PDHPE Exam: Revision

Chapter 1 - Nutrition Throughout Life:

Words
Goals

Meanings
The purpose toward which an endeavour is directed; an objective.

Culture

The predominant attitudes and behaviours that characterise the functioning

of a group.

Nutrition

Taking in the food or other substances necessary for growth, health and good
condition.

Dynamic

Characterised by continuous change, activity, or progress.

Environment The complex of social and cultural conditions affecting the nature of an
individual or community.
Genetics
Guidelines
Physical
Activity

The genetic constitution of an individual, group, or class.

A rule or set of rules giving guidance on how to behave in a situation.
Any movement that expends energy.

Assess

To appraise, make judgment, or determine the value, quality or significance

of.

Bulimia

An eating disorder with binge eating followed by guilt and often self-induced
vomiting or diarrhoea.

Anorexia

The abnormal lack or loss of appetite that leads to significant decline in

weight.

Body Image

An individuals perception of his or her own physical appearance.

Obesity

Increased body weight caused by excessive accumulation of fat.

Nutrient

A substance that provides food or nourishment, such as usable proteins,

vitamins, minerals or carbohydrates.

Diet
Hydration

A regulated selection of foods.

Taking in water.

Lifestyle

An individuals way of life.

Support
Networks

People, groups or professionals that give moral, psychological, physical or

material assistance.

Definitions:

Chapter Review:
Page 10 Social, emotional and physical benefits oh Healthy Eating and
developing healthy eating habits are important from an early age. Many diseases
that lead to ill health and death in later years are lifestyle diseases. These can be
attributed to poor nutrition and eating habits have occurred for many years.
Page 13 While there are many factors involved, an increase in body weight
always results from an imbalance between energy intake (food) and energy
expenditure (metabolism and physical activity). Most of what you eat and drink
provides your body with energy.
If you consume more energy than you use for metabolism and physical activity,
the excess is stored as body fat. Each day you your body takes on fuel through
food you eat. You constantly burn this fuel over the day as you move about. The
more you move, the more you burn. If, at the end of a day, the body has fuel left
over it is stored as fat. On the other hand, if you burn off more fuel than you have
taken on board, the body will use up some of its stored fat and body weight falls a
little.
When body weight is stable the balance of food intake and physical activity is
close to perfect and you prevent excess weight gain. If weight is increasing the
system could be out of balance. This may be a result of eating too much food,
doing too little physical activity, or both.

Chapter 2 Balancing Act:

Words

Meanings

Experimental
Drug Use

Experimental use refers to once off or very short-term drug use.

Recreational
Drug Use

A person uses one or more drugs in a deliberate or controlled way

Sometimes called social drug use, recreational use can occur very
occasionally, every weekend or several times a week.

Situational Drug A person uses drugs to cope with the demands of particular situations.
Use
Intensive Drug
Use

A person consumes a heavy amount of drugs over a short period of time, or

use is continuous over a number of days or weeks.

Dependent Drug With dependent drug use the person has little or no control over their drug
Use
use. They feel compelled to use in order to feel normal or to cope. Often
called addiction, dependency is the result of prolonged, regular use of
increasing amounts of the drug.
Depressants
Stimulants
Hallucinogens

Drugs that slow down the functioning of the central nervous system.
Drugs that increase the functioning of the central nervous system.
Drugs that alter an individuals perception of reality.

Central Nervous The main network for controlling the body, consisting of the brain and
System (CNS) spinal cord.
Drugs
Alcohol
Tolerance

Any chemical substance that, when absorbed into the body, alters normal
bodily function.
A chemical substance found in beer, wine and liquor.
Decreased sensitivity to the effects of a drug.

Dependence

Reliance on or addiction to a substance.

Withdrawal

The process of discontinuing the use of a drug. It is often characterised by

sweating, tremors and nausea and pain.

Pharmaceutical Drug or medicine that is prepared or dispensed in pharmacies.

Drug
Poly-Drug Use

When two or more drugs are used at the same time or on the same
occasion.

Definitions:
Page 47 The spectrum of drug use ranges from no-use to dependent use of one
or more drugs. A person can move along the spectrum or rest at any point or
move backwards. One stage does not necessarily lead to the next.
The effects of any drug vary from person to person. This is due to a number of
reasons which relate to the type of drug being used, the person who is taking the
drugs (sex, age, weight, state of mind), how much and how the drug is taken,
wether the person is used to taking it and wether other drugs are taken. The
effects that drugs may have on a person will also depend on the environment in
which the drug is used such as wether the person is alone, with others or at a
party.
Page 50 The term party drugs is an Australian term used to describe a diverse
group of drugs that have become popular among young people. These drugs
include ecstasy (MDMA), amphetamines, cocaine, LSD, amyl nitrate, ketamine
and gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB) and crystal methamphetamine hydrochloride
(ice). The term party drugs does not infer young people having a good time using
illicit drugs
Polydrug use occurs when two or more dugs are used at the same time or on the
same occasion. There is greater chance of harm if more than one is used at a time,
especially when drugs of unknown content and purity are combined. Polydrug use
includes mixing over the counter drugs, prescription drugs and illegal drugs. Many
overdoses occur because the user does not know the content or purity of the
drugs.
ECSTASY:
What the drug is:
MDMA is an empathogenic (empathy) drug of the phenethylamine and
amphetamine classes of drugs and has become widely known as ecstasy,
usually referring to its street form.
Hallucinogenic drug
Combines effects of hallucinogens such as; LSD and the stimulant effects of
speed.
Patterns of use:

 Used by teens and adults around the age of 18 25 and is used in clubs,
partys, clubs etc.
The ecstasy pill is orally consumed and can be used everyday to never.

Effects:
Distorts reality
Feel happy and energetic
Large Pupils
Jaw clenching and teeth grinding
Heightened senses
Empathetic towards others
Dehydration and heat stroke

Excessive sweating and skin tingles

Muscle aches and pains
Nausea and reduced appetite
Rise in blood and body temperature
Faster heart beat
Aggression, depression and confusion
Excessive drinking of water

CRYSTAL METHAMPHETAMINE:
What the drug is:
A powerful form of methamphetamine and is commonly called ice, speed,
and is in the form of large transparent and sheet like crystals.
The drug is odourless and bitter that dissolves easily into liquid.
Patterns of use:
The drug is snorted, swallowed, injected or smoked
Mainly a party drug
The incidence of crystal meth is increasing
Effects:
A powerful stimulant
Lasts between 8-24 hours
Increase in heart rates, body temperature,
breathing and blood pressure
Usage may lead to; stroke and/or the decrease of the lungs functioning
Alters the brain

GHB
What the drug is:
Also known as fantasy and Gamma Hydroxybutyric acid
Liquid ecstasy
Salty Water and is available as a powder or liquid
Patterns of Use:
Increasing in Australia
Associated with dance parties/rave scene
Used by mainly males in their late 20s
Effects:
Depressant that has intoxicating effects
Used for a Euphoric sedative and anabolic body building
High doses can cause; spasms, vomiting, intense drowsiness, and coma.

KETAMINE
What the drug is:
Also known as K, Special K, or Vitamin K
Usually in tablet form, white crystalline powder or clear liquid
Patterns of Use:
Injected, snorted or digested.
Can be smoked
Mainly used by males around 30 years old
Effects:
Can create dream like states and hallucinations
Users try to achieve the K-Hole which is described as physical
immobilisation and social detachment for up to an hour.
Distorted sense of space and time

 Effects include Inability to speak, vomiting, blurred vision, lack of coordination, increased body temperature, high blood pressure, depression
and memory loss

1 gram of Protein
1 gram of Fat
1 gram of Carbohydrate
1 gram of Dietary Fibre
1 gram of Alcohol

17 kJ
37 kJ
17 kJ
8 kJ
29 kJ

BMI:
Calculate your BMI: BMI=kg/metres2 (Squared)
Several Limitations of BMI:
Ethnicity
Bone Density
Muscle Mass
Gender
Puberty
Physical Activity
Diet

Words

Meanings

NonCompetitive

Activities that are engaged in for pursuits other than victory or rivalry, such
as fun, enjoyment, initiative or team building.

Time
Management

The Development of processes and tools that increase efficiency and

productivity.

Barriers
Volunteer

Obstacles, objects, ideas, practices, structures, or systems that prevent or

discourage action.
Someone who willingly gives unpaid help in the form of time, service or
skills, through an organisation or group.

Modified games Activities or sports that are changed or altered to cater for a specific
purpose or age group. Rules, player numbers, equipment and/or field
dimensions are often altered.
Coaching

Involves providing guidance, feedback, support, and direction to ensure

successful performance.

Administration

Includes those people and processes responsible for management and

supervision of an organisation or team.

Initiative
Activities

Activities, games or challenges designed to help individuals or groups

develop or utilise a particular skill, e.g. effective communication or
problem-solving skills.

Cultural
Significance

Patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such
activities importance to particular groups of people.

Committee
Member

An individual who is appointed to represent or serve on a board or

association, and participate in the decision making process.

Fitness

Good physical condition and efficient functioning of body systems. Being

able to meet the demands of everyday activities.

Physical Activity Any movement that expends energy.

Health

Physical, social, emotional, cognitive and spiritual well being, not merely
absence of disease.

Chapter 3 Life Long Physical Activity:

Definitions:

Chapter Review:
Physical Activity:
Positive outcomes of physical activity are; your fitness level improves, heightened confidence
and higher self-esteem.
Negative outcomes of physical activity are; you may injure yourself, may not be very skilled
and can be made fun of, and, you may develop false values of the sport and become overcompetitive.
Use the SMART method to workout time management and goal setting.
Specific

Measurement
Achievable
Realistic
Time
Barriers:
Many people have barriers of physical activity
Some barriers from physical activity that may occur, could be; too busy, health-related
problems, disabilities, financial restrictions, age and culture.
There is always ways to overcome these barriers

Heart Rates:
To calculate your maximum heart rate, you minus your age from 220 (for me: 220 14 = a
maximum heart rate of 206)
Your target heart rate is found by finding the 60%-85% range of your maximum heart rate
The resting heart rate of an individual will decrease as your fitness levels improve
This is because the size of the heart will increase and the walls of the heart will become
stronger making it possible to pump out more blood around the body efficiently

Responses:
Acute responses are ones that occur immediately after fitness or exercise
Chronic responses are long term changes to the body following extend periods of exercise,
also referred to as training effects.

Frequency How many times you exercise

Intensity How much energy do you have to put in to complete the exercise
Time How long you are going to exercise
Type What type of physical activity you are doing

Chapter 4 Resilience:
Definitions:
Words

Meanings

Resilience

The ability to cope successfully in the face of significant adversity or risk.

Adversity

Misfortune, affliction or hardship.

Stress

State of mental or emotional strain.

Physical Activity Any movement that expends energy.

Health

Physical, social, emotional, cognitive and spiritual well being, not merely
absence of disease.

Diversity

Differences between individuals, encompassing such factors as age,

gender, race, ethnicity, ability, and religion, as well as education.

Empower

To enable, equip or supply an individual with an ability to help themselves.

Inequity

Unfairness, favouritism or bias; an unfair circumstance proceeding.

Bullying

Tormenting of others though verbal harassment, physical assault, or,

manipulation. Intimidating a weaker person to make them do something.

Discrimination

Unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice.

Harassment

Targeting others, with the intention to cause distress or embarrassment.

Advocacy

The act of pleading for, supporting, recommending or arguing in favour of

something, such as a cause, ideas, or policy. It is active support.

Stereotype

Oversimplified ideas about an entire group or a conventional image or

characterisation that is widely accepted.

Grief

A response to loss that is characterised by deep sadness, but also has a

physical, cognitive, behavioural, and social dimension.