C Bo 9781139020879 A 006

Contents
Preface
page xi
Part I Overture
3
3
4
5
6
7
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Introduction
Why a statistical theory of design?
History, computers and mathematics
The influence of analysis on design
Separate consideration of units and treatments
The resource equation
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
Elementary ideas of blocking: the randomised complete

block design
Controlling variation between experimental units
The analysis of variance identity
Estimation of variance and the comparison of treatment means
Residuals and the meaning of error
The random allocation of treatments to units
Practical choices of blocking patterns
9
9
12
18
22
24
26
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
Elementary ideas of treatment structure

Choice of treatments
Factorial structure
Models for main effects and interactions
The analysis of variance identity
Interpretation of main effects and interactions
Advantages of factorial structure
Treatment effects and treatment models
29
29
29
30
33
36
38
40
General principles of linear models for the analysis of

experimental data
Introduction and some examples
The principle of least squares and least squares estimators
Properties of least squares estimators
42
42
43
46
4.1
4.2
4.3
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vi
Contents
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.A2
4.A3
4.A4
4.A5
4.A6
4.A7
4.A8
Overparameterisation, constraints and practical solution of least

squares equations
Subdividing the parameters; extra SS
Distributional assumptions and inferences
Contrasts, treatment comparisons and component SS
Covariance extension of linear design models
Computers for analysing experimental data
Appendix to Chapter 4
Least squares estimators for linear models
Properties of least squares estimators
Overparameterisation and constraints
Partitioning the parameter vector and the extra SS principle
Distributional assumptions and inferences
Treatment comparisons and component SS
The general theory of covariance analysis
49
55
60
62
66
79
87
87
88
90
94
96
100
102
Part II First subject

5
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
Experimental units
Preliminary examples
Different forms of basic experimental units
Experimental units as collections
A part as the unit and sequences of treatments
Multiple levels of experimental units
Time as a factor and repeated measurements
Protection of units, randomisation restrictions
107
107
109
113
115
118
120
121
6
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
Replication
Preliminary example
The need for replication
The completely randomised design
Different levels of variation
Identifying and allowing for different levels of variation
How much replication?
124
124
124
125
128
132
136
7
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
Blocking and control

Design and analysis for very simple blocked experiments
Design principles in blocked experiments
The analysis of block-treatment designs
BIB designs and classes of less balanced designs
Orthogonality, balance and the practical choice of design
Experimental designs for large-scale variety trials
142
142
143
146
153
159
164
173
Contents
vii
8
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
Multiple blocking systems and cross-over designs

Latin square designs and Latin rectangles
Multiple orthogonal classifications and sequences of experiments
Row-and-column designs with more treatments than replicates
Three-dimensional designs
The practical choice of row-and-column design
Cross-over designs time as a blocking factor
Cross-over designs for residual or interaction effects
182
182
182
186
188
199
201
204
207
9
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
Multiple levels of information

Identifying multiple levels in data
The use of multiple levels of information
Random effects and mixed models
Analysis of multiple level data using REML
Multiple blocking systems
218
218
218
220
227
229
230
10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
233
233
234
236
241
10.6
Randomisation
What is the population?
Random treatment allocation
Randomisation tests
Randomisation theory of the analysis of experimental data
Practical implications of the two theories of analysis of
experimental data
Practical randomisation
246
248
11
11.0
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
Restricted randomisation
Preliminary example
Time-trend resistant run orders and designs
Modelling spatial variation
Neighbour balance
Advantages and disadvantages of restricting randomisation
Ignoring blocking in the data analysis
Covariance or blocking
Sequential allocation of treatments in clinical trials
256
256
256
257
260
261
263
264
266
Part III Second subject

12
12.0
12.1
12.2
12.3
Experimental objectives, treatments and treatment structures

Different questions and forms of treatments
Comparisons between treatments
Presentation of results
275
275
275
277
282
viii
Contents
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
Qualitative or quantitative factors

Treatment structures
Incomplete structures and varying replication
Treatments as a sample
Screening and selection experiments
283
289
294
298
299
13
13.0
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
Factorial structure and particular forms of effects

Preliminary example
Factors with two levels only
Improved yield comparisons in terms of effects
Analysis by considering sums and differences
Factors with three or more levels
The use of only a single replicate
Analysis of unreplicated factorials
305
305
305
310
315
319
324
327
14
14.0
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
Fractional replication
The use of a fraction of a complete factorial experiment
Half-replicates of 2n factorials
Simple fractions for factors with more than two levels
Smaller fractions for 2n structures
Irregular fractions for 2n structures
Other fractions for three-level factors and for mixed levels
Very small fractions for main effect estimation
334
334
335
336
340
345
349
353
359
15
15.0
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9
Incomplete block size for factorial experiments

Small blocks and many factorial combinations
Factors with a common number of levels
Incompletely confounded effects
Partial confounding
Confounding for general block size and factor levels
The negative approach to confounding for two-level factors
Confounding theory for other factorial structures
Confounding in fractional replicates
Confounding in row-and-column designs
363
363
363
370
375
378
389
396
402
412
417
16
16.0
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
Quantitative factors and response functions

The use of response functions in the analysis of data
Design objectives
Specific parameter estimation
Optimal design theory
Discrimination
425
425
425
429
430
437
439
Contents
ix
16.6
16.7
Designs for competing criteria

Systematic designs
440
443
17
17.0
17.1
17.2
448
448
448
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.7
Multifactorial designs for quantitative factors

Experimental objectives
Response surface designs based on factorial treatment
structures
Prediction properties of response surface designs
Lack of fit and confirmatory runs
Blocking response surface designs
Experiments with mixtures
Non-linear response surfaces
451
456
460
461
464
468
18
18.0
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5
18.6
18.7
18.8
Split-unit designs
The practical need for split units
Advantages and disadvantages of split-unit designs
Extensions of the split-unit idea
Identification of multiple strata designs
Systematic treatment variation within main units
The split-unit design as an example of confounding
Non-orthogonal split-unit designs
Linked experiments
475
475
475
482
484
493
496
498
502
506
Part IV Coda
19
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
Multiple experiments and new variation

The need for additional variation
Planned replication of experiments
Introducing additional factors in experiments
Practical context experiments
Combined experimental analysis
513
513
514
521
523
525
20
Sequential aspects of experiments and experimental

programmes
Experimentation is sequential
Using prior information in designing experiments
Sequences of experiments in selection programmes
Sequences of experiments in screening programmes
Sequences of experiments in pharmaceutical trials
Sequential nature within clinical trials
Sequences of experiments in response optimisation
Continuous on-line experimentation
528
528
529
530
532
532
534
535
537
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5
20.6
20.7
20.8
Contents
0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Designing useful experiments

Some more real problems
Design principles or practical design
Resources and experimental units
Treatments and detailed objectives
The resource equation and the estimation of the error variance
The marriage of resources and treatments
Three particular problems
Computer design packages and catalogues of designs
References
Index
538
538
539
540
542
545
546
551
558
565
568

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Contents

Elementary ideas of blocking: the randomised complete

Elementary ideas of treatment structure

General principles of linear models for the analysis of

Overparameterisation, constraints and practical solution of least

Part II First subject

Blocking and control

Multiple blocking systems and cross-over designs

Multiple levels of information

Part III Second subject

Experimental objectives, treatments and treatment structures

Qualitative or quantitative factors

Factorial structure and particular forms of effects

Incomplete block size for factorial experiments

Quantitative factors and response functions

Designs for competing criteria

Multifactorial designs for quantitative factors

Multiple experiments and new variation

Sequential aspects of experiments and experimental

Designing useful experiments

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