Complex series of reactions that takes place in

two stages:
1. Light reaction (light dependent)
2. The Calvin cycle - Carbon Fixation ( Light
independent)

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Light

Oxygen

Glucose
Carbon Dioxide

Water

6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (Light)

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2

Calvin Cycle

Light reactions

(Carbon Fixation)
ATP supply

IN

OUT

Trap the energy from sun & use it

to form ATP + Hi energy electron
Split water - replenish Electrons
& H+ (carried by NADPH)
and released Oxygen

form ATP
NADPH
Oxygen

Carbon dioxide in the air

Electrons & Hydrogen deliver by NADPH
powered by ATP
Carbon dioxide, H+, and electron are rearranged
in to glucose with high energy level

The nature of light

Light is energy emitted as photons which acts both particle and waves
Different wavelength of light carry different amount of energy
The shorter the wavelength, the higher the energy
Different wavelength= different color
Sunlight is a mixture of different wavelength;

R O Y G B I V
Longer
Lower
Lower

Wavelength
Frequency
Energy

shorter
higher
higher

When the sunlight hit the plant, the energy is

absorbed by the pigments. Different pigments
absorbs different wavelength.
If the wavelength not absorbed, it is reflectd.
Chlorophyll is the major photosynthetic pigment. It
i absorbing some wavelengh but reflecting green.

By Alex

WHERE IS CHLOROPHYLL?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Chloroplast
are a double membrane bound organelle

Thylakoid
The stacks of pillow shapped membranse are filled with
chlorophyll and enzymes where light reactions occur

Stroma
The fluid filling the rest of the chloroplast contain certains
enzyme for the Calvin Cycle

Photon strike electron (chlorophyll)

The energy is absorbed causing
The electrons to jumpp & bound in energy on the photosystem
Reach to reaction centre chlorophyll
Electron acceptor come in, pick the electron to the ETC

Photosytem
Light harvesting complexes
embeded in the thylakoid
membranes clusters of
photopigment- chlorophyll a,
chlorophyll b and carotenoids.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Series of enzymes embedded in a membrane
Electrons are passed slong from one molecule to the
next and energy is given off to make ATP*
As electron is moved, it drives the pumping of Hydrogen ions
onto one side of a membrane creating concentration and
electrical gradient to build.
It is this gradient that drives the production of ATP.

Photosystem I
(P700)

Cyclic Electron Transfer

Photosystem II
(P680)

Non- Cyclic Electron Transfer

Reaction Centre Chlorophyll

By Alex

Photosytem

Photosystem I
(P700)

Photophosphorylation

5
6
P
AT

e-

er
gy

to
m
ak
e
P
AT

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Occur in thylakoid membrane

En

Cyclic Electron Transfer



4
3



1



2

Light harvesting complexes

embeded in the thylakoid
membranes clusters of
photopigment- chlorophyll a,
chlorophyll b and carotenoids.

e-

9
CYCLIC ELECTRON TRANSFER

When, light (photon) strike electron (chlorophyll), the energy is absorbed and boost the electron to high energy level.
This energized electrons jump & bound [in energy] around the photosystem.
The electron then reach special chlorophyll a [called the reaction centre]
The electron kept by electron acceptor.
The electron acceptor deliver the electron to the Electron Transport Chain
The electron will move down ETC in a series of Oxidation-Reduction reaction [Redox reaction]
As electron move down the ETC, energy given off to make ATP
By the time electron move down ETC, it is no longer high energy electron.
The electron then return to P700 [Photosystem I].
Since the electron getting back where it begun, so it is a cyclic electron transfer.

By Alex


Cyclic Electron Transfer
Non

e


2









1





P680 (PSII)



1i
Photolysis
H O --> O + H + e
















Photolysis










Photosystem II
(P680)

Photophosphorylation

P
AT

En
gy

er
to
m

ak

e
P
AT

e-

4
e8
NADP+ + e- + H -->NADPH

e-

Replinish
electron lost
from P680

e-

Calvin Cycle

P700 (PSI)

NON- CYCLIC ELECTRON TRANSFER

1. When, light (photon) strike electron (chlorophyll), the energy is absorbed and boost the electron to high energy level.
This energized electrons jump & bound [in energy] around the photosystem.
The electron then reach special chlorophyll a [called the reaction centre]
The electron kept by electron acceptor.
2. The electron acceptor deliver the electron to the Electron Transport Chain
The electron will move down ETC in a series of Oxidation-Reduction reaction [Redox reaction]
3. As electron move down the ETC, energy given off to make ATP
4. By the time electron move down ETC, it is no longer high energy electron.
5. The electron then enter to P700 [Photosystem I] and again, light strike the electron to boost it to high energy
electron.
The electron bound around PSI, and reach special chlorophyll a [reaction centre]
The electron then kept by electron receptor
6. Electron receptor deliver the electron to short ETC.
7. At the end, electron e- combine with H+ & NADP+ to form NADPH molecule.
Water supply is broken by photom to form e-, H+ and Oxygen molecule
E- replinish electron supply in PSII
H+ combine with NADP+ to form NADPH
Oxygen molecule released to atmospheric air
Since the e- doesn't back to P680,then it's known as NON-cyclic electron transfer.

By Alex

Photophosphorylation

Electron need to grab proton [H+] to going down the ETC

[Cytochrome complex], As electron go down, it pulls the proton
with it. And H+ ion pump to the inside thylakoid
membranethrough. Electron back to ground state[no longer high
energy electron]. Non cyclic pathway. Enter to PS1.

The high energy electron is picked up by

electron receptor called
plastiquinone[PQ] and brought to ETC

The electron is brought by PC [ ] to P700

[PS1]

The electron again strike by light, boost

the electron to high energy level

Light (photon) strike electron

(chlorophyll), the energy is absorbed and
boost the electron to high energy level

The high energy electron is picked up by

electron receptor called ferrodoxin[Fd]
and brought to ETC

6
4

1
2

The electron deliver to ETC pickup by

NADP+. The ETC not only transport foe
electrom but also reduce NADP
reductase.

Hydrogen ion (H+) pump into the thylakoid membrane derived from:
Hydrogen ion grabbed by electron to paass through ETC ( cytochrome complex)
From photolysis in which water break donating electron to PS11 and giving H+ to thylakoid
membrane
The hydrogen ion cant pass through the phospholipid bilayer.
The accumulate hydrogen ion cause the gradient of hydrogen ion inside the thylakoid membrane
became high.
A special tunnel in membrane, ATP synthase is a s special for pumping the hydrogen ion out by
using the gradient different between inside the thylakoid membrane and stroma.
The hydrogen ion taht pump out via ATP synthase used as energy to combine ADP and Pi to form
ATP.

By Alex