Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)
IJCIET
IAEME
ABSTRACT
Land is a non-renewable resource and mapping of LU/LC is essential for planning and
development of land and water resources in a region of engineering projects under progress. Land is
an area of the earth surface, which embraces all reasonable stable or predictably cyclic, attribute of
the biosphere including the atmosphere, soil and underlying geology. Hydrology, plant and animal
population are the results of the past and present human activity to the extent that significantly
influences on present and future LU/LC system. Proper management and development of these lands
should be initiated to increase the land productivity, restoration of soil degradation, reclamation of
wastelands, increase the environmental qualities and to meet the needs of rapidly growing population
of the country. Remote Sensing (RS) satellite data with its synoptic view and multispectral data
provides essential information in proper planning of LU/LC conditions of the larger areas. An
attempt have been made to delineate the level-1, level-2 and level-3 LU/LC classification system
through NRSC guidelines (1995) using both digital and visual image interpretation techniques by
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) softwares. The classification accuracy is found to be more
in case of digital technique as compared to that of visual technique in terms of area statistics. Efforts
have been made to classify the LU/LC patterns using False Color Composite (FCC) data of IRS-1D
PAN+LISS-III (Band: 2,3,4) through MapInfo v7.5, ArcView v3.2, Erdas Imagine v2011 and
ArcGIS v10. The final results highlight the potentiality of geomatics in classification of LU/LC
patterns around Chamarajanagara district, Karnataka, in natural resource mapping and its
management which is a suitable model for application to similar geological terrain.
79
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 79-96 IAEME
80
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 79-96 IAEME
The land adjoining the banks of meandering course of the river forms the most fertile and
rich tracts of land, which is cultivated intensively for paddy and coconut. The paleo-channels of the
study are also mapped using satellite data which gives additional information regarding water
bearing zones like hidden aquifers, old river course, fractures and valley fills (Basavarajappa et al.,
2008; 2013; Dinakar S and Basavarajappa H.T., 2005; Satish et al., 2008).
3. LOCATION
The study area lies between 1145 to 1215N latitude and 7645 to 7715E longitude with
total areal extent of 3,011 Km2 (Fig.1). The study area includes parts of 9 taluks of Karnataka state
namely Yelandur, Kollegal, Chamarajanagara, Malavalli, Mysuru, Gundlupet, T. Narsipura,
Nanjungudu and small patches of Tamil Nadu region (Sathyamangalam) in the southern and
southeastern parts. Cauvery and Kabini are the two major rivers flowing in the study area in which
Kabini is one of the tributary of River Cauvery.
81
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 79-96 IAEME
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 79-96 IAEME
out and various LU/LC categories are delineated. The satellite data of two seasons is acquired (Rabi
in December 2002 and Kharif in October 2003) to estimate the spatial distribution of LU/LC pattern.
These categorizations are done based on the classification scheme developed by National Remote
Sensing Agency (NRSA, 1995).
6.2 Materials used:
a. Topomaps: 57D/16, 57H/4, 58A/13 and 58E/1.
Source: (SoI, Dehradun).
b. Satellite Data: IRS-1D LISS-III of 23.5m Resolution (March & Nov-2001) and PAN+LISS-III of
5.8m, Date of pass 10-March-2003.
Source: (National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad.
c. GIS softwares: Mapinfo v7.5, Arc Info v3.2, Erdas Imagine v2011 and Arc GIS v10.
d. GPS: Garmin 12 is used during Ground Truth Check (GTC).
Data Source
Collateral data
SoI toposheet
Forest Map
Base Map
Classification System
Image Analysis
Image Interpretation
Post Field
Correction/Modification
Fig.3. Flow chart showing the methodology adopted in the preparation of Land use/Land cover map
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 79-96 IAEME
land, gullied/ravinous land, barren rock/stony waste etc), water bodies (rivers, streams, canals, lakes,
etc) are delineated based on the image characteristics like tone, texture, shape, association,
background, etc. The level-1 classification consists of 5 major categories such as built-up land,
agricultural land, forest, wastelands, water bodies and others. These 5 major classes of level-1 are
further divided into sub-categories of level-2; keeping the area under investigation. Level-3
classification has been done in detail on agricultural and forest lands to study the cropping pattern.
Geomatics are the advent high-tech tool that can be used more effectively in natural resources
management using Survey of India (SoI) toposheet, Satellite image with limited Ground Truth Check
(GTC) using GIS softwares (Tiwari A and Rai B., 1996). This helps in analyzing, mapping and
integrating the information database to generate thematic maps for development and management of
natural resources (NRSA, 1995). Digital interpretation and post classification comparison techniques
are adopted to find out the changes among various land uses over a period (Rubee and Thie, 1978;
Likens and Maw, 1982; Priyakant et al., 2001). Lithological formations and geomorphological
landforms are derived by visual image interpretation of IRS-1D PAN+LISS-III of False Color
Composite (FCC) based on the image interpretation elements such as association, pattern, shadow,
shape, size, tone, texture etc., and verified during the field visits. Drainage and slope maps are
digitized using Survey of India (SoI) toposheets of 1:50,000 scale.
7. LEVEL-1 CLASSIFICATION
7.1 Built-up land: These are the land surfaces of man-made constructions due to non-agricultural
use including buildings, transportation network, communication, industrial, commercial complexes,
utilities and services in association with water, vegetation and vacant lands. Collectively, cities,
towns and habitations are included under this category. The total aerial extent of built-up land is
61.71 Km2 (2.05%).
7.1.1 Urban (Towns and Cities): Land used for human settlement of population more than 5000 of
which more than 80% of the work forces are involved in non-agricultural activities is termed as
urban land use. Most of the land covered by building structures is parks, institutions, playgrounds
and other open space within built up areas. The major urban settlements are noticed in
Chamarajanagara, Kollegal and Yelandur taluks. Urban land occupies an area of 9.2 Km2 (0.31%).
7.1.2 Rural (Villages): Land used for human settlement of size comparatively less than the urban
settlement of which more than 80% of people are involved in agricultural activities. Though the total
number of rural settlements in the study area is 601 as per the toposheet information, only 483
villages can be clearly noticed from the satellite data due to less number of houses (less than 10
houses) in a village, inter spread with trees and agriculture fields especially in South Eastern parts of
study area occupied by thick forest with hilly region. The area occupied by this class is about 52.4
Km2 (1.74%).
7.2 Agricultural land: These are the land primarily used for farming, production of food, fiber,
other commercial and horticultural crops. It includes land under crops (irrigated and unirrigated),
fallow, plantations, etc. The area under this category is 2043.21 Km2 (67.85%).
7.2.1 Crop Land: It includes those lands with standing crops as on the date of the satellite data
acquisition. The crops may be either Kharif/Rabi or Kharif and Rabi seasons or double cropped. It
includes land under crops (irrigated and unirrigated), fallow, plantation, etc (NRSA, 1989). The area
under crops have been identified in both during Kharif (June to September) & Rabi seasons (October
to February) are mapped. The land under double crop (land cultivated both during Kharif and Rabi
seasons) have also been mapped and digitized.
84
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 79-96 IAEME
7.2.1.a Kharif: Kharif includes standing crops from June to September in associated with rainfed
crops under dry land farming and limited irrigation. Kharif crops include Jowar, Ragi, Horsegram
and others in the study area. The prospect of Kharif crops mainly depends upon the regularity of
monsoon to some extent on irrigation facilities. The cultivated land of Kharif season on FCC shows
bright red tone. The areas in single crop system with moderately deep to deep soil on nearly level to
very gently sloping with good to moderate groundwater potential/accessible surface water resources
or both can be put into intensive cropping system. This land occupies an area of 1160.64 Km2
(38.54%).
7.2.1.b Double Cropped: This category has been identified and mapped using the two season
satellite images. Most of the double crop areas are concentrated adjacent to the river Cauvery and
Kabini flowing in north-western parts of the study area. The cropping intensity is very high due to
physical factors such as flat terrain, fertile soil and irrigated from canal system. Paddy, Sugarcane,
Groundnut, Sunflower and others are grown in this region. On FCC, the double crop show a dark red
tone with square pattern representing soil covers with higher amount of moisture near the streams.
The water table is found to be at shallow level, indicating the good groundwater prospects. Higher
the growth of natural vegetation; higher will be the groundwater availability. The cultivated land at
elevated zones show bright red tone generally representing the less amount of moisture and deeper
85
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 79-96 IAEME
levels of groundwater prospect indicates the moderate groundwater prospect zones. Intensive
agriculture is seen in north-western and central parts growing multiple crops in sequence on same
land. They are mostly confined to valleys, low lands, alluvial tracts where the groundwater potential
is good. The soils are deep, provide good groundwater yield with maximum nutrient holding
capacity. This category covers an area of 650.35 Km2 (21.60%).
86
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 79-96 IAEME
7.2.2 Fallow land: The agricultural land which is taken up for cultivation but is temporarily allowed
to rest, uncropped for one more season, but less than one year. These are particularly devoid of crops
at the time; when the imagery is taken from both seasons. On FCC, fallow land shows yellow to
greenish blue tone, irregular shape with varying size associated with amidst crop land as harvested
agriculture field. Fallow land are noticed near the villages of Triambakapura, Tavarugottemole,
Mallaipura and Galipura. The total area under this category is 6.01 Km2 (0.2%).
7.2.3 Plantations: These are agricultural land with tree plantation or fruit orchards; planned by
adopting certain agricultural management techniques. It includes mainly Coconut, Mango, Arecanut,
Banana, Mulberry and other horticultural nurseries are noticed in south-western parts around
Chamarajanagara taluk and Southern region. These plantations are undoubtedly considered to be
lucrative as compared to agriculture crops; further no tedious maintenance is required for the
plantation. Huge number of eucalyptus plantation is noticed in south-eastern parts which are covered
by denudation hills. Differentiation of plantation from cropland is possible by multi-temporal data of
period matched harvesting time of inter-row crop/flowering of the plantation crops. Overall, Rabi
season data is found to be better discrimination of plantations from croplands. The total area under
this category is 226.21 Km2 (7.51%).
7.3 Forest: It is an area (within the notified forest boundary) bearing an association predominantly
of trees, other vegetation types capable of producing timer and other forest products. Satellite data
has become useful tool in mapping the different forest types and density classes with reliable
accuracy through visual as well as digital techniques (Madhavanunni, 1992; Roy et al., 1990;
Sudhakar et al., 1992). Forest cover with 40% or move vegetation density (crown cover) is called
dense or closed forest; while between 10-40% of vegetation density is called as scrub whereas <10%
is called as degraded forest. Forests exert influence on climate, water regime and provide shelter for
wildlife and livestock (FAO, 1963). The area under this category is 676.59 Km2 (22.46%).
7.3.1 Evergreen Forest: These are the forest cover comprising thick and dense canopy of tall trees
that predominantly remain green throughout the year. It includes both coniferous and tropical broad
leaf evergreen trees. Semi-evergreen forest is a mixture of both deciduous and evergreen trees,
however the later is predominate. Multi-temporal data and area specificity of forest type helps in
discriminating evergreen forests from other forest classes. Evergreen forest occupies the hilly terrain
on the south-eastern parts of Biligiri-Rangan Hill Ranges rises up to 1767m above MSL. The
important species observed in evergreen forest are Sandalwood, Artocarpus hirstus, Maesua
nagassarium, Dipterocarpus indicus, etc. The total area covered by evergreen forest is 194.84 Km2
(28.80%).
7.3.2 Deciduous forest: The forest cover predominantly comprises of deciduous species and the
trees shed their leaves once in a year. Teak, Terminalia and Padauk are some of the economically
important trees noticed in deciduous forest. Type, crown density and composition of forest
vegetation along with degradational stage help in the analysis of deciduous forest vegetation under
acceptable limits of accuracy. These deciduous forests are well intermixed with evergreen forest in
south-eastern parts. Multi-temporal data, particularly during October and March/April seasons help
in their discrimination from other forest types. Medium relief mountain/hill slopes occupies the
north-eastern parts. On FCC, it appears as dark red to red tone mainly due to rich in timber trees like
Teakwood, Rosewood, Honne, Bamboo, etc. The area occupied by this category is 431.43 Km2
(63.77%).
7.3.3 Scrub Forest: Scrub forest is associated with barren rocky/stony waste due to inadequate and
erratic rainfall conditions that brings drought and extreme heat in summer season which preclude
hardly in any profitable forest. Species like eucalyptus and casurina are noticed near Talakad,
Mambetta, Mudukuthorai, Bilijagali mole and at the ridges of the Biligiri-Rangan Hill Range. They
appear as light red to dark brown tone on standard FCC due to canopy covers. The area covered by
87
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 79-96 IAEME
88
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 79-96 IAEME
7.4.5 Sandy areas: Sandy areas are developed in situ or transported by Aeolian or fluvial processes.
These occur as a sandy plain in the form of sand dunes, beach sands and dune (wind blown) sands.
Patches of sand bars are noticed along the river Cauvery and meandering areas in the villages of
Kukkur, Talakad, Malingi and Hampapura. Very high reflectivity is observed in all the spectral
bands; particularly the infrared region provides very high confidence level as compared to salt
affected soils. The area occupied by this category is 1.70 Km2 (0.06%).
7.4.6 Stony Waste: These are the lands characterized by exposed massive rocks, sheet rocks, stony
pavements or land with excessive surface, accumulation of stones that render them unsuitable for
production of any green biomass. Such lands are easily discriminated from other categories of
wastelands due to their characteristic spectral response. On FCC, they appears as greenish blue to
yellow to brownish in tone with varying size associated with steep isolated hillocks, hill slopes and
eroded plains. They occurs as a linear form within the plain land mainly due to varying lithology
found in the villages of Maliyur, Kalipura, Jyothigaudanapura, Mariyalhundi and Masagapura. The
area occupied by this category is 5.72 Km2 (0.19%).
7.5 Water bodies: This class comprises areas of surface water, either impounded in the form of
ponds, lakes and reservoirs or flowing as streams, rivers, canal, etc. These are clearly observed on
standard FCC in different shades of blackish blue to light blue color depending on the depth of water
bodies. The area occupied by this category is 95.51 Km2 (3.17%).
7.5.1 River: It is the natural course of water flowing openly on the land surface along a definite
channel. It may be a seasonal or perennial river system. The major parts of the study area are drained
by river Cauvery and its tributaries Kabini, Suvarnavathi and Chikkahole. River Cauvery flows from
West to East in Northern parts of the study area. River Kabini flows towards easterly direction
joining the river Cauvery at Tiramalakudalu Narasipura. Rivers Suvarnavathi and Chikkahole flow
from south towards north at central parts and intern drain into river Cauvery at Hampapura village.
The area occupied by river Cauvery, Kabini, Suvarnavathi and Chikkahole is 25.22 Km2, 5.06 Km2,
4.13 Km2, and 0.82 Km2 respectively.
7.5.2 Reservoirs: A reservoir is an artificial lake created by construction of a dam across the river
specifically for the generation of hydro-electric power, irrigation, water supply for
domestic/industrial uses and flood control. The reservoir would affect the land around the reservoir
rim. The introduction of a huge reservoir would be disturbing the delicate balance between soil,
water and plants through rise in groundwater table (water-logging), (Piyoosh Rautela, 2002). The
study area is endowed with 3 reservoirs namely Suvarnavathi Reservoir, Gundal Reservoir and
Chikkahole Reservoir covering area of 4.51 Km2.
7.5.2.a Chikkhole reservoir: A masonry dam 894.05 m in length and 25 m in height has been
constructed across Chikkhole near Srirangapura about 12.8 Km southeast of ChamarajanagaraSatyamangalam road. Two canals mainly right and left bank are constructed for irrigation purpose.
In addition to the above, two bunds have been constructed across Suvarnavathi on the downstream
side near Attgulipura and Hongalavadi where the channels are taken out for irrigation. These
channels also act as feeding channels to various tanks of Ramasamudram, Homma, Kempanapura,
etc. The area occupied by this category is 1.38 Km2 (0.05%).
7.5.2.b Gundal Reservoir: A rock filled earthen dam is constructed across the Gundal stream by
11.2 Km South-East of Kollegal town. The length of the dam is 40.23 m and height is 29.56 m. The
reservoir has been constructed in between two hillocks of Biligiri-Rangan Hills. The catchment of
the reservoir is highly undulating lofty mountains covered by evergreen and deciduous forest. The
area occupied by the Gundal reservoir is 1.41 Km2 (0.05%).
89
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 79-96 IAEME
7.5.2.c Suvarnavathi Reservoir: The length of the dam is 1146.80 m and its height is 25.92 m
located at Attigalipura village, Chamarajanagara town covering an area of about 1.72 Km2 (0.06%).
The upstream of the reservoir is occupied by forest plantations, while the downstream sides are
occupied by agricultural lands. The reservoir is later divided into right and left bank canals. Right
bank canal runs about 19.5 Km, but only a small portion of the canal is useful for irrigation purpose
and the remaining portion of the canal runs in undulating terrain covered by plantations. Left bank
canal runs about 3.9 Km and benefits irrigation purposes.
Table.1: Land Use/Land Cover Classification Analysis of the study area
LEVEL 1
1
Built up
land
Agricultural
Land
LEVEL 2
1.1
Towns/Cities
1.2
Villages
2.1
2.2
2.3
Fallow
Plantation
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
Scrub Forest
Forest Blank
Forest Plantations
Mangroves
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
5.1
5.2
5.3
Waterlogged Land
Marshy / Swampy Land
Gullied / Ravinous Land
Land with scrub
Land without scrub
Sandy area (Coastal & Desertic)
Mining/ Industrial Wasteland
Barren Rocky / Stony Waste/ Sheet Rock
Area
River / Stream
Canals
Lake / Reservoirs / Tanks
6.1
Shifting Cultivation
6.2
6.3
6.4
Salt Pans
Snow covered / Glacial Area
Forest
Wastelands
Water Bodies
Others
2.1.1
Kharif
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
4.9
5
Crop land
LEVEL - 3
90
3.1.1
Dense
3.2.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
Open
Dense
Open
6.2.1
6.2.2
Dense
Degraded
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 79-96 IAEME
Table.2. Image Characteristics of various land use/land cover categories of the study area (as
seen in FCC)
LU/LC category
Tone/ color
Size
Shape
Texture
Pattern
Built-up land
Small to big
Irregular
Coarse
Clustered to Scattered
Crop land
Varying in
size
Fallow land
Small to big
Plantation
Small to
large
Regular to
Irregular
Reqular to
Irregular
Reqular to
Irregular
Evergreen forest
Dark red
Varying in
size
Irregular,
discontinous
Deciduous forest
Red
Varying in
size
Irregular,
discontinous
Scrub forest
Forest plantation
Irregular,
discontinous
Reqular to
Irregular
Irregular,
discontinous
Smooth to medium
Varying in
size
Varying in
size
Small to
medium
Varying in
size
Varying in
size
Varying in
size
Varying in
size
Varying in
size
Long narrow
and wide
Small,
medium,
large
Reqular, broken
Gullied land
Land with scrub
Land without
scrub
Sandy area
Stony waste
River or stream
Water bodies
Irregular,
discontinous
Irregular,
discontinous
Irregular, convex
Irregular,
discontinous
Irregular,
Sinuous
regular to
Irregular
Medium to Smooth
Medium to Smooth
Coarse to medium
Smooth to medium
(depends on crown
density)
Smooth to medium
(depends on crown
density)
Coarse to mottled
Smooth to mottled
Dispersed contiguous
Contiquous to NonContiguous
Contiquous to NonContiguous
Contiquous to NonContiguous
Contiquous to NonContiguous
Dispersed, noncontiguous
Dendritic to subdendritic
Coarse to mottled
Contiquous dispersed
Coarse to mottled
Contiquous dispersed
Coarse to mottled
Dispersed contiguous
Coarse to medium
Smooth to medium
Smooth to mottled
91
Contiquous to NonContiguous
Contiquous to NonContiguous
Linear to contiguous
and dispressed
Contiguous,
dendritic/sub-dendriti
Non-contiquous
dispersed
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 79-96 IAEME
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
92
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 79-96 IAEME
93
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 79-96 IAEME
9. CONCLUSIONS
The level-1 classification consists of 5 major categories such as built-up land, agricultural
land, forest, wastelands, water bodies and others. These 5 major classes of level-1 are further divided
into sub-categories of level-2; keeping the area under investigation. Level-3 classification has been
done in detail on agricultural and forest lands to study the cropping pattern. Multidisciplinary
approach and research in identifying the specific land is very much needed for better utilization,
maintenance of soil fertility and rehabilitation of degraded lands. Land use/land cover provides an
idea of relative infiltration capacity of different land cover types. About 67.85% of land is occupied
by agricultural land, in which 38.54% of land is occupied by Kharif crops on pediplain region which
are rainfed crops. Double crops are noticed in alluvial plains, canal command and in tank command
areas. Wastelands such as stony waste and scrub lands are observed in uplands, all along the fringes
of the forest areas. Different classes of vegetation tend to slow down and intercept the surface flow
of runoff water leading to maximize infiltration. Large areas of watersheds are under protected
forest, besides intensive social forestry programme is evident through large patches of plantation,
discernible in satellite imagery. The valley fills are intensively cultivated which gives high
productivity due to better sediment deposit and soil moisture availability. Land-use is obviously
determined by environmental factors such as soil characteristics, climate, topography and vegetation
but also reflects the importance of land as a fundamental factor of production. Thus understanding
past changes on land use and projecting future land-use programmes require understanding the
interactions of basic human forces that motivate production and consumption. Land use/land cover in
the form of maps, statistical data helps in spatial planning, management, utilization of land for
agriculture, forestry, pasture, economic production, agricultural planning, settlement surveys,
environmental studies and operational planning based on agro-climatic zones etc.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are indepthly acknowledged Prof. S. Govindaiah, Chairman, Department of
Studies in Earth Science, CAS in Precambrian Geology, Manasagangothri, University of Mysore,
Mysore; Dr. M.V Satish, Rolta India Ltd, Mumbai, Nagesh, MGD, Govt. of Karnataka for their
support in GIS work and UGC, New Delhi for financial support.
REFERENCE
1.
2.
3.
4.
Anderson J.R., Hardy E.T., Roach J.T and Witmer R.E (1976). A land use and land cover
classification system for use with Remote Sensor data, USGS, Prof. Vol.446, Pp: 1-26.
Azadhe Taghinia Hejabi and Basavarajappa H.T (2011). Hevay metal pollution in water and
sediments in Kabini River, Karnataka, India, Environmental Monitoring Assessment, DOI
10.1007/s10661-010-1854-0, 8th Jan-2011, Pp:1-13.
Basavarajappa H.T (1992). Petrology, geochemistry and fluid inclusions studies of
charnockites and associated rocks around Biligiri-Rangan hills, Karnataka, India Unpub. PhD
thesis, University of Mysore, Mysore, Pp: 1-96.
Basavarajappa H.T, Dinakar S, Satish M.V and Honne Gowda H (2008). Morphometric
analysis of sub-watersheds of river Suvarnavathi Catchment, Chamarajanagara District,
Karnataka using GIS, Remote Sensing and GIS Applications, Edited Volume, University of
Mysore, Vol.1, No.1, Pp.45-53.
94
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 79-96 IAEME
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 79-96 IAEME
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Satish M.V, Dinakar S and Basavarajappa H.T (2008). Quantitative morphometric analysis of
sub-watersheds in and around Yelandur Taluk, Chamarajanagar District, using GIS, Remote
Sensing and GIS Applications, Edited Vol.01, No.1, Pp:156-164.
Shih S.F (1996). Integration of Remote Sensing and GIS for Hydrologic studies,
Geographical Information System in Hydrology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The
Netherlands, Pp: 15-42.
Sreenivasalu V. and Vijay Kumar (2000). Land use/land cover mapping and change detection
using satellite data A case study of Devak catchment, Jammu and Kashmir, Proc. of
ICORG, Vol.1, Feb, Hyderabad, Pp:520-525.
Sudhakar S., Krishnan N., Das P and Raha A.K (1992). Forest cover mapping of Midnapore
forest division using IRS-1A LISS-II data, Natural resources management A new
perspective, Publication and Public Relations Unit, ISRO-Hq, Bangalore, Pp: 314-319.
Tiwari A and Rai B., (1996). Hydrogeomorphological mapping for groundwater prospecting
using Landsat MSS Images A case study for part of Dhadabad district, J. Indian Soc.
Remote Sensing, Vol.24, No.4, Pp: 281-285.
Basavarajappa H.T, Parviz Tazdari and Manjunatha M.C (2013a). Integration of Soil and
Lineament on Suitable Landfill Site Selection and Environmental Appraisal around Mysore
City, Karnataka, India, using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), Chennai, Vol.4, Issue.6, Pp: 177-185.
A.N.Satyanarayana, Dr Y.Venkatarami Reddy and B.C.S.Rao, Remote Sensing Satellite
Data Demodulation and Bit Synchronization International Journal of Advanced Research in
Engineering & Technology (IJARET), Volume 4, Issue 3, 2014, pp. 1 - 12, ISSN Print: 09766480, ISSN Online: 0976-6499, Published by IAEME.
Basavarajappa H.T, Manjunatha M.C and Jeevan L, Sand Mining, Management and Its
Environmental Impact in Cauvery and Kabini River Basins of Mysore District, Karnataka,
India Using Geomatics Techniques International Journal of Civil Engineering &
Technology (IJCIET), Volume 5, Issue 9, 2012, pp. 169 - 180, ISSN Print: 0976 6308,
ISSN Online: 0976 6316.
Basavarajappa H.T and Manjunatha M.C, Geoinformatic Techniques on Mapping And
Reclamation Of Wastelands In Chitradurga District, Karnataka, India International journal
of Computer Engineering & Technology (IJCET), Volume 5, Issue 7, 2014, pp. 99 - 110,
ISSN Print: 0976 6367, ISSN Online: 0976 6375.
96