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Module 4 Achievements

Unit 11 Future technology

Talking about processes (2)

The passive with modal verbs

Modals
Present

Will

Shall

Can

May

Past

would

Should

Could

Might

Must

Has to

Had to

Have to

(am, is, are)

going to
(was, were)
going to

Rules:
1. Modal verb + be + V3
He could carry that box easily.
That box could be carried easily.
modal + be + V3

2. Modal verb( + have) + been + V3

He could have carried that box.
That box could have been carried easily.
modal+have +been + V3

1.
Modal
Will
Would
Shall
Should
Can
Could
May
might
Must
Have to
Has to
(am. is, are)
Going to
(was, were)
going to

Active
I will write the essay.
He would write the essay.
I shall write the essay.
He should write the essay.
I can write the essay.
I could write the essay.
I may write the essay.
I might write the essay.
I must write the essay.
I have to write the essay.
He has to write the essay.
He is going to write the essay.

Modal + be + V3
The essay will be written.
The essay would be written
The essay shall be written
The essay should be written
The essay can be written
The essay could be written
The essay may be written
The essay might be written
The essay must be written
The essay has to be written
The essay has to be written
The essay is going to be written

He was going to write the essay

The essay was going to be written

2.
Modal
Will have
Would have
Should have
Can have
Could have
May have
Might have
Must have

Active
I will have written the essay.
He would have written the essay.
He should have written the essay.
I can have written the essay.
I could have written the essay.
I may have written the essay.
I might have written the essay.
I must have written the essay.

Modal + have + been + V3

The essay will have been written.
The essay would have been written
The essay should have been written
The essay can have been written
The essay could have been written
The essay may have been written
The essay might have been written
The essay must have been written

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Exercises
SB page 79
A. Complete these sentences using the correct modal verbs:
1. Large areas of land (could / had to) be flooded when they were building the
Three Gorges Dam.
2. Work on the dam (could / must) not be started until the Yangtze had been
diverted.
3. The locks were built so that the Yangtze (could / had to) still be used by ships.
4. Unfortunately many of the historical sites (could / might) not be saved when
they built the dam.
5. Protestors are demanding that people who had to leave their homes (could /
must) be given new homes and compensation.
WB page 68
B. Choose the more appropriate verb in these sentences. Sometimes both
answers are possible:
1. The original Mont Blank tunnel was completed / was being completed in 1965.
2. The tunnel was designed / was being designed to carry 450, 000 vehicles a
year. By 1997 it was used / was being used by over a million.
3. Thirty- nine people were killed / were being killed in the tunnel fire which
was started / was being started when a lorry caught fire.
4. The drivers stopped after smoke had been seen / was seen coming out of the
lorry's engine.
5. It was more than two days before the fire was put out / was being put out by
fire fighters.
Answers:
A. 1. had to
2. could
3. could
4. could
5. must
B. 1. was completed 2. was designed / was being used 3.were killed / was started 4. had been seen 5.was put out

:
Tense

Active

+ was + V3 +
Were

Past
simple

I invited him to a big party.

They developed the centre of the city.
He sent her a rose.

* He was invited to a big party.

* The centre of the city was developed.
* She was sent a rose.
+ was + being+V3 +

past
continuous

I was watching a film, when he came.

Past
perfect

Passive

were
A film was being watched when he came.
+ had + been +V3 )+

After he had taken lunch, he slept.

After lunch had been taken, he slept.

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WB page 68

*Rewrite these sentences using the passive verbs were possible:

1. After the tragic fire in the Mont Blank tunnel in 1999, everyone agreed that when
they build tunnels in the future they should pay much more attention to safety.

2. When they were planning the Laerdal Tunnel, the designers decided that they
would divide it into four sections, each six kilometres long.

3. They thought that if they could construct large holes between the sections, this
would make motorists' journeys more interesting and so seem quicker.

4. They made the holes wider than the rest of the tunnel and technicians fitted
them with special lights.

5. They believed that if they could ventilate the tunnel better, drivers would stay
awake and this would cause fewer accidents.

Answers:
1. After the tragic fire in the Mont Blank tunnel in 1999, everyone agreed that when tunnels
were built in the future, they much more attention should be paid to safety.
2. When the Laerdal Tunnel was being planned, the designers decided that it could be
divided into four sections, each six kilometres long.
3. They thought that if large holes could be constructed between the sections, motorists'
journeys would be made more interesting and so seem quicker.
4. The holes were made wider than the rest of the tunnel and they were fitted with special
lights (by technicians).
5. They believed that if the tunnel could be better ventilated, drivers would stay awake and
fewer accidents would be caused.