FINAL EXAMINATION

AUGUST 2013 SEMESTER

4/13/34 ACADEMIC SESSION

SUBJECT
SUBJECT CODE
DURATION
FACULTY
PROGRAMME
LECTURER

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:
:
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IMMUNOLOGY
BBS 2254
3 HOURS
SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
BACHELOR 0F BIOTECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY (HONS)
ROSHANI BINTI OTHMAN
DR. SITI HASMAH MOHTAR

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
This paper consists of three sections:
SECTION A
SECTION B
SECTION C

- 30 questions
- 4 questions
- 3 questions

Answer all questions in SECTION A, B and two (2) questions in SECTION C.

All answers of:
SECTION A must be answered in OMR sheet provided.
SECTION B and C must be written in answer booklet provided.
The answer for each question must start on a new page.
Candidates are NOT ALLOWED to bring any unauthorized items into the exam hall
except with the permission of your invigilator.

Do Not Open The Question Paper Until Instructed

This Question Paper Consists of Eleven (11) Printed Pages
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SECTION A (30 Marks)

Answer all questions. Choose the best answer.
1. Which of the following is a characteristic of the adaptive immune response and not
that of the innate response?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

Physical barriers
Chemical barriers
Inflammatory mediators
Clonal expansion of effector cells

2. An antigen is ., whereas an antibody is .

(A) produced by T-cells; produced by B-cells
(B) a hapten molecule that is quite complicated in shape; an enzyme that is produced
by the thymus gland to neutralize antigens
(C) an immunoglobulin that is produced by lymph nodes in response to bacteria; a
foreign protein that enters the body and causes an immune reaction
(D) a foreign substance such as a protein or polysaccharide to which
lymphocytes respond; a globular protein that reacts with antigens to eliminate
them
3. Which of the following is not a function of the spleen?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

site of stem cell maturation into T and B cells

storage of platelets
removal of worn-out blood cells and platelets by macrophages
destruction of blood-borne pathogens by macrophages

4. The immune system makes use of many tissues in the body. These tissues are broadly
divided into 2 groups, the primary and secondary lymphoid organs. Which of the
following statements regarding these tissues is not true?
(A) The lymph nodes and spleen are organs specialized to trap antigen and initiate
adaptive immune responses.
(B) The bone marrow and thymus are primary lymphoid organs.
(C) Primary lymphoid organs are the site of innate immune responses.
(D) Lymphocytes develop in the primary lymphoid organs.

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5. A phagocytic mononuclear cell derived from bone marrow monocytes and found in
tissues and at the site of inflammation. . serve accessory roles in immunity,
particularly as antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

monocytes
macrophages
neutrophil
natural killer cells

6. A hapten is .
(A) a small substance that becomes antigenic when it binds to tissue proteins
(B) the heavy chain of an immunoglobulin molecule
(C) the antigen binding site of an immunoglobulin molecule
(D) the part of a lymphoid organ where antigens are processed
7. Which of the following are antigens:
I.
II.
III.
IV.

Enzymes
Endotoxin
Helminths
Pollen

(A) I, II & III.

(B) I, III & IV.
(C) II, III & IV.
(D) I, II, III & IV.
8. As the result of a bee sting, Abu had an immediate severe reaction, and nearly died.
This reaction was caused by .
(A) B cells
(B) T cells
(C) natural killer cells
(D) macrophages
9. Which class of antibody molecule has the ability to cross the placenta?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE

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10. Different antibody isotypes .

I.
II.
III.
IV.

are same size in their sizes

have different functions
are defined by their constant regions
are defined by their variable regions

(A) I & II only.

(B) II & III only.
(C) II & IV only.
(D) I & IV only.
11. Which of the following statements regarding immunoglobulins is correct?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

The constant regions consist of the antigen-binding site.

Peptide bonds hold the heavy and light chains together.
Antibodies consist of four identical heavy chains and four identical light chains.
Immunoglobulins consist of five classes called IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM.

12. A primary immune response is ., and a secondary immune response is

.
(A) very important; of less importance
(B) activation of the complement; production of antibodies
(C) the primary source of immunity; a back-up form of immunity in case the primary
response fails
(D) production of antibodies after the body's initial exposure to an antigen; the
rapid production of large quantities of antibodies after subsequent exposure
to the antigen
13. The following are the function of mucociliary escalator cells except .........
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

they secrete mucous.

they trap foreign substances.
they more trapped foreign substances towards throat or nose.
they prevent foreign substances from entering the gastrointestinal tract.

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14. Which of the following antibody mechanisms is correctly described?

I.
II.
III.
IV.

Chemotaxis - activated enzymes attract neutrophils and macrophages

into the region where there are antigens.
Opsonization - activated enzymes altering cell membranes so that
they are more susceptible to phagocytosis.
Lysis - activated enzymes digest the membranes of foreign cells so
that they rupture.
Phagocytosis can occur in the absence of serum antibodies early in
the infectious process.

(A) I, II & III.

(B) I, III & IV.
(C) II, III & IV.
(D) I, II, III & IV.
15. Which of the following is an example of a specific immune response?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

release of histamine from damaged cells

release of interferon from virus-infected cells
opsonization of an antigen by IgG molecules
adherence of a macrophage to a microbe

16. Which of the following statements is associated with MHC Class II?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

recognizes CD4 T cell receptor

can be found in most nucleated cells
present antigen to cytotoxic T cells
bind to inhibitory receptor on NK cells

17. Which of the following statement describes the function of MHC Class I?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

present peptide antigen to T helper cells

present peptide antigen to cytotoxic T cells
present peptide antigen derived from free viruses
present peptide antigen derived from bacterial toxins

18. Identify the correct statement that describe the process of antigen presentation by
viral infected cells.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

The virus was first engulf by the cell via phagocytosis.

The antigen was degraded into a series of peptide by proteases.
Invariant chain attach to the groove of MHC class I molecule.
The MHC class I peptide complex is recognized by CD8 T cells.

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19. Which of the following statement is true to describe cell mediated immunity?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

Immune response that involves production of antibodies.

Involves the cellular components of humoral immunity.
Promote activation of cells to secrete various cytokines.
Does not involve the process of antigen presentation.

20. Identify the complement components that mediate inflammation.

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

C3a and C4a

C3b and C4b
C3b and C5b
C2a and C2b

21. Which of the following components initiate polymerization during activation of

membrane attack complex?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

C6
C7
C8
C9

22. The following components are involve in non-specific immune response except
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

Inflammation
Complement system
Interferon
T lymphocytes

23. Which of the following is not related to cellular damage caused by viral infection?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

Depleting essential cellular components.

Transforming normal cells into cancer cells.
Initiate virus elimination via complement activation.
Causing cellular production of substances toxic to cell.

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24. Identify the correct description on the properties of intracellular bacteria.

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

Release toxins into the external medium.

Resistant to degradation within the phagocytes.
Can be eliminated via the activity of complement system.
Require antibodies for neutralization of bacterial toxins.

25. The following immune effector cells are responsible for the elimination of
extracellular bacteria except
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

eosinophils
macrophages
neutrophils
monocytes

26. Which of the following type of hypersensitivity can cause destruction of red blood
cells?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV

27. The following diseases are develop due to autoantibodies except

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

myasthenia gravis
rheumatoid arthritis
DiGeorge syndrome
systemic lupus erythematosus

28. The main characteristic of live attenuated vaccine is

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

produce by in vitro culture at adverse condition

produce by repeated passage in the foreign host
involves treatment with chemical or radiation
involves surface components of the infectious agent

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29. Which of the following assay involves the application of immunofluorescence

technique?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

Detection of viral antigen from infected tissues

Detection of antibody present in serum sample
Detection of hormone or protein in urine sample
Detection of bacterial antigen from blood sample

30. Identify the correct description of indirect ELISA format.

(A) A two-step method that uses a primary antibody and labeled secondary antibody.
(B) A two-step method that uses labeled antibody to detect the cytokine bounded
antibodies.
(C) Involves two different antibodies that bind against two antigenic binding sites
of the same antigen
(D) Involves direct detection of antigen by antibodies labeled with enzyme
conjugate.

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SECTION B (30 Marks)

Answer all questions.

1. Host defenses that produce resistance can be adaptive or innate. Adaptive defenses
respond to particular agents called antigens. In some cases, adaptive defenses do not
need to be called on because the body is adequately protected by its innate defenses.
(a) Which of your bodys nonspecific host defenses would help fight a pathogen
entering your body through each of the following portals:
i.

A small cut on your hand

ii.

Inhalation into your lungs

iii.

Ingestion with contaminated food

(1 marks)
(1 marks)
(1 marks)
(b) Explain briefly the differences between innate and adaptive defenses
(4 marks)

2. Three patients were tested to determine their blood groups. Samples of their blood
were mixed individually with anti-A and anti-B antibodies. The results are shown in
Figure 1.
Patient 1

Patient 2

Patient 3

Anti-A

Anti-B

Blood
Group
Key
Agglutination
No agglutination

Figure 1: Blood groups for three patients

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(a) Complete the bottom row of the table to show the blood group of each
patient.
(3 marks)
(b) When blood from Patient 1 was mixed with anti-A antibodies, agglutination
occurred. Why does this happen?
(2 marks)
(c) Patient 3 required a blood transfusion. Which of the other two patients could
safely give him blood? Explain your answer briefly.
(2 marks)
(d) What will happen to the immune system of a mother whose blood is Rh negative
if she conceives an Rh positive baby.
(1 mark)

3. (a) Describe two (2) major functions of complement.

(2 marks)
(b) Describe two (2) biological effects of anaphylatoxin.
(2 marks)
(c) Differentiate the complement activation via classical and alternative pathway.
(3 marks)

4.

(a) Define the following terminologies:

i) Autoimmunity
ii) Immunodeficiency
(2 marks)
(b)

Describe two types of immunodeficiency together with the example of

diseases.
(3 marks)

(c) Explain how the allergens induce allergic reaction in Type I hypersensitivity.
(3 marks)

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SECTION C (40 Marks)

Answer two (2) questions.

1. Phagocytes, also known as cell eaters, are large white cells that engulf and digest
marauding microorganisms.
(a) Explain the functions of phagocytes.
(5 marks)
(b) Phagocytes digest and generally destroy invading microbes and foreign particles
by a process called phagocytosis or by a combination of immune reactions and
phagocytosis. Discuss the process of phagocytosis in chemotaxis and digestion.
(15 marks)

2. Actions of the immune system are triggered by antigens. An antigen is a substance

the body identifies as foreign and toward which it mounts an immune response.
(a) Explain how macrophages, T cells and B cells interact to produce antibodies?
(10 marks)
(b) Life is so diverse that the number of different antigens is essentially unlimited.
Unlike innate immunity, the adaptive immune system changes. It adapts to
different antigens encountered during an individuals lifetime. How does our
body make all different antibodies that protect us from the millions of bacteria
and viruses?
(10 marks)

3. (a) Viruses are among of the infectious agent that can cause diseases in human and
animals. Explain how the immune system develops defense mechanisms against
viral infection.
(10 marks)
(b) Antibodies can be produced in animals or via in vitro technology in mammalian
cells. Describe the procedure of antibody production which involves in vitro
technology.
(10 marks)

END OF QUESTION PAPER

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