k)

x(p) = x1 + x2 ,

1 p U2

2w

where cw = ej W (w = 0, 1, ..., W 1). Making use of the

combinational computations via phase rotation in this subblock, we could increase the alternative transmitting sequences
from U 2 to W U 2 . Besides, the value is sets of parameter W
with the modulation of signal to have the relations. If the
modulation is BPSK , then W = 2, and if the modulation is
QPSK, then W = 2, 4. Furthermore, the transmitted sequence
x
with the lowest PAPR is can written as,





x
= arg min
max x(q) 
(11)

(9)

In order to increase the number of alternative sequences,

the system can use subblock phase rotation. A block diagram
of the subblock phase rotation is shown in Fig. 4. The basic
(k)
procedure is second subblock sequence x2 multiplied W
phase rotation in (9). The (9) can rewrite as

0nN 1

The receiver in order to recover original sequence, the system need inserted side information into transmitting sequence.
The information includes phase sequence B(u) has actually
been selected,
and the number of required side information

bits is log2 W U 2 of each OFDM symbol.

B. Computational Complex

When the number of subcarriers is N , the number of

complex multiplications nmul and complex additions nadd
of the general IFFT are given by N2 log2 N and N log2 N .
In the conventional SLM Method, the number of complex
multiplications nmul and complex additions nadd required of
U IFFTs are given by nmul = N2 log2 N U + N U and
nadd = N log2 N U [9].
In the proposed method, due to the number of phase
sequences are two times, need to use the 2U complex multiplications and 2U IFFTs. Finally, the system can increases
W U 2 alternative transmission sequences, need to use the
W
N U 2 complex multiplications and W N U 2 complex addi2
tions. Therefore, in the P-SLM method, the number of complex
multiplication nmul and complex addition nadd required of U
IFFTs are given as
N
W
log2 N U + 2N U +
NU2
2
2
= N log2 N U + W N U 2

nmul =
nadd

(12)

Thus, the computational complexity reduction ratio (CCRR)

of the proposed scheme over the conventional SLM scheme is
defined as [10]


complexity of proposed SLM
CCRR = 1
100%
complexity of conventional SLM
(13)
Table. I gives CCRR of the proposed SLM method over the
conventional SLM method with typical values of U . The table
tells us that the proposed scheme becomes computationally
more efficient as the U increases.
Fig. 4.

(p,w)

A block diagram of the subblock phase rotation.

(i)
x1

V. S IMULATION A NALYSIS

(k)
c w x2

+




= IFFT X1 B(i) + cw IFFT X2 B(k)


= IFFT X1 B(i) + X2 cw B(k)

(10)

The simulation analysis for the P-SLM method and the

conventional SLM method is performed for the OFDM system.
PAPR difference signified by CCDF without and with P-SLM
method is selected as benchmark for the purpose of system
comparison of OFDM signals before power amplification.
The parameters of this simulation are listed in Table. II.

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TABLE I
C OMPUTATIONAL C OMPLEXITY R EDUCTION R ATIO .

IFFT
number
Alterative
number
Mult.
number
Add.
number

N = 256
CCRR
SLM
(%)
U=32

SLM
U=8

P-SLM
W=2
U=2

P-SLM
W=2
U=4
8

CCRR
(%)

16

64

16

16

64

64

20480

7168

65.0

81920

18432

77.5

32768

1288

62.5

131072

32768

75.0

the PAPR reduction efficiency of increase U is better than

increase W . For example, when W 1 = 4 and U 2 = 2, the
number of alternative transmission sequences is 16, the PAPR
reduction performance is almost. When W 1 = 16 and U 2 = 4,
the number of alternative transmission sequences is 64, second
group is better than first group of performance. Therefore,
the PAPR reduction efficiency is obvious improve for increase
number of phase sequence.
0

10

PSLM(W1=2)
PSLM(W1=4)
PSLM(W1=8)
PSLM(W1=16)
PSLM(U2=2)
PSLM(U2=4)

TABLE II
T HE PARAMETER FOR SIMULATION .
QPSK
256
Random, Adjacent, Interleaved
2, 3, 4, 5
2, 4, 8, 16

Pr(PAPR>PAPRo)

Mudulation
Number of subcarriers
Subblock partition method
Number of phase sequence (U)
Number of alternative phase (W)

10

10

The simulation is uses 30, 000 input symbol sequences are

generated randomly with uniform distribution.
Shows Fig. 5 the simulation results as the PAPR distributions of the various subblock partitioning method, where
number of phase sequences is U = 2. From this figure we can
see that the performance of the interleaved method is worst,
and the random method is best.

7
8
PAPRo[dB]

10

11

Fig. 6. PAPR reduction performance comparison of the various W 1 and the

various U 2 for P-SLM.

10

Original OFDM
PSLM(Random)
PSLM(Adjacent)
PSLM(Interleaved)

Shows Fig. 7 the simulation results as the PAPR distributions of the SLM method and the P-SLM method, where
number of alternative phase is W = 4. The PAPR reduction
performance comparison of the SLM method and the PSLM method in the same number of alternative transmission sequences. From this figure we can see that the PAPR
reduction performance for the P-SLM method in the case
U = 2 has slight attenuation than for the SLM method in
the case U = 16, but the PAPR reduction performance is
similar for P-SLM in case U = 3, 4, 5 than for SLM in case
U = 36, 64, 100.

Pr(PAPR>PAPRo)

10

10

10

VI. C ONCLUSION
3

10

7
8
PAPRo[dB]

10

11

Fig. 5. PAPR reduction performance comparison of the various subblock

partitioning method for P-SLM.

Shows Fig. 6 the simulation results as the PAPR distributions of the various number of alternative phases and phase
sequences. First group of P-SLM is increase W 1, where
U 1 = 2, and second group of P-SLM is increase U 2, where
W 2 = 4. From this figure we can see that the performance is
better of increase W 1 or U 2. In same number of alternative
transmission sequences and side information for two groups,

In this modified SLM method, there is no limit for modulation signal and numbers of alternative phase W . But the
number of alternative phase W should match the modulation
signal during system transition. Although we can improve
better performance by increase W , in our simulation results,
we also observed that this method was less efficiency than
modified the number of phase sequences U in PAPR reduction.
In the modified SLM method, we can obtain better performance effect if use the random method to partition subcarriers.
By using the combination operation of phase rotation in
subblock of P-SLM method, we can get more W U times
number of transmissible sequences that can provide to OFDM
system to select than conventional SLM method. The problem

767

10

Original OFDM
SLM(U=16)
SLM(U=36)
SLM(U=64)
SLM(U=100)
PSLM(U=2)
PSLM(U=3)
PSLM(U=4)
PSLM(U=5)

Pr(PAPR>PAPRo)

10

10

10

7
8
PAPRo[dB]

10

11

Fig. 7. PAPR reduction performance comparison of the SLM and the P-SLM.

about whenever we add a group of alternative transmission

sequence and we also have to add a group of IFFT has been
solved for conventional SLM method. From simulation results,
this method, in the similar PAPR reduction performance, the
requirement of IFFT numbers has been reduced. The system
has lower computational complexity. And this advantage will
also follow by increase the number of subcarriers and phase
sequences to promote its effect.
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