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Objective
1. To determine the heat transfer coefficient of moving water to Aluminium
2. To determine the Biot Number of Aluminium
Summary
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the heat transfer coefficient of moving
water to Aluminium and also determine the Biot Number of Aluminium. Under Steady state
conditions the temperature within the system does not change with time. Conversely, under
unsteady state conditions the temperature within the system does vary with time. The SOLTEQ
Unsteady-state Heat Transfer Unit (HE 178) has been designed to run experiments on unsteady
state heat transfer. The temperature at the centre was determined by referring to Heisler Chart.
The temperature for Sphere is 48.7 C, for slab is 47.4 C and for cylinder is 50.0 C. When
compare the reading for time 70 seconds for both solid, aluminum and stainless steel,
shows that the aluminum is more efficient in heat conduction because the center
temperature is more high than stainless steel especially for cylinder where the center
temperature near to 55 C at 70s. Based from the theory, the higher the center
temperature, the efficiency in heat conduction of the material increased. Finally, the
temperature at the center of sphere by using Heisler Chart at time t = 95s is 51.8 C, for slab
is 49.8 C and for cylinder is 51.7 C. The NBi is calculating to know the assumption is
reasonably accurate or not. The NBi be less than 0.1 shows the experiment is successful.
After calculate, the result shows that the NBi for sphere is 0.002165, for cylinder is
0.002434, and for slab is 0.003245. The NBi for all the shapes are less than 0.1 identified
that the experiment is valid.
state conditions. Under Steady state conditions the temperature within the system does not
change with time. Conversely, under unsteady state conditions the temperature within the
system does vary with time.
Unsteady state conditions are a precursor to steady state conditions. No system exists
initially under steady state conditions. Some time must pass, after heat transfer is initiated,
before the system reaches steady state. During that period of transition the system is under
unsteady state conditions.
Clearly, no system can remain under unsteady state conditions perpetually. The temperature
of the system will eventually reach the temperature of the heat source, and once this happens, the
system will be at steady state. Even if the amount of heat being transferred into the system is
increased, at some point the system reaches its critical temperature and the energy transferred
into it the starts causing phase changes within the system rather than temperatures increases.
The SOLTEQ Unsteady-state Heat Transfer Unit (HE 178) has been designed to run
experiments on unsteady state heat transfer. It supplied with a heated water bath and a set of
solid shapes with built-in temperature sensor to monitor the temperature at the centre of the
shape that allow analyze the heat flow using an appropriate transient temperature of heat flow
chart provided. Basically it consists of two sets of simple shape (solid sphere, rectangular slab
and long solid cylinder) made up of brass and stainless steel. Each of the shape has a built-in
temperature sensor to measure the temperature at the centre of the shape. Measurement taken can
be used to confirm the conductivity of a similar shape with different material.
The water bath has a capacity of 30L and is heated by 3.0kW. The large volume of water in
the bath ensures that change in the temperature of the water, as the measurements are taken is
negligible. The velocity of the water can be varied by adjusting the voltage supplied to the pump.
Slab
Sphere
Cylinder
Time (s)
T(oC)
ln (T-T)/(T0-T)
T(oC)
ln (T-T)/(T0-T)
T(oC)
ln (T-T)/(T0-T)
26.4
23.0
25.1
26.4
23.0
25.1
-0.0116
10
30.9
26.2
-0.034
30.7
-0.054
15
34.7
-0.044
30.1
-0.132
34.9
-0.150
20
36.6
-0.078
32.5
-0.242
37.7
-0.264
25
38.8
-0.123
34.7
-0.336
40.4
-0.340
30
42.2
-0.160
37.1
-0.499
44.0
-0.572
35
42.0
-0.182
39.2
-0.621
43.8
-0.563
40
42.9
-0.218
41.1
-0.809
45.2
-0.783
45
43.8
-0.258
43.3
-1.012
46.6
-0.877
50
44.6
-0.291
44.5
-1.193
47.6
-1.265
55
45.4
-0.525
45.6
-1.347
48.3
-1.465
60
46.2
-0.564
46.6
-1.558
49.0
-1.724
65
46.9
-0.739
47.7
-1.801
49.5
-1.958
70
47.4
-0.781
48.7
-2.065
50.0
-2.185
75
48.0
-0.831
49.5
-2.371
50.4
-2.436
80
48.5
-0.971
50.2
-2.742
51.0
-2.912
85
49.0
-1.058
50.9
-3.281
51.1
-3.202
90
49.3
-1.079
51.4
-3.992
51.6
-3.856
95
49.8
-1.147
51.8
-6.016
51.7
-5.590
100
50.2
-1.246
52.3
-4.155
51.9
-4.071
105
50.4
-1.376
52.7
-3.485
52.4
-3.162
110
50.6
-1.481
52.9
-3.253
52.5
-2.860
115
50.9
-1.253
53.2
-2.972
120
51.2
-1.716
53.5
-2.797
125
51.3
-1.855
53.7
-2.689
130
51.6
-1.987
53.8
-2.639
Slab
Sphere
Cylinder
Time (s)
T(oC)
ln (T-T)/(T0-T)
T(oC)
ln (T-T)/(T0-T)
T(oC)
ln (T-T)/(T0-T)
135
51.7
-2.381
53.9
-2.587
140
52.2
-2.437
54.2
-2.457
145
52.4
-2.510
54.3
-2.417
150
52.5
-2.721
T ( oC)
50.5
51.7
Slab
To=22.7oC
Sphere
To=23.0oC
Cylinder
To=26.5oC
50.6
Slab
Sphere
Cylinder
Time (s)
T(oC)
ln (T-T)/(T0-T)
T(oC)
ln (T-T)/(T0-T)
T(oC)
ln (T-T)/(T0-T)
24.0
22.8
28.2
27.0
-0.134
25.7
-0.1002
27.0
-0.122
10
30.7
-0.350
29.5
-0.2492
30.1
-0.235
15
34.2
-0.673
32.4
-0.3797
34.2
-0.247
20
36.4
-0.758
34.9
-0.5081
37.2
-0.545
25
38.8
-0.910
37.0
-0.6301
40.3
-0.798
30
40.8
-1.065
38.9
-0.7555
42.8
-0.816
35
42.4
-1.087
40.6
-0.8828
44.9
-0.951
40
43.8
-1.106
42.0
-1.0021
46.3
-1.134
45
45.0
-1.230
43.3
-1.1273
47.6
-1.302
50
46.2
-1.379
44.6
-1.2704
48.7
-1.341
55
47.0
-1.601
45.4
-1.3711
49.5
-1.589
60
47.8
-1.799
46.3
-1.4965
50.3
-1.766
65
48.5
-1.995
47.0
-1.6045
50.9
-1.891
70
48.9
-2.147
47.9
-1.7675
51.5
-2.001
75
49.4
-2.342
48.6
-1.9161
52.0
-2.013
80
49.8
-2.550
49.2
-2.0617
52.5
-2.157
85
50.4
-2.674
49.7
-2.2016
52.9
-2.233
90
50.6
-2.734
50.0
-2.2993
53.0
-2.440
95
50.9
-3.465
50.4
-2.4452
53.4
-3.259
100
51.0
-3.743
50.9
-2.6578
53.5
-3.598
105
51.4
-3.987
51.0
-2.7164
53.7
-2.001
110
51.6
-4.901
51.0
-2.7214
53.8
-1.962
115
51.9
-5.675
51.2
-2.8274
120
52.0
-3.224
51.4
-2.9534
125
52.2
-3.012
51.7
-3.1734
130
52.5
-2.344
51.6
-3.0970
Slab
Sphere
Cylinder
Time (s)
T(oC)
ln (T-T)/(T0-T)
T(oC)
ln (T-T)/(T0-T)
T(oC)
ln (T-T)/(T0-T)
135
52.6
-1.463
51.7
-3.1814
140
51.8
-3.2735
47.2
52.9
Slab
To=24.3oC
Sphere
To=25.0oC
Cylinder
To=24.8oC
50.6
50
100
150
200
-1
-1.5
ln (T-T/T-T)
-2
-2.5
-3
-3.5
-4
sphere stainless
steel
-4.5
-5
cylinder stainless
steel
-5.5
-6
-6.5
-7
Time (s)
50
100
150
-1
ln (T-T/T-T)
-1.5
-2
-2.5
slab aluminium
-3
sphere aluminium
-3.5
cylinder aluminium
-4
-4.5
-5
-5.5
-6
Time (s)
hA
where the value for m is the dimensionless parameters for
C p V
use in Heisler Chart means the slope is get from the graph ln (T- T / To- T) versus t for
each shape. The value of h for sphere is 644.39 W/m2 K, for cylinder is 4327.8 W/m2 K and
for slab is 3568.4 W/m2 K. For this experiment, the heat transfer coefficient of moving
water to aluminium is represented with the value of h. The value of h is determined to
describe the heat leaves a surface, as a function of the temperature difference between the
surface and the ambient. h is the function of the system geometry, fluid properties, and flow
velocity and temperature difference.
The value of h is used in the formula to identify the Biot Number (NBi) by using the
formula NBi =
hx1
which is dimensionless. The NBi compares the relative values of internal
k
conduction resistance and surface convective resistance to heat transfer. Theoretically, the
less the NBi means the faster heat conduction inside the body than the heat conduction
away from its surface. The NBi is calculating to know the assumption is reasonably accurate
or not. The NBi be less than 0.1 shows the experiment is successful. After calculate, the
result shows that the NBi for sphere is 0.002165, for cylinder is 0.002434, and for slab is
0.003245. The NBi for all the shapes are less than 0.1 identified that the experiment is valid.
The Biot Number (NBi) for sphere is the lowest among the other shapes. This shows
that the best surface area for aluminum is sphere where the entire surface is joining in the
water bath. So, the temperature is faster heat conduction inside the body than the heat
conduction away from its surface.
The stainless steel is used in experiment two to compare the different result in
experiment one by using aluminum. These experiment used different solution to identify
References
1) Chopey, N.P Handbook of Chemical Engineering Calculations , 2nd Edition, McGraw
Hill, 1994
2) Perry, R.H. Green D.W. and Maloney, J.O Perry`s Chemical Engineering Handbook ,
6th Edition, McGraw Hill, 1984
3) Christi J. Geankoplis, Transport Processes and Unit Operations, 3rd Edition, Prentice
Hall International Edition, 1995, pp 217-219
Appendix
A. Calculation Stainless Steel
1.0 Slab
1 =
=
= 0.01 m
= (4.201 10 -6
) (150 s) / (0.01m) 2
= 6.3015
m=
= 15.2
/ (612
= 2.4837
Graph: 0.13 Y0
Y0 =
0.13 =
) (0.01m)
2.0 Sphere
X
= (4.201 10 -6
= 13.7044
m=
= 15.2
/ (473
= 4.82
Graph: 0.0012 Y0
Y0 =
0.0012
T = 54.20C
3.0 Cylinder
X1 =
) (6.667 10 -3 m)
= (4.201 10 -6
= 8.215
m=
= 15.2
/ (502
= 4.0371
Graph: 0.02 Y0
Y0 =
0.02 =
T = 51.98 C
) (7.5 10-3 m)
h = 66.21
X1 = 0.01 m
X1
= (8.411 10 -5
) (135 s) / (0.01m) 2
= 113.55
Bi =
) (0.01m) / 204
Bi = (66.21
= 3.245 10-3
Graph: 0.001 Y0
Y0 =
0.001 =
T = 53.77 C
2707
4 (0.02m) 3
Bi =
) (6.667 10 -3 m) / 204
Bi = (66.21
= 2.165 10-3
Graph: 0.0013 Y0
Y0
0.0013 =
T = 51.76 C
3.0 Cylinder
X1 = 7.5 10-3 m
X1
= (8.411 10 -5
= 164.48
Bi = (66.21
= 2.434 10-3
Graph: 0.002 Y0
Y0 =
0.002 =
T = 53.75 C