PERMODELAN GRAFIK KOMPUTER 3D

CVT 3143

Course:
PERMODELAN GRAFIK KOMPUTER 3D
CVT3143
(ASSIGNMENT 1)
Lecturer:
EN Mohamad Shahfik Afendi B Abdul Ghani

Student Name:
Syed Muhamad Azwan Bin Syed Amran (C12A439)
S303C

Program:
Bachelor of creative technology( visual communication)
Faculty of Creative Technology and Heritage
Universiti Malaysia Kelantan

Session:
September 2014/2015

PERMODELAN GRAFIK KOMPUTER 3D

CVT 3143

1.0. Introduction

1.1. GRAPHIC
Graphics are among the most important media and popular used for demonstrating the skills
of a multimedia application. According to the dictionary Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka,
graphics mean 'matter painting or sculpture'. In this case, the use of graphics in a
computerized information presentation is not only serves to accentuate the beauty and
sophistication of the architecture of a multimedia program but also serves as a source of
information delivery something that is very effective.
Graphic also gives purpose to explain the use of visual concepts that can not or difficult to be
explained by text. It is able to add charm to a display or presentation. Graphics can also
accelerate the delivery of an information and can help provide a clear, concise and
consistent between different individuals.
Graphic said as the source of whistleblowers very effective because all forms of messages
received by the people through their eyes is acceptable in detail and it has the durability and
high memory. Computer graphics, refers to any of the images produced using any type of
computer (PC, Macintosh, Silicon Graphics and etc.). This computerized image can refer to
a simple image like lines or circles or the more complex such as complex fractal image that
is generated by computer from a formula or specific programming code.

PERMODELAN GRAFIK KOMPUTER 3D

CVT 3143

1.1.1 There are three types of graphic

1. Raster.
Where each pixel is defined separately. Raster data model represents features into a
sustainable form of a matrix. Each layer represents one attribute (although other attributes
may be incorporated into the matrix cells). Raster spatial entities stored in the layer of
functionality that are related to the elements of a map. Examples of raster spatial entity is
satellite imagery (eg Ikonos).

2. Vector
Where mathematical formula used to draw graphics primitives (lines, rectangles, circles,
ellipses, etc.) and using attributes. Vector images are usually smaller, the picture is not
broke,

and

all

manipulations

performed

through

formula.

The data vector consists of three kinds, namely:

a. Point (point)
The point is the most simple graphical representation for an object. This representation
does not have the dimensions but can be identified on the map and can be displayed on
the monitor screen by using symbols.

Object representation Points

PERMODELAN GRAFIK KOMPUTER 3D

CVT 3143

b. Line (line)
line is the linear form that would connect at least two points and is used to represent
objects in two dimensions. Objects or entities that may be represented by a line such as
roads, rivers, power lines, water lines.

Object representation Lines

3. Polygon (polygon)
Polygon is used to represent objects in two dimensions. At least one polygon bounded by
three straight three-point between each form field. Graphics are not only composed of static
images. The graphics can be manipulated dynamically, for example:

Motion dynamics: object / background move

Update dynamics: the object changed shape, color, etc.

PERMODELAN GRAFIK KOMPUTER 3D

CVT 3143

2.0 3D
3D computer graphics (in contrast to 2D computer graphics) are graphics that use a threedimensional representation of geometric data (often Cartesian) that is stored in the computer
for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering 2D images. Such images may be
stored for viewing later or displayed in real-time. 3D computer graphics rely on many of the
same algorithms as 2D computer vector graphics in the wire-frame model and 2D computer
raster graphics in the final rendered display. In computer graphics software, the distinction
between 2D and 3D is occasionally blurred; 2D applications may use 3D techniques to
achieve effects such as lighting, and 3D may use 2D rendering techniques.
3D computer graphics are often referred to as 3D models. Apart from the rendered graphic,
the model is contained within the graphical data file. However, there are differences. A 3D
model is the mathematical representation of any three-dimensional object. A model is not
technically a graphic until it is displayed. A model can be displayed visually as a twodimensional image through a process called 3D rendering, or used in non-graphical
computer simulations and calculations. With 3D printing, 3D models are similarly rendered
into a 3D physical representation of the model, with limitations to how accurate the rendering
can match the virtual model.

PERMODELAN GRAFIK KOMPUTER 3D

CVT 3143

2.1 3D graphics modeling requirements

2.1.1 3D computer graphics

3D computer graphics are graphics that use a three point perspective with mathematical way
of looking at an object, where the images could be viewed as a whole and real. For software
tools used for 3D computer graphics is heavily dependent on the aloritma-algorithm. 3-D
objects is a set of points in 3-D (x, y, z) that make up the wide-area (face) are combined into
a single unit. Face is a combination of dots that make up a particular area or frequently cited
by side.
The graphics in three dimensions is a field of research that will continue to grow along with
the development of hardware. The researchers and industry practitioners to use threedimensional graphics to visualize existing data and thus easier to analyze. In addition to data
visualization, three-dimensional graphics are also widely used for movie effects, simulations,
and games.
Ray tracing is a three-dimensional drawing method that is widely used to visualize a shape
or object that approaches the quality of the photo (photo realistic). Ray racing is drawing
method is conceptually easy to understand, but there are weaknesses in its implementation.
One disadvantage of ray tracing is the computing power needed for the calculation is very
large so it requires an additional method to speed up the calculation process.

PERMODELAN GRAFIK KOMPUTER 3D

CVT 3143

2.2 Use of Computer Graphics in Three Dimensional Graph

2.2.1. Mechanical Performance of Three Dimensional Graphics Reality

In general, the appearance of three-dimensional graphics technique are as follows:
a. Projection Parallel (Parallel Projection)
This technique is the basis for the presentation of 3D objects on a 2D screen that
rests on three viewpoints. Front view, side view and top view.
b. Perspective Projection
Perspective Projection is a form of three-dimensional images as seen in actual
fact, as seen by the human eye or by a camera. In perspective projection, the
thickness or depth can be presented in a way to reduce the size of objects that
are farther away. However, objects that only have a limited depth, especially in
relation to objects (wire-frame), can cause or causes of dualism or obscurity. For
example in the part that impressed sometimes also impressed outside.
c. Intensity Cues
Techniques appearance of depth by providing a higher intensity (by way of
thickening the line) on the lines closer to the observer.
d. stereoscopic view
Is a technique to show the depth evokes the image of an object by means of a
stereoscopic object. For example, if we see the same two objects exactly, then
the left eye is directed to objects located on the left and the right eye is directed
to objects located on the right.

e. Mechanical hatching
Shading technique utilizes light source synthesis of depth and shape of the real
an object that will generate the shadow of the object.

PERMODELAN GRAFIK KOMPUTER 3D

CVT 3143

2. 3D Object Modeling

In 3D object modeling, there are geometry and topology. These include the size of
geometry, such as the location, spot, or the size of the object. Topology is used to
show how points are combined to form a polygon, then how polygons are arranged to
form the object in question. It is also important additional information, for example the
color of any surface that make up the object.

3. Cartesian Coordinate System

Allows you to record the location of any existing point on the object is recorded in 3D
Cartesian coordinate system.

4. Spherical coordinate system

In the spherical coordinate system, a point considered to be situated on a spherical

shell has a radius and center point of a certain coincide with the center point of the
coordinate system. From any point located on the spherical shell, for example point
U, known quantities kolatitud and azimuth. Kolalitud is the magnitude of the angle
formed by the z-axis with the line drawn from the point in question.

5. Model Frame
3D graphics modeling framework should pay attention to two aspects. Aspect ratio geometry
and topology. The geometry contains information about the location of each point which
forms the 3D object. Information about the location of points is usually written in the form of a
check point. From this information, you can determine the length of a line from one point to
another point in common with the topology information. Aspects topology or connectivity is
used to show the list of 3D objects. From the list of lines can also be specified field list.

PERMODELAN GRAFIK KOMPUTER 3D

CVT 3143

6. Projections

An illuminated 3D object frame from a particular direction to form a shadow on the

surface of the image.

7. 3D Object Transformation

Performance data structure points to the vector data structure.

Define and calculate the transformation.

Changing the structure of vector data to point data structure.

Change the 3D vector data structure into a 3D point.

Changing Structure of 3D vector data into a 2D point, by ignoring the z axis.

Drawing objects

PERMODELAN GRAFIK KOMPUTER 3D

CVT 3143

3.0 3D graphics modeling requirements

Graphics are visual essay that can provide one or more visual evidence. This Graphic can
also be interpreted as a combination of pictures, emblems, symbols, letters, numbers,
words, drawings, sketches made one category to provide concepts and ideas from the
sender to the target in conveying information.

Graphic functions in Education:

a) Graphic very important to provide visual materials, due to their visualization, a
material will be more easily understood and remembered.
b) to convey a specific message clearly. Because usually can describe a chart
with information clearly, without having to write words with long-winded
explanations.

Graphic function in industries

Using computers in producing 3D computer graphics are computer generated 3D

graphics make this remarkable because it generated 3D image can be formed with a
very detailed objects equal or almost equal to the actual objects that we sometimes can
not distinguish between the actual image or picture produced by computer. Apart than it
can produce images of objects such as real objects, 3d computer graphics is also used
to described an idea or object that has not been created to form a 3-dimensional. For
example in the car manufacturing industry, the design of a car that only designed in the
form of display on paper can be transferred to a computer which then formed by the 3d
artist 3d and 3d image of a car that can be displayed by 360 degrees. The ability of 3dimensional computer-generated images allows designers look more real what will be
later be built and how the car look when completed.

Images produced in the form of three-dimensional digital is also known as 3-dimensional

model. There is also a reference to the word object 3 dimension. Model 3-dimensional
can be made up of people, animals, vehicles, buildings, appliances, gadgets, trees and

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PERMODELAN GRAFIK KOMPUTER 3D

CVT 3143

even hills and many others. This 3-dimensional model will be available in two forms,
namely the still picture or animated 3d.

4.0 Method
Modeling is forming an objects or object. Creating and designing the object so it looks like
life. In accordance with the object and its base, this whole process is done on a computer.
Through the concept and design process, the entire object can be shown in three
dimensions, so many who call this result as modeling three-dimensional (3D modeling).
There are several aspects that must be considered when building an object model, all of
which contribute to the quality of the final result. These things include methods to obtain or
make the data that describes the object, the purpose of the model, the level of complexity,
cost calculations, suitability and comfort, and ease of manipulation of the model. 3D
modeling process requires a design that is shared with several stages of its formation. As
the object of what you want to set up a base object, the method of modeling 3D objects,
lighting and animation object movement in the order process will be done.

a. Motion Capture / Model 2D

That is the first step to determine the shape of the object model to be built in 3D. The
emphasis is an object in the form of facial images that have formed the color intensity of
each pixel with the method of the Image Adjustment Brightness / Contrast, Color Balance
Image, Layer Multiply, and display Convert RGB mode and JPEG formats. In this stage the
use of graphics applications such as Adobe Photoshop or the like. In this phase of the
process of determining a 2D object has the notion that a 2D object to be formed is the basis
of 3D modeling.
Overall 2D objects can be included in an amount greater than one, the model will be formed
according to the needs. Engineering phase results 2D objects can be done with the
application of graphics programs such as Adobe Photoshop, etc., at this stage of the 3D
modeling, modeling is done manually. With a base of 2D objects that have been determined
as a reference. 3D object modeling has a style that is different in its processing, the style of
the emphasis lies on the surface shape of an object.

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PERMODELAN GRAFIK KOMPUTER 3D

CVT 3143

b. Basic 3D Modeling Methods

There are several methods used for 3D modeling. There is a type of object modeling
methods that are tailored to their needs as with nurbs and polygons, or subdivision.
Modeling polygon is a triangle and a rectangle shape that determines the area of the surface
of a character. Each polygon determine a flat surface by putting a line polygon so that we
can create new forms of surface. To obtain a smooth surface, it takes a lot of areas of
polygons. If only use a polygon, then the object will be divided into a number of fractions
obtained polygon.
While Modeling with NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational Bezier spline) is the most popular
method to build an organic models. Nurbs curves to be formed by only three points only.
Compared with polygon curve that requires a lot of points (vertices) of this method makes it
easier to control. One point CV (Control vertex) can control one area to the texture.

c. Rendering Process
Stages above the standard in order to form an object for modeling, texturing in this case
could be done by modeling overlap, depending on the level of need. Rendering is the
process by the end of the whole process of modeling or computer animation. In rendering, all
the data that is already included in the process of modeling, animation, texturing, lighting
with certain parameters to be translated into a form of output. In the standard PAL system, a
rendering resolution is 720 x 576 pixels. Part rendering is often used:

Field Rendering .
-Field rendering is often used to reduce the strobing effect caused by the rapid
movement of an object in the video rendering.

Shader .
-Shader is an additional 3D software used in particular in the process of
rendering special. Usually shaders required to meet the specific needs of special
effects such as lighting effects, atmosphere, fog and so on.

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PERMODELAN GRAFIK KOMPUTER 3D

CVT 3143

d. Texturing
This texturing process to determine Characteristics of a material object in terms of texture.
For a material object can be used application specific properties such as reflectivity,
transparency, and refraction. Texture can then be used to create a variety of colors-pattern,
level of smoothness / roughness of an object layer in more detail.

e. Image and Display

Is the end result of the whole process of modeling. Usually modeling objects into the output
is in the form of an image for correction needs coloring, lighting, or visual effects are
included in the modeling teksturing stage. The output images have high resolution ranging
from Full 1280 / Screen include files with JPEG, TIFF, and others. In phase display, featuring
a bacth Render, namely modeling built, seen, executed with the animation tool. The next
analyzed whether the model has been built to the purpose.
There are several methods used for 3D modeling. Object modeling methods tailored to their
needs as with nurbs and polygons, or subdivision. Modeling polygon is a triangle and a
rectangle shape that determines the area of the surface of a character. Each polygon
determine a flat surface by putting a line polygon so that we can create new forms of
surface. To obtain a smooth surface, it takes a lot of areas of polygons. When only used a
little polygon, then the object is obtained will be divided into fragments polygon.
Whereas with Nurbs Modeling (Non-Uniform Rational Bezier spline) is the most popular
method to build a model of organic. This is due to the Nurbs curves can be formed by only
three points only. Compared with polygon curve that requires a lot of points (vertices) of this
method makes it easier to control. One point CV (Control vertex) can control one area to the
texture.
In the computer, the geometry can be displayed as the form (shape), position, orientation,
color / texture and light of course with the help of graphic processing software such as Paint,
CorelDraw, Adobe Photoshop, Blender, GIMP and many more. In other words, we create
mathematical models of objects 2D and 3D with the help of these softwares.

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PERMODELAN GRAFIK KOMPUTER 3D

CVT 3143

Animation is the art of creating a static image that is made in sequence until seemed to be
able to move. In general, this can be helped by using available computer animation
processing software. Rendering is a process end of the whole process of modeling or
computer animation. In the rendering, all the data that has been entered in the process of
modeling, animation, teksturing, lighting with certain parameters to be translated into a form
of output (final look at the model and animation). In other words, we create a more solid
image of the model established.
There are several methods of rendering them:

Ray tracing rendering

Wireframe rendering

Hidden line rendering

Shaded rendering

Computer graphics can be used ranging from the arts, sciences, business, education,
entertainment and much more. Here is a specific application field of the computer graphics:

GUI (Graphical User Interface) / User Interface

Map (cartography)

Health

Design objects / CAD (Computer Aided Design)

Multimedia systems

Presentation graphics

Scientific Presentations

Image processing

Simulation

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PERMODELAN GRAFIK KOMPUTER 3D

CVT 3143

4.1. Activities related to computer graphics modeling:

Geometric
1.Modeling: creating mathematical models of objects 2D and 3D.
2.Rendering: producing a more solid image of the model has been established.
3.Animation: redisplay the time-dependent behavior of the object.

4.2. Image Manipulation

1. Translational
Translation is a displacement of all points of the object in a straight line so that new position.
Direprestasikan track by the vector called translational or can be referred to the shear vector
2. Rotation
Rotation is reposition all points of the object along the path of the circle with center at the
pivot point.
3. Scale
Scaling the coordinates meant to duplicate any existing components on the object in scalae.
Uniformity scaling means the same scale used for all components of the object.
4. Dilatation
Is a transformation that resize (enlarge or reduce) a wake up but do not change the shape of
awakening.
5. Reflection
It is a transformation that reflects an object.

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Bibliography
Nento, B. (n.d.). blogspot.com. Retrieved 18 11, 2014, from blogspot.com web site:
http://tembokbiru.blogspot.com/2013/10/pemodelan-grafik.html
wikipedia.org. (n.d.). Retrieved 24 September , 2014, from wikipedia website:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics

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