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TORTSANDDAMAGES
BOOKITORTS
I.PRINCIPLES
A.ABUSEOFRIGHT;ELEMENTS
Q:Whatistheprincipleofabuseofrights?
A:Everypersonmust,intheexerciseofhisrights
and in the performance of his duties, act with
justice, give everyone his due, and observe
honestyandgoodfaith.(Art.19,NCC)
A:
1. Legalrightorduty
2. The right or duty is exercised in bad
faith,and
3. For the sole intent of prejudicing or
injuringanother
B.UNJUSTENRICHMENT
Coverage:thearticleappliesonlyif:
i.
Someone acquires or comes into
possessionofsomethingwhichmeans
deliveryoracquisitionofthings;and
ii.
Acquisitionisundueandattheexpense
of another which means without any
justorlegalground.
NOTE:Thegovernmentisnotexemptedfromthe
principleofunjustenrichment.
Q:Whatistheremedyforunjustenrichment?
A:AccionInRemVerso.Itisanactionforrecovery
ofwhathasbeenpaidwithoutjustcause.
NOTE:Thisisonlyasubsidiaryaction.
500
ProtectionofHumanDignityEverypersonshall
respect the dignity, personality, privacy and
peaceofmindofhisneighborsandotherpersons.
A:
1. Thatthedefendanthasbeenenriched;
2. Thattheplaintiffhassufferedaloss;
3. Thattheenrichmentofthedefendantis
withoutjustorlegalground
4. That the plaintiff has no other action
based on contract, quasicontract,
crimeorquasidelict.
Q:Whenmayaccioninremversobeavailedof?
A:
ACCIONINREMVERSO
SOLUTIOINDEBITI
Itisnotnecessarythat Paymentbymistakeis
paymentbemadeby
anessentialelement
mistake
C.LIABILITYWITHOUTFAULT
A:Yes.LiabilitywithoutFaultincludes:
a. Strict Liability there is strict liability if
one is made independent of fault,
negligence or intent after establishing
certainfactsspecifiedbylaw.Itincludes
liability for conversion and for injuries
caused by animals, ultrahazardous
activitiesandnuisance.
b. Product Liability is the law which
governs the liability of manufacturers
and sellers for damages resulting from
defective products. (Aquino, T., Torts
andDamages,2005,SecondEd.)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:
GR:No.
XPN:
1. Visitors Owners of buildings or
premisesoweadutyofcaretovisitors.
2. ToleratedPosessionTheownerisstill
liable if the plaintiff is inside his
property by tolerance or by implied
permission.
Commoncarriersmaybeheldliablefor
negligencetopersonswhostayintheir
premises even if they are not
passengers.
3. DoctrineofAttractiveNuisance
D.ACTSCONTRARYTOLAW
Q:Doestheabovestatedruleapplytoallcases
violationoflaw?
E.ACTSCONTRARYTOMORALS
Q:DifferentiateArticle20fromArticle21ofthe
CivilCode.
A:Article20speaksofthegeneralsanctionforall
other provisions of law which do not especially
provide for their own sanction. Article 21 on the
other hand, speaks of act which is legal but is
contrarytomorals,goodcustom,publicorderor
publicpolicyandisdonewithintenttoinjure.
NOTE:Anypersonwhowillfullycauseslossorinjury
to another in a manner that is contrary to morals,
goodcustomsorpublicpolicyshallcompensatethe
latterforthedamage.(Art.21,NCC)
A:
1. Thereisanactwhichislegal;
2. but which is contrary to morals, good
custom, public order, or public policy;
and
3. itisdonewithintenttoinjure.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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II.CLASSIFICATIONOFTORTS
A.ACCORDINGTOMANNEROFCOMMISSION
A:
1. Negligent torts It involves voluntary
acts or omissions which results in injury
toothers,withoutintendingtocausethe
same.
3. StrictliabilityThepersonismadeliable
independent of fault or negligence upon
submissionofproofofcertainfacts.
a. art19,20,21(catchallprovisions)
502
b.
unjustenrichment(arts.22,23,
2142&2143)
c. violationofrightofprivacyand
familyrelations
d. derelictionofofficialdutyofpublic
officers
e. unfaircompetition
f. maliciousprosecution
g. violationofrightsandlibertiesof
anotherperson
h. nuisance
III.THETORTFEASOR
A.THEDIRECTTORTFEASOR
Q:Whoarethepersonsliableforaquasidelict?
A:Defendantsintortcasescaneitherbenatural
orartificialbeings.
Q:Canacorporationbeheldliablefortorts?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
1.INGENERAL
Q:Whoarethepersonsmaderesponsiblefor
others?
A:
1. Father/motherfortheirminorchildren.
2. Guardiansareliablefortheminorsand
incapacitated persons under their
authority.
3. Owners/managers of establishment or
enterprisefortheiremployees
4. Employers for their employees and
householdhelpers.
5. Statefortheirspecialagents
6. Teachers/Heads of establishment of
arts
and
trades
for
their
pupils/students/apprentices (Art. 2180,
NCC).
Q:Whatisthedifferencebetweenaminorchild
and an incapacitated person in the preceding
number?
Q:Whataretherequisitesofvicariousliabilityof
parents?
A:
1. The child is below twentyone (21)
yearsofage
2. The child committed a tortuous act to
the damage and prejudice of another
person
3. The child lives in the company of the
parent concerned whether single or
married.
Q:Whoisresponsibleforanillegitimatechild?
A:Ifthechildisillegitimateandacknowledgedby
the father and lives with the latter, the father is
responsible.However,anillegitimatechildwhois
notrecognizedbytheputativefatherbutisunder
the custody and supervision of the mother, it is
thelatterwhoistheonevicariouslyliable.
Q:Aredefactoguardiansvicariouslyliable?
Note:Defactoguardiansarerelativesandneighbors
who take unto themselves the duty to care and
support orphaned children without passing through
judicialproceedings.
A:
GR:Ameremanager,whodoesnotownthe
business, is not to be considered an
employerbecauseasamanager,heisjusta
highclassemployee.
Q:Whenistheemployerliableforthetortuous
actoftheemployee?
A:TomaketheemployerliableunderArt2180(5
and6),itmustbeestablishedthattheinjuriousor
tortuous act was committed at the time the
employeewasperforminghisfunctions.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Q:Whatistheruleonindependentcontractors?
A:
GR: An independent contractor is not an
employee of the person who engaged his
services. The independent contractor is free
toexecutetheworkwithoutbeingsubjectto
theordersoftheemployeronthedetailsof
work.
XPN:Iftheemployerretainsthecontroland
supervision over the person engaged with
respect to the work to be done, there is
between them an employeremployee
relationship.
A.QUASIDELICTSUNDERARTICLE2180,
HOWINTERPRETED
NOTE:Art.2176,NCCWhoeverbyactoromission
causes damage to another, there being no fault or
negligence is obliged to pay for the damage done.
Such fault or negligence, if there is no preexisting
contractualrelationbetweentheparties,is calleda
quasidelictandisgovernedbytheprovisionsofthis
Chapter.
Q:Whataretheremediesofaninjuredpartyfor
thetortuousactofanemployee?
A:
1. Filing a civil action for damages based
on quasidelict under Art. 2180
liability of the employer is primary,
directandsolidary
504
2.
FAMILYCODE
A:ThetermunemancipatedminorfoundinArt
221(FC) means children below 18 years of age.
Thisisincontrastwiththeminorchildrenfound
in Art 2180(2)(NCC) which refers to children
below21years.Toavoidtheoverlappinginages,
the better option to settle the conflict is to
consider Art 221 as totally superseded by Art
236(FC)asamendedbyR.A.6809.Thus:
XPNS:21yearsofageinthefollowingcases
1. marriage
2. Art.2180(2)NCC
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:
ARTICLE218
ARTICLE2180
School,its
Teachers,headof
administrators,
establishmentinarts
teachersengagedin
andtradesaremade
childcarearemade
expresslyliable
expresslyliable
Liabilityofschool,its
administrators,
Nosuchexpress
teachersissolidary
solidarynorsubsidiary
andparentsaremade
liabilityisstated
subsidiaryliable
Studentsinvolved
Studentsinvolvedare
mustbeaminor
notnecessarilyminors
Q:Cantheliabilitybeimputedtotheteacherin
charge even if the student has already reached
theageofmajority?
A:Yes.UnderArticle2180,agedoesnotmatter.
Q:Isitrequiredthatthestudentbeonlywithin
the school premises in order for the liability to
ariseunderthisarticle?
A:Thosegivenauthorityandresponsibilityunder
theprecedingArticle(Art.218)shallbeprincipally
and solidarily liable for damages caused by the
acts or omissions of the unemancipated minor.
The parents, judicial guardians or the persons
exercising substitute parental authority over said
minorshallbesubsidiarilyliable.
Q:Whatdefense,ifany,isavailabletothem?
(1)ELEMENTS;DEFINITION
Q:Whataretheelementsofaquasidelict?
A:
1. Negligentorwrongfulactoromission;
2. Damageorinjurycausedtoanother;
3. Causal relation between such
negligenceorfaultanddamage;
4. Nopreexistingcontractualrelationship
between the parties (some authorities
believethiselementnotessential).(Art.
2176)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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basedonthecontractofcarriagebutonsomeother
bases like deliberate and malicious violation of the
contract(AirFrancev.Carroscoso,G.R.No.L21438,
Sept.28,1966).
Q:Whenisapersonliableforaquasidelict?
NOTE:Asingleactoromissionmaygiverisetotwo
or more causes of action. Thus, an act or omission
may give rise to an action based on delict, quasi
delictorcontract.
A:
1.
2.
3.
Iftheactionforquasidelictisinstituted
after four (4) years, it is deemed
prescribed.
4.
Whentheinjurysufferedbyapersonis
theresultofafortuitouseventwithout
humanintervention.
5.
Ifthereisnodamageorinjurycausedto
another.
(2)DISTINGUISHEDFROMCULPACONTRACTUALANDCULPACRIMINAL
Q:Distinguishquasidelictfromculpacontractualandculpacriminal.
A:
CULPACONTRACTUAL
CULPAAQUILIANA
CivilNegligence,QuasiDelict,
ContractualNegligence
Tort,orCulpaExtraContractual
ProofNeeded
Preponderanceofevidence
Preponderanceofevidence
CULPACRIMINAL
CriminalNegligence
Proofofguiltbeyond
reasonabledoubt
OnusProbandi
Contractingpartymustprove:
1. Theexistenceofthe
contract;
2. Thebreachthereof.
Exerciseofextraordinary
diligence(incontractsof
carriage),Forcemajeure
Victimmustprove:
1. Thedamagesuffered;
2. Thenegligenceofthedefendant;
3. Thecausalconnectionbetweenthe
damageandthenegligence.
DefenseAvailable
Exerciseofdiligenceofagoodfatherof
afamilyintheselectionand
supervisionofemployees
Prosecutionmustprovethe
guiltoftheaccusedbeyond
reasonabledoubt.
Defensesprovidedforunder
theRevisedPenalCode.
ExistenceofContractbetweentheParties
Thereispreexistingcontract
Nopreexistingcontract
Nopreexistingcontract
Note:Theresultinthecriminalcase,whetheracquittal,orconvictionisirrelevantintheindependentcivilaction
undertheCivilCode(DionisiovsAlyendia,102Phil443,57,citedinMckeevsIAC,211SCRA536)unlessacquittalis
basedonthecourtsdeclarationthatthefactfromwhichthecivilactionarosedidnotexist,hencethedismissalof
criminalactioncarrieswiththeextinctionofthecivilliability.(AndamovsIAC,191SCRA204,90J.Fernan)
506
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
B.INDIRECTLIABILITYFORINTENTIONALACTS
SeeVicariousLiability.
C.PRESUMPTIONOFNEGLIGENCEONPERSONS
INDIRECTLYRESPONSIBLE
Q:Whatisthepresumptionofnegligenceon
personsindirectlyresponsible?
Note:Thepresumptionisjuristantumandnotjuris
et de jure; subsequently, it may be rebutted.
Accordingly, if the employer shows to the
satisfaction of the court that in the selection and
supervision of his employee he has exercised the
care and diligence of a good father of a family, the
presumption is overcome and he is relieved of the
liability.
D.NATUREOFLIABILITY;JOINTORSOLIDARY
Q:Whatistheprincipleofvicariousliabilityor
lawonimputednegligence?
A:UnderArt.2180,apersonisnotonlyliablefor
tortscommittedbyhim,butalsofortorts
committedbyotherswithwhomhehasacertain
relationorforwhomheisresponsible.
Q:Whoarethepersonsvicariouslyliable?
A:FGOEST
1. Father,orincaseofdeathorincapacity,
mother:
a. damagecausedbyminorchildren
b. livingintheircompany
2. Guardians:
a. for minors or incapacitated
persons
b. undertheirauthority
c. livingintheircompany
and
managers
of
3. Owners
establishments:
4.
5.
6.
fortheiremployees
in the service of the branches in
whichtheyareemployed,or;
c. ontheoccasionoftheirfunctions
Employers:
a. damages caused by employees
andhouseholdhelpers
b. acting within the scope of their
assignedtasks
c. even if the employer is not
engaged in any business or
industry
State acting through a special agent
and not when the damage has been
causedbytheofficialtowhomthetask
doneproperlypertains.
Teachersorheadsofestablishments:
a. ofartsandtrades
b. fordamagescausedbytheirpupils
andstudentsorapprentices
c. so long as they remain in their
custody(Art.2180,NCC)
Q:Givethedistinctionsontheemployers
liabilityunderArt2180NCCandRevisedPenal
Code.
A:
a. Under the Civil Code: the liability is
direct and primary (solidary),the
employer may be sued even without
suingtheemployee
b.
2.INPARTICULAR
A.PARENTS
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Asforanillegitimatechild,ifheisacknowledgedby
thefatherandlivewiththelatter,thefathershallbe
responsible.However,ifheisnotrecognizedbythe
putative father but is under the custody and
supervisionofthemother,itisthelatterwhoisthe
onevicariouslyliable(Pineda,p.87,2009ed).
B.GUARDIAN
Q:Whoisaminorunderthisarticle?
Q:AredefactoguardianscoveredbyArt.2180?
A:Yes,thelawshouldbeappliedbyanalogy.De
facto guardians are relatives and neighbors who
take upon themselves the duty to care and
support orphaned children without passing
through judicial proceedings. (Pineda, p.88, 2009
ed.)
508
C.OWNERSANDMANAGERSOF
ESTABLISHMENTSANDENTERPRISES
A:Theyareusedinthesenseofemployerand
donotincludethemanagerofacorporationwho
himselfisjustanemployee(Phil.RabbitBusLines
v. Phil. American Forwarders, Inc., G.R. No. L
25142,Mar.25,1975).
D.EMPLOYERS
(1)MEANINGOFEMPLOYERS
Q:Whoisanemployer?
A:Employerincludesanypersonactingdirectlyor
indirectly in the interest of an employer in
relation to an employee and shall include the
governmentandallitsbranches,subdivisionsand
instrumentalities, all governmentowned or
controlled corporations and institutions, as well
as nonprofit private institutions, or
organizations.(Art.97,P.D.442)
(2)REQUISITES
Q:Whenisanemployerliable?
A:Theemployerisliableonlyiftheemployeewas
performing his assigned task at the time the
injury was caused. This includes any act done by
theemployeeinthefurtheranceoftheinterestof
the employer at the time of the infliction of the
injuryordamage.(Aquino,T.,TortsandDamages,
2005,SecondEd.,p697)
(A)EMPLOYEECHOSENBYEMPLOYEROR
THROUGHANOTHER
Q:Whatisrequiredbeforeanemployermaybe
heldliablefortheactofitsemployees?
A:
1. The employee was chosen by the
employer personally or through
another;
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
3.
(B)SERVICESRENDEREDINACCORDANCEWITH
ORDERSWHICHEMPLOYERHASAUTHORITYTO
GIVE
Seediscussionbelow.
(C)ILLICITACTOFEMPLOYEEWASONTHE
OCCASIONORBYREASONOFTHEFUNCTIONS
ENTRUSTEDTOHIM
Q:Isitrequiredthattheemployeemustbe
performinghisassignedtaskatthetimethatthe
injuryiscaused?
Itisnotnecessarythatthetaskperformedbythe
employee is his regular job or that which was
expressly given to him by the employer. It is
enough that the task is indispensable to the
business or beneficial to the employer. (Filamer
ChristianInstitutev.IAC,212SCRA637)
(D)PRESUMPTIONOFNEGLIGENCE
Q:Whatisthepresumptiononthenegligenceof
theemployer?
A:Theemployerispresumedtobenegligentand
thepresumptionflowsfromthenegligenceofthe
employee. Once the employees fault is
established, the employer can then be made
liable on the basis of the presumption that the
employer failed to exercise diligentissimi patris
families in the selection and supervision of its
employees.(LRTAv.Navidad,G.R.145804,Feb.6,
2003)
(3)EMPLOYERNEEDNOTBEENGAGEDIN
BUSINESSORINDUSTRY
Q:Isitrequiredthattheemployerisengagedin
somekindofindustryorwork?
(4)DEFENSEOFDILIGENCEINSELECTIONAND
SUPERVISION
A:
1. Exercise of due diligence in the
selection and supervision of its
employees(exceptincriminalaction);
2. The act or omission was made outside
working hours and in violation of
companysrulesandregulations.
Q:Whataretheremediesoftheinjuredpartyin
pursuingthecivilliabilityoftheemployerforthe
actsofhisemployees?
A:
1. If he chooses to file a civil action for
damages based on quasidelict under
Article 2180 and succeeds in proving
the negligence of the employee, the
liability of the employer is primary,
directandsolidary.Itisnotconditioned
on the insolvency of the employee
(Metro Manila Transit Corp. v. CA, G.R.
No.118069,Nov.16,1998).
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Q:WhataretheaspectsofliabilityoftheState?
A:
1. Public/GovernmentalwheretheState
isliableonlyforthetortuousactspfits
specialagents.
2. Private/Nongovernmental when the
State is engaged in private business or
enterprise, it becomes liable as an
ordinaryemployer.
(5)NATUREOFEMPLOYERSLIABILITY
A:IfbasedonculpaaquilianaunderArt.2176and
2180 of the Civil Code, the liability is primary,
while that under Art. 103 of the Revised Penal
Codeissubsidiary.
E.STATE
A:TheStateisonlyliableforthenegligentactsof
itsofficers,agentsandemployeeswhentheyare
actingasspecialagents.TheStatehasvoluntarily
assumed liability for acts done through special
agents.
Note:Ifthespecialagentisnotapublicofficialand
is commissioned to perform nongovernmental
functions, then the State assumes the role of an
ordinaryemployerandwillbeheldliableassuchfor
the tortuous acts of said agent. If the State
commissioned a private individual to perform a
special governmental task, it is acting through a
specialagentwithinthemeaningoftheprovision.
Q:Whoisaspecialagent?
510
F.TEACHERSANDHEADSOFESTABLISHMENTS
OFARTSANDTRADES
A:
GR: The teacherincharge is liable for
theactsofhisstudents.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
C.JOINTTORTFEASORS
Q:Whoarejointtortfeasors?
IV.ACTOROMISSIONANDITSMODALITIES
A.CONCEPTOFACT
Q:Whatisanact?
V.PROXIMATECAUSE
A.CONCEPT
1.DEFINITION
Q:Whatisproximatecause?
2.TEST
A:
1. CauseInFactTestItisnecessarythat
thereisproofthatdefendantsconduct
isafactorincausingplaintiffsdamage.
Determines whether the defendants
act or omission is a causally relevant
factor
a. ButForTest/SineQuaNonTest
b. SubstantialFactorTest
c. Necessary and Sufficient Test
(NESS) The act or omission is a
causeinfact if it is a necessary
elementofasufficientset.
NOTE:Suchlimitofliabilityisdetermined
by applying these subtests of the policy
test:
a. ForeseeabilityTest;
b. Natural and Probable Consequence
Test;
c. Natural and Ordinary or Direct
ConsequencesTest;
d. HindsightTest;
e. OrbitofRiskTest;
f. SubstantialFactorTest.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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3.DISTINGUISHEDFROMIMMEDIATECAUSE,INTERVENINGCAUSE,REMOTEANDCONCURRENT
Q:Distinguishproximate,immediateinterveningremoteandconcurrentcauses.
A:
PROXIMATECAUSE
INTERVENINGCAUSE
Onethatdestroysthe
Itisthecausewhich,in
causalconnectionbetween
naturalandcontinuous
sequence,unbrokenby thenegligentactandinjury
andtherebynegatives
anyefficientintervening
liability.
cause,producesthe
injury,andwithoutwhich
Note:ForeseeableIntervening
theresultwouldnothave
causescannotbeconsidered
occurred.
sufficientinterveningcauses
REMOTECAUSE
CONCURRENTCAUSE
Thatcausewhichsome
independentforcemerely
tookadvantageofto
accomplishsomethingnot
thenaturaleffectthereof.
Causesbroughtaboutby
theactsandomissionsof
thirdpersonswhichmakes
thedefendantstillliable.
Here,theproximatecause
isnotnecessarilythesole
causeoftheaccident
B.CAUSEINFACT
1.BUTFOR
C.LEGALCAUSE
1.NATURALANDPROBABLECONSEQUENCES
Q:Whatisthebutfortest?
A:Itconsiderswhethertheinjurywouldnothave
occurred but for the defendant's negligent act.
Defendants conduct is the cause in fact of the
injuryifthedamagewouldnothaveresultedhad
there been no negligence on the part of the
defendant.
2.SUBSTANTIALFACTORTEST
Q:Whatisthesubstantialfactortest?
3.CONCURRENTCAUSES
Q:Whatistheprincipleofconcurrentcauses?
Q:Explainnaturalandforeseeabletest.
2.FORESEEABILITY
Q:Explaintheforeseeabilitytest.
D.EFFICIENTINTERVENINGCAUSE
Q:Whatisanefficientinterveningcause?
A:Itisonewhichdestroysthecausalconnection
between the negligent act and the injury and
thereby negatives liability (novus actus
interviens).
Q:Whenistherenoefficientinterveningcause?
512
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
3.
E.CAUSEVS.CONDITION
Q:Distinguishcauseandcondition.
A:Causeistheactiveforcewhileconditionisthe
passivesituation.Theformeristheactivecause
of the harm and the latter is the existing
conditionsuponwhichthecauseoperated.
Note:Ifthedefendanthascreatedonlyapassive
staticconditionwhichmadethedamagepossible,
thedefendantissaidnottobeliable.
F.LASTCLEARCHANCE
Q:Whatisthedoctrineoflastclearchance?
Q:Whataretherequisitesofthedoctrineoflast
clearchance?
A:
1. Both plaintiff and defendant were
negligent. (This is an exception to
concurrentnegligencerule);
2. Plaintiff was in a position of danger by
hisownnegligence;
3. Defendantknewofsuchpositionofthe
plaintiff;
4. Defendant had the last clear chance to
avoid the accident by exercise of
ordinarycarebutfailedtoexercisesuch
lastclearchance;
5. Accident occurred as proximate cause
ofsuchfailure.
Q:Isthedoctrineoflastclearchanceapplicable
incaseofcollision?
Note:Thereisadifferentruleincaseofcollisionof
vessels.
Q:Whataretheinstanceswhenthedoctrineof
lastclearchanceisinapplicable?
A:
1. The party charged is required to act
instantaneously, and the injury cannot
be avoided by the application of all
means at hand after the peril is or
should have been discovered;
(Pantranco North Expressway v. Baesa,
G.R.Nos.7905051,Nov.14,1989)
Q:Whatarethealternativeviewsregardingthe
doctrineoflastclearchance?
A:
1. Prevailing view: The law is that the
person who has the last fair chance to
avoid the impending harm and fails to
do so is chargeable with the
consequences,withoutreferencetothe
priornegligenceoftheotherparty.
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VI.LEGALINJURY
A.CONCEPT
Q:Whatisinjuryasdistinguishedfromdamage?
A:Injuryistheillegalinvasionofalegalright
whiledamageistheloss,hurtorharm.Injury
referstoanyindeterminaterightorproperty,but
alsotohonorandcredit.
B.ELEMENTSOFRIGHT
Q:Whatisaright?
Q:Whatarethekindsofrights?Distinguish.
A:
1. Natural Rights Those which grow out
ofthenatureofmananddependupon
personality.
2. PoliticalRightsConsistinthepowerto
participate, directly or indirectly, in the
establishment or administration of
government.
E.g.
1. propertyrights,
2. marriage,
3. equalprotectionoflaws,
4. freedom of contract, trial by
jury.(Pineda,Persons,p.24)
5. Rights of personalty or human
rights;
6. Familyrights;and
7. Patrimonialrights:
i.Realrights
ii. Personal rights. (Rabuya
Persons,p.19)
514
C.VIOLATIONOFRIGHTORLEGALINJURY
Q:Whataretheavailableremediesforaperson
whoserightshavebeenviolated?
Theprimarypurposeofatortactionistoprovide
compensationtoapersonwhowasinjuredbythe
tortuous conduct of the defendant. The remedy
of the injured person is therefore primarily an
action for damages against the defendant.
(Aquino,p.20,2005ed.)
D.CLASSESOFINJURY
1.INJURYTOPERSONS
Q:Whatarethetortscommittedagainst
persons?
A:
1. assault,
2. battery,
3. falseimprisonment,
4. intentional infliction of emotional
distress,and
5. fraud
2.INJURYTOPROPERTY
Q:Whatarethetortscommittedagainst
property?
A:
1. trespasstoland,
2. trespasstochattels,and
3. conversion.
3.INJURYTORELATIONS
Q:Whatarethetortsthatcauseinjuryto
relations?
A:
1. Familyrelations
a. Alienationofaffection
b. Lossofconsortium
c. Criminalconversation(adultery)
2. Socialrelations
a. Meddlingwithordisturbingfamily
relations
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
3.
4.
Intriguingtocauseanothertobe
alienatedfromhisfriends
Economicrelations
a. Interferencewithcontractual
relations
b. Unfaircompetition
Politicalrelations
a. Violationofrighttosuffrage
b. Violationofotherpoliticalrights
(freedomofspeech,press,
assemblyandpetition,etc.)
VII.INTENTIONALTORTS
A.GENERAL
1.CONCEPT
Q:Whatisintentionaltort?
A:Tortorwrongperpetratedbyonewhointends
to do that which the law has declared wrong as
contrastedwithnegligenceinwhichthetorfeasor
failstoexercisethatdegreeofcareindoingwhat
is otherwise permissible (Blacks Law Dictionary,
th
6 edition,p.1489).
2.CLASSES
A.INTERFERENCEWITHPERSONSAND
PROPERTY
(1)PHYSICALHARMS
Q:Whatthekindsofphysicalharms?
A:
1. Violation of persons security, physical
injuries
a. battery(physicalinjury)
b. assault(gravethreat)
2. Falseimprisonment(illegaldetention)
3. Trespasstoland
4. Interferencewithpersonalproperty
a. trespasstochattels
b. conversion
(2)NONPHYSICALHARMS
Q:Whatthekindsofnonphysicalharms?
A:
1. Violationofpersonaldignity
2. Inflictionofemotionaldistress
3. Violationofprivacy
4.
5.
6.
a. Appropriation
b. Intrusion
c. publicdisclosureofprivatefacts
d. falselightinthepubliceye
Disturbanceofpeaceofmind
Maliciousprosecution
Defamation
B.INTERFERENCEWITHRELATIONS
SeeInjurytoRelations.
B.INTERFERENCEWITHRIGHTSTOPERSONS
ANDPROPERTY
1.INTENTIONALPHYSICALHARMS
A.GENERAL
(1)CONCEPT
(2)KINDS
B.VIOLATIONOFPERSONSSECURITY,PHYSICAL
INJURIES
(1)BATTERY(PHYSICALINJURY)
Q:Whatisbatteryasabasisfortortliability?
Q:Whataretheelementsofbattery?
A:
1. Intent
2. Harmfuloroffensiveconduct
3. Absenceofprivilege
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
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Q:Isactualcontactnecessaryinbattery?
NOTE:Unlikecriminallaw,whichrecognizesdegrees
ofvariouscrimesinvolvingphysicalcontact,thereis
butasingletortofbattery.Lightlyflickingaperson's
earisbattery,asisseverelybeatingsomeonewitha
tire iron. Neither is there a separate tort for a
batteryofasexualnature.
A:
1. The victim of a battery need not be
awareoftheactatthetimeforthetort
tohaveoccurred.
2. Battery is a form oftrespassto the
person and as such no actual damage
(e.g. injury) needs to be proved. Only
proof of contact (with the appropriate
level of intention or negligence) needs
tobemade.
3. Ifthereisanattemptedbattery,butno
actual contact, that may constitute a
tortofassault.
4. Battery need not require bodytobody
contact. Touching an object "intimately
connected" to a person (such as an
objectheorsheisholding)canalsobe
battery.
5. Acontactmayconstituteabatteryeven
if there is a delay between the
defendant's act and the contact to the
plaintiff'sinjury.
Privilegeisadefenseforbattery.Defendanthas
burdentoprove.
516
(2)ASSAULT(GRAVETHREAT)
Q:Whatisassaultinthecontextoftorts?
A:
1. An act by defendant creating a
reasonableapprehensioninplaintiff
2. of immediate harmful or offensive
contacttoplaintiff'sperson
3. Intent
4. Causation
A:Anactorisliableforassaultif:
1. Heactsintendingtocauseaharmfulor
offensivecontactwiththepersonofthe
other, or an imminent apprehension of
suchacontact,and
2. The other is thereby put in such
imminentapprehension.
Note:Assaultrequiresintent.
Q:Whenisanactnotconsideredanassault?
A:Anactintendedasasteptowardtheinfliction
ofafuturecontact,whichissorecognizedbythe
other, does not make the actor liable for an
assaultundertherule.
Q:Isactualcontactnecessaryinassault?
A:No.Asdistinguishedfrombattery,assaultneed
nottoinvolveactualcontactitonlyneedsintent
andtheresultingapprehension.However,assault
requires more than words alone. For example,
wielding a knife while shouting threats could be
construed as assault if an apprehension was
created.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:Whilethelawvariesbyjurisdiction,contact is
oftendefinedas"harmful"ifitobjectivelyintends
toinjure,disfigure,impair,orcausepain.
Q:Whenisanactdeemedtobeoffensive?
Q:Inwhatcontextisimminenceunderstoodin
determiningtortliabilityforassault?
Q:Distinguishapprehensionfromfear.
Q:Whataresomedefensesinassault?
C.FALSEIMPRISONMENT(ILLEGALDETENTION)
Q:Whataretheelementsoffalseimprisonment
asabasisfortortliability?
A:
1. An act or omission on the part of
defendant that confines or restrains
plaintiff
2. That plaintiff is confined or restrained
toaboundedarea;
3. Intent;and
4. Causation
3.
D.TRESPASSTOLAND
(1)CONCEPT
Q:Whatistrespasstorealproperty?
A:Itisatortthatiscommittedwhenaperson
unlawfullyinvadestherealpropertyofanother.
Q:Whenmaydamagesbeawardedin
deprivationofrealproperty?
Note:Damagesmaybeawardedtotherealownerif
hesufferedsuchdamagesbecausehewasdeprived
of possession of his property by a possessor in bad
faith or by a person who does not have any right
whatsoeverovertheproperty.
(2)ELEMENTS
Q:Isintentorbadfaithnecessaryforliabilityto
attach?
A:Yes,theRevisedPenalCodeandtheNewCivil
Coderequiresintentorbadfaith.
Q:Whatistheextentoftrespasstopersonal
property?
A:Inthefieldoftort,trespassextendstoallcases
where a person is deprived of his personal
propertyevenintheabsenceofcriminalliability.
(Aquino,T.,TortsandDamages,2005,SecondEd.
P.368)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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E.INTERFERENCEWITHPERSONALPROPERTY
(1)TRESPASSTOCHATTELS
Q:Whatistrespasstochattels?
A:Itiswhereapersontookpossessionofthe
propertyofanotherinbadfaith.
(2)CONVERSION
Q:Whataretheelementsofconversion?
A:
1. An act by defendant that interferes with
plaintiff's right of possession in a
chattel.
Q:Whatmaybeincludedinconversion?
A:Conversionmayinclude:
1. Cases where the defendant deprived
theplaintiffofpersonalpropertyforthe
purpose of obtaining possession of a
real property, as when a landlord
deprived his tenants of water in order
for them to vacate the lot they were
cultivating.
2. Unjustified deprivation of access to
property
such
as
unjustified
disconnectionofelectricityservice
2.INTENTIONALNONPHYSICALHARMS
A.GENERAL
(1)CONCEPT
(2)KINDS
B.VIOLATIONOFPERSONALDIGNITY
Q:Whatistherulewithregardtotherightofa
person to his dignity, personality, privacy and
peaceofmind?
518
1.
2.
3.
4.
C.INFLICTIONOFEMOTIONALDISTRESS
Q:Whataretherequisitesforonetobeableto
recover for the intentional infliction of
emotionaldistress?
A:Theplaintiffmustshowthat:
A:Itisconductthatissooutrageousincharacter,
and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all
possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded
as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in civilized
society.
Q:Whatdoesemotionaldistressmean?
A:Itisanyhighlyunpleasantmentalreactionsuch
as extreme grief, shame, humiliation,
embarrassment, anger, disappointment, worry,
nausea, mental suffering and anguish, shock,
fright,horror,andchagrin.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
Theplaintiffcannotrecovermerelybecauseofhurt
feelings.Liabilitycannotbeextendedtoeverytrivial
indignity.Theplaintiffmustnecessarilybeexpected
andrequiredtobehardenedtoacertainamountof
rough language, and to acts that are definitely
inconsiderateandunkind.
A:Anemotionaldistresstortactionispersonalin
nature.Itisacivilactionfiledbyanindividualto
assuage the injuries to his emotional tranquility
duetopersonalattacksonhischaracter.
NOTE:Theprincipleofrelationalharmincludesharm
tosocialrelationshipsinthecommunityintheform
ofdefamationasdistinguishedfromtheprincipleof
reactive harm which includes injuries to individual
emotionaltranquility.
D.VIOLATIONOFPRIVACY
Q:WhatarethezonesofprivacyundertheNCC,
RPC,RulesofCourt,andspeciallaws?
A:
1. That every person shall respect the
dignity,personality,privacyandpeace
of mind of his neighbors and other
persons and any act of a person of
meddling and prying into the privacy
of another is punishable as an
actionablewrong;
3.
TheRPCmakesacrimethe:
i. violation of secrets by an
officer,
ii. revelation of trade and
industrialsecrets,and
iii. trespasstodwelling.
A:
1. Whether by his conduct, the individual
hasexhibitedanexpectationofprivacy;
and
2. Whether this expectation is one that
societyrecognizesasreasonable.
A:
1. appropriation;
2. intrusion;
3. publicdisclosureofprivatefacts;and
4. falselightinthepubliceye
(1)APPROPRIATION
Q:Whatisappropriation?
A:Itconsistsofappropriation,forthedefendants
benefit or advantage, of the plaintiffs name or
likeness.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Q:Whatdoesthistortprotect?
1. name
2. likeness
3. achievements
4. identifyingcharacteristics
5. actualperformances
6. fictitious characters created by a
performer
7. phrases and other things associated
withanindividual.
(2)INTRUSION
Q:Whatisintrusion?
NOTE:Thetortofintrusionuponapersonssolitude
protects a persons sense of locational and
psychologicalprivacy.
Intrusioninpublicplaces:
Intrusionandadministrativeinvestigation:
520
Intrusionandpublicrecords:
(3)PUBLICDISCLOSUREOFPRIVATEFACTS
Q:Whatispublicdisclosureofprivatefacts?
Q:Whatisviolatedinpublicdisclosureofprivate
facts?
A:Theinterestsoughttobeprotectedistheright
to be free from unwarranted publicity, from the
wrongful publicizing of the private affairs and
activities of an individual which are outside the
realmoflegitimateconcern.
Q:Whataretheelementsofpublicdisclosureof
privatefacts?
A:
1. theremustbeapublicdisclosure;
2. the facts disclosed must be a private
fact;
3. the matter be one which would be
offensive and objectionable to a
reasonable person of ordinary
sensibilities.
Q:Whoisapublicfigure?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:No,saidrightbelongsonlytoindividualsacting
inaprivatecapacity.
(4)FALSELIGHTINTHEPUBLICEYE
Q:Whatisfalselightinthepubliceye?
A:Itisatortcommittedbyputtingapersonina
false light before the public. It is a non
defamatoryfalsehoodinthatafalseimpressionis
conveyed.
A:Theinteresttobeprotectedinthistortisthe
interest of the individual in not being made to
appearbeforethepublicinanobjectionablefalse
lightorfalseposition.
A:Infalselight,thegravamenoftheclaimisnot
reputationalharmbutrathertheembarrassment
of a person in being made into something he is
not.
Publicationindefamationissatisfiedifaletteris
sent to a third person; while in false light cases,
thestatementshouldbeactuallymadepublic.
E.DISTURBANCEOFPEACEOFMIND
SeeEmotionalDistress.
F.MALICIOUSPROSECUTION
RE:Malice:Thepresenceofprobablecausesignifies,
as a legal consequence, the absence of malice.The
absenceofmalice,therefore,involvesgoodfaithon
thepartofthedefendant.Thisgoodfaithmayeven
bebasedonmistakeoflaw.
Nevertheless,itisbelievedthatprioracquittalmay
includedismissalbytheprosecutorafterpreliminary
investigation.
A:Incriminalcases:
Incivilcases:
1. the defendant filed a civil action against
theplaintiffpreviously;
2. the actionwas dismissed for clear lack of
merit or for being baseless, unfounded,
andmalicious;
3. the defendant who filed the previous
complaintasplaintiffwasmotivatedbyill
willorsinisterdesign;
4. the present plaintiff suffered injury or
damage by reason of the previous
complaintfiledagainsthim.
Note:Maliceandprobablecausemustconcur.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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A:Iftheactionfiledbyapartyisstillpendingtrial,
thefilingbythedefendantofanactionbasedon
malicious prosecution anchored on the first case
is premature. Its dismissal is in order. (Pineda,
2004citingCabacunganv.Corrales,95PHIL919)
A:None.Themerefilingofasuitdoesnotrender
theplaintiffliableformaliciousprosectionshould
he be unsuccessful. Persons should have free
resort to the courts. The law does not impose a
penaltyontherighttolitigate.(Pineda,2004)
Note:However,therepeatedfilingofacomplaintall
of which were dismissed, shows malicious
prosecution entitling the injured party to an award
of moral damages. (Pineda, 2004 citing Hawpia v.
CA,20SCRA536)
G.DEFAMATION
Q:Whatisdefamationandwhatdoesitcover?
A:
1. Defamatorylanguage;
2. oforconcerningtheplaintiff;
3. Publication thereof by defendant to a
thirdperson;and
4. Damagetoplaintiff'sreputation.
Q:Whatislibel?
522
Q:Whatisslander?
A:Anoraldefamation.
Q:Whatisslanderbydeed?
A:No,becauseintenttocommitacrimeisnota
violationoflaw.
(1)DEFENSES
(A)ABSENCEOFELEMENTS
Inordertoescapecriminalresponsibility,itisnot
enoughfortheoffendertosaythatheexpresses
therein no more than his opinion or belief. The
communication must be made in the
performanceofalegal,moral,orsocialduty.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
Q:Ifthedefamatoryimputationsweremadeina
privileged communication, is there liability
therefor?
A:None.Anabsolutelyprivilegedcommunication
is one for which, by reason of the occasion on
which it is made, no remedy is provided for the
damagesinacivilactionforslanderorlibel.
H.FRAUDORMISREPRESENTATION(FORMERLY
DECEIT)
Q:Whataretheelementsofmisrepresentation
intortscases?
A:
1. Affirmative misrepresentation of a
materialfact;
2. Defendant knew that statement being
madewasfalse;
3. Intent;
4. Causation;
5. Justifiablereliance;and
6. Damages
I.SEDUCTION
A:Seduction,byitself,isanactwhichiscontrary
to morals, good customs and public policy. The
defendant is liable if he employed deceit,
enticement, superior power or abuse of
confidence in successfully having sexual
intercoursewithanother.
Q:Whatisincludedinsexualassault?
A:Thedefendantwouldbeliableforallformsof
sexual assault. These include rape, acts of
lasciviousnessandseduction.
J.UNJUSTDISMISSAL
Q:Whatistheruleondismissalofemployees?
A:Itisabasicrulethatanemployerhasarightto
dismiss an employee in the manner and on the
grounds provided for under the NCC. If the
dismissal is for a valid cause, his dismissal is
consistentwiththeemployersrighttoprotecthis
interest in seeing to it that his employees are
performing their jobs with honesty, integrity and
goodfaith.
C.INTERFERENCEWITHRELATIONS
1.GENERAL
A.CONCEPT
B.KINDS
Q:Whatarethefourkindsofinterference?
A:Interferencewith:
1. Familyrelations;
2. Socialrelations;
3. Economicrelations;and
4. Politicalrelations.
2.FAMILYRELATIONS
A.ALIENATIONOFAFFECTION
Q:Whatisalienationofaffection?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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A:Itextendstoallcasesofwrongfulinterference
inthefamilyaffairsofotherswherebyonespouse
isinducedtoleavetheotherspouseortoconduct
himselforherselfinamannerthatthecomfortof
marriedlifeisdestroyed.
Note:Itisnotnecessarythatthereisadulteryorthe
spouseisdeprivedofhouseholdservices.
A:
1. A woman cannot be made liable for
alienation of the affections of the
husband (of another woman) for being
merely the object of the affections of
said husband. To be liable, she must
have done some active acts calculated
to alienate the affections of the
husband. She must, in a sense, be the
pursuer,notmerelythepursued;
2. A prostitute is not liable for alienation
of affections of the husband for having
sexual intimacies with him ona chance
occasion.
3. When there is no more affection to
alienate.
A:Yes.However,parentsarepresumedtoactfor
thebestinterestoftheirchild.Thelawrecognizes
the right of a parent to advise his/her child and
when such advise is given in good faith, the act,
524
B.LOSSOFCONSORTIUM
Q:Whatislossofconsortium?
A:Aspousehasalegalobligationtolivewithhis
orherspouse.Ifaspousedoesnotperformhisor
her duty to the other, he may be held liable for
damages for such omission because the same is
contrarytolaw,moralsandgoodcustoms.
C.CRIMINALCONVERSATION(ADULTERY)
Q:Whenisadulterycommitted?
A:Adulteryiscommittedbyanymarriedwoman
whoshallhavesexualintercoursewithamannot
her husband and by the man who has carnal
knowledge of her knowing her to be married,
even if the marriage was subsequently declared
void.(Art.333,RPC)
Note:Concubinageiscommittedbyahusbandwho
shall:
1. keepamistressintheconjugaldwelling;
2. have sexual intercourse with her, under
scandalous circumstances, with a woman
nothiswife;or
3. cohabit with her in any other place. (Art.
334,RPC)
Nomoraldamagesisdueincaseofbigamy.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A.MEDDLINGWITHORDISTURBINGFAMILY
RELATIONS
SeeInterferencewithfamilyrelations.
B.INTRIGUINGTOCAUSEANOTHERTOBE
ALIENATEDFROMHISFRIENDS
Q:Whomaybeheldliableforthetortintriguing
to cause another to be alienated from his
friends?
4.ECONOMICRELATIONS
A.INTERFERENCEWITHCONTRACTUAL
RELATIONS
Q:Whatisinterferencewithcontract?
Q:Whyisinterferencewithcontracttortuous?
A:Suchinterferenceistortiousbecauseitviolates
the right of the contracting parties to fulfill the
contractandtohaveitfulfilled,toreaptheprofits
resulting therefrom, and to compel the
performancebytheotherparty.
A:
1. existenceofavalidcontract;
2. knowledge on the part of the third
personoftheexistenceofthecontract;
3. interferenceofthethirdpersonwithout
legaljustificationorexcuse.
A:Ifthereisnocontractyetandthedefendantis
onlybeingsuedforinducinganothernottoenter
into a contract with the plaintiff, the tort
committed is appropriately called interference
withprospectiveadvantage.
Q:Whatistheextentandnatureoftheliability
oftheintermeddler?
A:Hisliabilityissolidaryandcannotbemorethan
the liability that will be incurred by the party in
whose behalf he intermeddled. Otherwise, that
willresultininjusticeandunfairness.
A:
GR:Yes.
XPN: If the intention of the intermeddler is
honest and laudable such as when the
interference is intended to protect the
contracting party he is intermeddling for,
fromdangertohislifeorproperty,heshould
not be made liable for damages for the
breachofthecontract.
B.UNFAIRCOMPETITION
Q:Whatisincludedinunfaircompetition?
Q:Whatispredatorypricing?
5.POLITICALRELATIONS
A.VIOLATIONOFRIGHTTOSUFFRAGE(NCC,
ART.32)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
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B.VIOLATIONOFOTHERPOLITICALRIGHTS
(FREEDOMOFSPEECH,PRESS,ASSEMBLYAND
PETITION,ETC.)
SeeViolationofConstitutionalRights
6.DEFENSES
A.ABSENCEOFELEMENT
Q:Whatisthedefenseoninterference?
B.PRIVILEGE
A:Tosaythatanactisprivilegedconnotesthat
theactorowesnolegaldutytorefrainfromsuch
contact.
1.CONSENT
Q:Whenisconsentadefenseintortscasesand
whatisitsbasis?
A:Typically,onecannotholdanotherliableintort
for actions to which one has consented. This is
frequentlysummarizedbythephrase"volentinon
fitinjuria"(Latin:"toawillingperson,noinjuryis
done" or "no injury is done to a person who
consents"). It operates when the claimant either
expresslyorimplicitlyconsentstotheriskofloss
ordamage.
Q:Whataresomerulesindeterminingwhether
consentispresentasadefense?
A:
1. It need not be communicated to the
defendant.
526
2.
3.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
SELFDEFENSE
Q:Whyisselfdefenseadefenseintortcases?
A:Anactorisprivilegedtousereasonableforce,
not intended or likely to cause death or serious
bodily harm, to defend himself against
unprivileged harmful contract which he
reasonably believes that another is about to
inflict.
A:Anactorisprivilegedtodefendhimselfagainst
another by force likely to cause death or serious
bodilyharmwhenhereasonablybelievesthat:
1. theotherisabouttoinflictuponhiman
intentionalcontactand
2. he is thereby put in peril of death or
seriousbodilyharmwhichcansafelybe
prevented only by immediate use of
suchforce.
Q:Isapersonprotectingatotalstrangerliable?
Q:Maytheinterveneruseanymeansoramount
offorceindefendingtheother?
Q:Whatistheconsequenceofamistakeonthe
partoftheintervener?
NOTE:Courtrequiresobjectiveandsubjectivebelief
(reasonablepersoncouldhaveseenthesituationas
dangerous and subject believed that he was in
danger).
Q:Whendoestheprivilegeofselfdefenseexist
andwhendoesitnotexist?
A:Theactorisnotprivilegedtouseanymeansof
selfdefensewhichisintendedorlikelytocausea
bodily harm in excess of that which the actor
correctly or reasonably believes to be necessary
forhisprotection.
3.DEFENSEOFPROPERTY
A:Anactorisprivilegedtousereasonableforce,
not intended or likely to cause death or serious
bodily harm, to prevent or terminate anothers
intrusionupontheactorslandif:
1. theintrusionisnotprivileged;
2. the actor reasonably believes that the
intrusion can be prevented only by the
forceused;and
3. the actor has first requested the other
to desist or the actor believes such
request will be useless or substantial
harm will be done before it can be
made.
DEFENSEOFOTHERS
Note:Theintentionalinflictionwhichisintendedor
likelytocausedeathorseriousbodilyharm,forthe
purpose of preventing or terminating the others
intrusion upon the actors possession of land, is
privileged only if the actor reasonably believes that
theintruderislikelytocausedeathorseriousbodily
harm.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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4.NECESSITY
Theownerorlawfulpossessorofathinghasthe
righttoexcludeanypersonfromtheenjoyment
and disposal thereof. For this purpose, he may
use such force as may be reasonably necessary
to repel or prevent an actual or threatened
unlawful physical invasion or usurpation of his
property.(Art.429,NCC)
1. Onemaysacrificethepersonalproperty
ofanothertosavehislifeorthelivesof
hisfellows;
2. One is privileged by necessity to
trespass when there is a serious threat
to life and no other lifesaving option is
available;and
3. The owner of property may not eject a
trespasser if the trespasser requires
entry to protest himself and his
propertyfromharm.
Thenecessityprivilegetoenterthelandofanother
in order to avoid serious harm is coupled with an
obligation on the part of the entrant to pay for
whateverharmhecaused.
MISCELLANEOUSPRIVILEGES
A:
1. To at least some extent, teachers and
parentsareexemptfrombatteryclaims
broughtonbehalfofchildrentheyhave
physicallydisciplined;
2. Other privileges include those relating
to the arrest of lawbreakers and the
prevention of crime, the enforcement
ofmilitaryorders,andtherecaptureof
landandpossessions.
528
5.AUTHORITYOFLAW
C.PRESCRIPTION
SeeDefenses;Prescription
D.WAIVER
SeePersons:WaiverofRights
E.FORCEMAJEURE
Q:Whatarethetwogeneralcausesoffortuitous
events?
A:
1. Bynature,suchasearthquakes,storms,
floods,epidemics,fires,etc.;and
2. By the act of man, such as an armed
invasion,
attack
by
bandits,
governmental prohibitions, robbery,
etc.
A:
1. The cause of the unforeseen and
unexpectedoccurrence,orofthefailure
of the debtor to comply with his
obligation,mustbeindependentofthe
humanwill;
2. It must be impossible to foresee the
event which constitutes the caso
fortuito,orifitcanbeforeseen,itmust
beimpossibletoavoid;
3. The occurrence must be such as to
render it impossible for the debtor to
fulfillhisobligationinanormalmanner;
and
4. The obligor must be free from any
participation in the aggravation of the
injuryresultingtothecreditor.
Q:Whenisthereliabilityfordamagescausedby
fortuitousevents?
Ifuponthehappeningofafortuitouseventofan
actofGod,thereconcursacorrespondingfraud,
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
VIII.NEGLIGENCE
A.CONCEPT
Q:Whatisnegligence?
A:Theomissionofthatdegreeofdiligencewhich
is required by the nature of the obligation and
corresponding to the circumstances of the
persons,ofthetimeandplace.(Art.1173,NCC)
Q:Whatisthetestofnegligence?
A:
1. Simple negligence want of slight care
anddiligenceonly
Q:Whatarethecircumstancestobeconsidered
indeterminingwhetheranactisnegligent?
A:
1. Person Exposed to the Risk A higher
degree of diligence is required if the
personinvolvedisachild.
2. EmergencyTheactorconfrontedwith
an emergency is not to be held up to
the standard of conduct normally
applied to an individual who is in no
suchsituation.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
ViolationofRulesandStatutes
a. Statutes
b. AdministrativeRules
c. PrivateRulesofConduct
PracticeandCustomApracticewhich
isdangeroustohumanlifecannotripen
intoacustomwhichwillprotectanyone
who follows it (Yamada v. Manila
Railroad,G.R.No.10073,Dec.24,1915).
Q:Willintoxicationsignifynegligence?
A:
GR:Mereintoxicationisnotnegligenceperse
nor establishes want of ordinary care. But it
may be one of the circumstances to be
considered to prove negligence. (Wright v.
ManilaElectricRailroad&LightCo.,GRNo.L
7760,Oct.1,1914)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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Q:Whatiscontributorynegligence?
B.GOODFATHEROFAFAMILYORREASONABLY
PRUDENTMAN
A:TheSupremeCourtdescribedagoodfatherof
afamilybyfirststatingwhoisnot.Heisnotandis
not supposed to be omniscient of the future;
rather, he is one who takes precautions against
anyharmwhenthereissomethingbeforehimto
suggestorwarnhimofthedangerortoforeseeit
(Picartv.Smith,G.R.No.L12406,Mar.15,1918).
Q:Whatisthetestofnegligence?
530
A.
GR: The action of a child will not necessarily
be judged according to the standard of an
adult.
XPN: If the minor is mature enough to
understand and appreciate the nature and
consequencesofhisactions.Insuchacase,he
shallbeconsideredtohavebeennegligent.
Note:R.A.9344(JuvenileJusticeandWelfareActof
2006):15yearsofageoryoungerageofabsolute
irresponsibility.
Q:Whatisdiligencebeforethefact?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
STANDARDOFCONDUCTorDEGREEOFCAREREQUIRED
InGeneral
If the law or contract does not state the diligence which is to be observed in the performance, that which is
expectedofagoodfatherofafamilyshallberequired(Article1173,2ndparagraph,NCC).
Note:DiligenceofagoodfatherofafamilybonospaterfamiliasAreasonablemanisdeemedtohaveknowledgeofthefactsthat
amanshouldbeexpectedtoknowbasedonordinaryhumanexperience.(PNRv.IAC,GRNo.7054,Jan.22,1993)
PersonswhohavePhysicalDisability
GR:Aweakoraccidentpronepersonmustcomeuptothestandardofareasonableman,otherwise,hewillbe
consideredasnegligent.
XPN:Ifthedefectamountstoarealdisability,thestandardofconductisthatofareasonablepersonunderlike
disability.
ExpertsandProfessionals
GR:Theyshouldexhibitthecaseandskillofonewhoisordinarilyskilledintheparticularfieldthatheisin.
Note:Thisruledoesnotapplysolelyorexclusivelytoprofessionalswhohaveundergoneformaleducation.
XPN:Whentheactivity,byitsverynature,requirestheexerciseofahigherdegreeofdiligence
e.g.Banks;Commoncarriers
InsanePersons
ThesameruleappliesundertheNewCivilCode.Theinsanityofapersondoesnotexcusehimorhisguardianform
liability based on quasidelict. (Arts. 2180 and 2182, NCC). This means that the act or omission of the person
sufferingfrommentaldefectwillbejudgedusingthestandardtestofareasonableman.
Thebasesforholdingapermanentlyinsanepersonliableforhistortsareasfollows:
Whereoneoftwoinnocentpersonmustsufferalossitshouldbebornebytheonewhooccasionedit;
Toinducethoseinterestedintheestateoftheinsaneperson(ifhehasone)torestrainandcontrolhim;and
Thefearthataninsanitydefensewouldleadtofalseclaimsofinsanitytoavoidliability.(Bruenigv.American
FamilyInsuranceCo.,173N.W.2d619[1970]).
Note:UndertheRPC,aninsanepersonisexemptfromcriminalliability.However,byexpressprovisionoflaw,theremaybecivil
liabilityevenwhentheactorisexemptfromcriminalliability.Aninsanepersonisstillliablewithhispropertyfortheconsequences
ofhisacts,thoughtheyperformedunwittingly.(USv.Baggay,Jr.G.R.No.6706,Sept.1,1911)
Employers
ThatdegreeofcareasmandatedbytheLaborCodeorothermandatoryprovisionsforpropermaintenanceofthe
workplaceoradequatefacilitiestoensurethesafetyoftheemployees.
Note:Failureoftheemployertocomplywithmandatoryprovisionsmaybeconsiderednegligenceperse.
Employees
Employeesareboundtoexerciseduecareintheperformanceoftheirfunctionsfortheemployers.Liabilitymaybe
basedonnegligencecommittedwhileintheperformanceofthedutiesoftheemployee(Aranetav.DeJoya,G.R.
No.83491,Aug.27,1990)
Owners,ProprietorsandPossessorsofProperty
GR:Theownerhasnodutytotakereasonablecaretowardsatrespasserforhisprotectionoreventoprotecthim
fromconcealeddanger.
XPN:
1. Visitors
2. ToleratedPossession
3. DoctrineofAttractiveNuisance
4. StateofNecessity
Doctors
IfaGeneralPractitionerOrdinarycareanddiligenceintheapplicationofhisknowledgeandskillinthepracticeof
hisprofession
IfaSpecialistThelegaldutytothepatientisgenerallyconsideredtobethatofanaveragephysician.
Lawyers
An attorney is bound to exercise only a reasonable degree of care and skill, having reference to the business he
undertakestodo(Adarnev.Aldaba,Adm.CaseNo.80,June27,1978).
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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1.NCC,ART.1173
A:BonusPaterFamiliasorthatofagoodfatherof
afamily.
Q:Whatistheruleincaseoffaultornegligence
ofanobligor?
A:Art.1173.Thefaultornegligenceoftheobligor
consistsintheomissionofthatdiligencewhichis
required by the nature of the obligation and
corresponds with the circumstances of the
persons, of the time and of the place. When
negligence shows bad faith, the provisions of
Articles1171and2201,paragraph2,shallapply.
NOTE:Art.1171.Responsibilityarisingfromfraudis
demandable in all obligations. Any waiver of an
actionforfuturefraudisvoid.
2.EMERGENCYRULE
Q:Whatistheemergencyrule?
Note:Emergencyruleexemptscommoncarriers.
532
D.UNREASONABLERISKOFHARM
Q:Indeterminingwhetherapersonhasexposed
himselftoanunreasonablegreatrisk,whatmust
bepresent?
A:Reasonableness,theelementsofwhichareas
follows:
3. Magnitudeoftherisk
4. Principalobject
5. Collateralobject
6. Utilityoftherisk
7. Necessityoftherisk
Ifthemagnitudeoftheriskisverygreatandthe
principal object, very valuable, yet the value of
the collateral object and the great utility and
necessity of the risk counterbalanced those
considerations,theriskismadereasonable.
Thefollowingarecircumstancestobeconsidered:
1. Time
2. Place
3. Emergency
4. Gravityofharmtobeavoided
5. Alternativecourseofaction
6. Socialvalueorutilityofactivity
7. Personexposedtotherisk
E.EVIDENCE
F.PRESUMPTIONOFNEGLIGENCE
1.LEGALPROVISIONS
A:Personsaregenerallypresumedtohavetaken
ordinary care of his concerns.There are however
exceptionswhennegligenceispresumed.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
2.
Note:Proofoftrafficviolationrequired.
3.
2.RESIPSALOQUITUR
Q:Whatdoesresipsaloquiturmean?
Q:Whataretherequisitesfortheapplicationof
thedoctrineofresipsaloquitur?
A:
1. That the accident is of a kind which
ordinarilydoesnotoccurintheabsence
ofsomeonesnegligence;
2. Itiscausedbyaninstrumentalitywithin
the exclusive control of the
defendant/s;and
3. The possibility of contributing conduct
which would make plaintiff responsible
iseliminated.
Q:Whataresomecaseswherethedoctrinewas
heldtobeinapplicable?
A:
1. Where there is direct proof of absence
orpresenceofnegligence;
2. Where other causes, including the
conduct of the plaintiff and third
persons, are not sufficiently eliminated
bytheevidence;
3. Whenoneormorerequisiteisabsent.
G.DEFENSES
1.COMPLETE
Q:Whyaretheycalledcompletedefenses?
a.ABSENCEOFELEMENT
(1)DUEDILIGENCE
SeeRulesonDegreeorStandardofCare
(2)ACTSOFPUBLICOFFICERS
b.ACCIDENTORFORTUITOUSEVENT
SeeForceMajeureorFortuitousEvent
c.DAMNUMABSQUEINJURIA
Q:Whatismeantbydamnumabsqueinjuria?
Q:Whatisinjury?
A:itisthelegalinvasionofalegalright.
Q:Whatisdamage?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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A:Onewhoexercisesarightdoesnoinjury.
d.AUTHORITYOFLAW
e.ASSUMPTIONOFRISK
Q:Whatismeantbyvolentinonfitinjuria?
A:Toawillingperson,noinjuryisdone.
A:
1. The plaintiff must know that the risk is
present;
2. He must further understand its nature;
and
3. His choice to incur it is free and
voluntary.
Q:Whatarethetwokindsofassumptionofrisk?
A:
1. Expresswaiveroftherighttorecover;
2. Impliedassumption
a. DangerousConditions
b. ContractualRelations
c. DangerousActivities
d. Defendantsnegligence
Q:Whatismeantby:
1. Dangerousconditions?
A: A person who, knowing that he is
exposed to a dangerous condition,
voluntarily assumes the risk of such
dangerous condition may not recover
from the defendant who maintained
suchdangerouscondition.
2. Contractualrelations?
A:Theremaybeanimpliedassumption
of risk if the plaintiff entered into
contractual relations with the
defendant. By entering into a
relationship freely and voluntarily
where the negligence of the defendant
isobvious,theplaintiffmaybefoundto
accept and consent to it, and to
undertaketolookoutforhimselfandto
relievethedefendantoftheduty.
3. Dangerousactivities?
A:Apersonwhovoluntarilyparticipates
in dangerous activities assumes the
534
4.
Defendantsnegligence?
A: When the plaintiff is aware of the
risk created by the defendants
negligence, yet he voluntarily proceed
to encounter it, there is implied
assumption of risk on the part of the
plaintiff.
f.LASTCLEARCHANCE
SeeLastClearChance
g.PRESCRIPTION
Q:Whatistheprescriptiveperiodforquasi
delict?
A:Four(4)yearsreckonedfromthedateofthe
accident.
h.WAIVER
SeePersons:WaiverofRights.
i.DOUBLERECOVERY
Q:Whatistheruleagainstdoublerecovery?
A:Theplaintiffcannotrecoverdamagestwicefor
the same act or omission of the defendant. (Art.
2177,NCC)
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A.GENERAL
1.CONCEPT
B.PRODUCTSLIABILITY
Q:Whatisproductandserviceliability?
1.MANUFACTURERSORPROCESSORS
a.ELEMENTS
b.CONSUMERACT
Q:Whatistheconsumeract(RA7394)?
A:ConsumerActprohibitsfraudulentsalesactsor
practices. Chapter I of Title III expressly provides
for protection against defective, unfair and
unconscionable sales acts and practices. The Act
likewise contains provisions imposing warranty
obligationsonthemanufacturersandsellers.This
Act also imposes liability for defective service
independentlyoffault.
A:ThestrictliabilityundertheActisimposedon
themanufacturer.
2.
3.
4.
Q:Whatarethedefensesofamanufacturerand
supplier?
A:
The manufacturer shall not be liable when it
evidences:
1. thatitdidnotplacetheproductonthe
market;
2. that although it did place the product
on the market such product has no
defect;
3. that the consumer or the third party is
solelyatfault.
Thesuppliershallnotbeliablewhenitisproven:
1. that there is no defect in the service
rendered;
2. that the consumer or the third party is
solelyatfault.
Q:Whatarethekindsofdefectsinproducts?
A:
1. Manufacturing defect defects
resulting
from
manufacture,
construction,assemblyanderection.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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C.NUISANCE
1.NUISANCEPERSEANDNUISANCEPER
ACCIDENCE
Q:Whatarethekindsofnuisance?
A:
1. Astothenumberofpersonsaffected:
a. Public(orcommon)isonewhich
affects
a
community
ir
neighborhood or considerable
numberofpersons.
b. Private is one which affects an
individualorfewpersonsonly.
2. Otherclassification:
a. NuisancePerSethatkindof
nuisance which is always a
nuisance. By its nature, it is
alwaysanuisanceallthetime
under any circumstances
regardless of location or
surroundings.
b. Nuisance Per Accidens that
kind of nuisance by reason of
location, surrounding or in a
manner it is conducted or
managed.
c. Temporary that kind which
if properly attended does not
constituteanuisance.
d. Permanent that kind which
bynatureofstructurecreates
apermanentinconvenience.
e. Continuing that kind which
by its nature will continue to
exist indefinitely unless
abated
f. Intermittentthatkindwhich
recurs off and on may be
discontinuedanytime.
g. Attractive Nuisance one
who maintains on his
premises
dangerous
instrumentalities
or
appliances of a character
likely to attract children in
play,andwhofailstoexercise
ordinary care to prevent
children
from
playing
therewith
or
resorting
thereto, is liable to a child of
tender years who is injured
thereby, even if the child is
technicallyatrespasserinthe
premises.
536
2.PUBLICNUISANCEANDPRIVATENUISANCE
Q:Whataretheremediesagainstpublic
nuisances?
A:
1. ProsecutionundertheRPCoranylocal
ordinance
2. Civilaction
3. Abatement,withoutjudicialproceeding
Q:Whomayavailofremedies?
A:
1. Publicofficers
2. Privatepersonsifnuisanceisspecially
injurioustohimself;theff.steps
mustbemade:
i.
demandbefirstmadeuponowner
or possessor of the property to
abatethenuisance
ii.
that such demand has been
rejected
iii.
that the abatement be approved
by the district health officer and
executed with the assistance of
localpolice
iv.
that the value of destruction does
notexceedP3,000
Q:Whatisaprivatenuisance?
A:
1. Civilaction
2. Abatement,
without
judicial
proceedings
Q:Whomayavailofremedies?
A:
1. Publicofficers
2. Privatepersonsifnuisanceisspecially
injurious to himself; the ff.
stepsmustbemade:
i.
demandbefirstmadeuponowner
or possessor of the property
toabatethenuisance
ii.
that such demand has been
rejected
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
iv.
3.ATTRACTIVENUISANCE
Q:Whatisanattractivenuisance?
Onewhomaintainsanattractivenuisanceonhis
estate without exercising due care is liable to a
childoftenderyearsevenifatrespasser.
D.VIOLATIONOFCONSTITUTIONALRIGHTS
1.VIOLATIONOFCIVILLIBERTIES
Q:WhatistherationalefortheinclusionofArt.
32intheNewCivilCode?
E.VIOLATIONOFRIGHTSCOMMITTEDBYPUBLIC
OFFICERS
Q:Inwhatinstancescanapublicofficerbeliable
fordamages?
Anactionmaybebroughtbyanypersonsuffering
frommaterialormorallossbecauseapublic
servantrefusesorneglects,withoutjustcauseto
performhisofficialduty(ART,27NCC).
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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Requisites:
i.
defendant is a public officer charged
withtheperformanceofadutyinfavor
oftheplaintiff
ii.
he refused or neglected without just
causetoperformsuchduty(ministerial)
iii.
plaintiffsustainedmaterialormoralloss
as consequence of such non
performance
iv.
the amount of such damages, if
material
A:Art.34isintendedtoaffordaremedyagainst
police officers who connive with bad elements,
areafraidofthemorsimplyindifferenttoduty.
F.PROVINCES,CITIESANDMUNICIPALITIES
G.OWNEROFMOTORVEHICLE
Q:Whatistheliabilityoftheownerofavehicle
incaseofanaccident?
A:Inmotorvehiclemishaps,theowneris
solidarilyliablewithhisdriver,iftheformer,who
wasinthevehicle,couldhave,bytheuseofthe
duediligence,preventedthemisfortune.Itis
disputablypresumedthatadriverwasnegligent,
ifhehadbeenfoundguiltyorrecklessdrivingor
violatingtrafficregulationsatleasttwicewithin
thenextprecedingtwomonths.(Art.2184,NCC)
H.PROPRIETOROF
BUILDINGORSTRUCTUREORTHING
A:
a. Theproprietorofabuildingorstructure
isresponsibleforthedamagesresulting
from its total or partial collapse, if it
should be due to the lack of necessary
repairs.(Art.2190,NCC)
538
b.
Proprietorsshallalsoberesponsiblefor
damagescaused:
I.HEADOFFAMILY
SeePersonsMadeResponsibleForOthers;
Parents
X.STRICTLIABILITY
Q:Whenistherestrictliability?
A.ANIMALS
1.POSSESSORANDUSEROFANANIMAL
Q:Whoisliablefordamagescausedbyanimals?
A:
1. Anownerisstrictlyliableforreasonably
foreseeabledamagedonebyatrespass
ofhisanimals.
2. An owner is strictly liable to licensees
and invitees for injuries caused by wild
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
3.
4.
B.NUISANCE
SeeNuisance.
1.CLASSES
SeeNuisance.
2.EASEMENTAGAINSTNUISANCE
Q:Whatiseasementagainstnuisance?
C.PRODUCTSLIABILITY
1.CONSUMERACT
SeeManufacturersorProcessors;ConsumerAct.
BOOKIIDAMAGES
I.GENERALCONSIDERATIONS
A.CLASSIFICATION
Q:Whataredamages?
Q:Whatarethekindsofdamages?
A:MENTAL
1. Moral
2. Exemplary
3. Nominal
4. Temperate
5. Actual
6. Liquidated
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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ACTUAL/
COMPENSATORY
MORAL
NOMINAL
Accordingtopurpose
Actual or compensatory damages Awarded only to enable the
simply make good or replace the injured party to obtain means,
losscausedbythewrong.
diversion or amusement that will
alleviate the moral suffering he
has undergone, by reason of
defendants
culpable
action.
(Roblezav.CA,174SCRA354)
Accordingtomannerofdetermination
Claimantmustproducecompetent
proof or the best evidence
obtainable such as receipts to
justify an award therefore. Actual
or compensatory damages cannot
be presumed but must be proved
with reasonable certainty. (People
v.Ereno,Feb.22,2000)
Special/Ordinary
Ordinary
Special
Special
540
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
TEMPERATE
EXEMPLARY/
CORRECTIVE
LIQUIDATED
Accordingtopurpose
When the court is convinced that
there has been such a loss, the
judge is empowered to calculate
moderatedamagesratherthanlet
the complainant suffer without
redress. (GSIS v. LabungDeang,
365SCRA341)
Liquidateddamagesarefrequently
agreeduponbytheparties,either
by way of penalty or in order to
avoid controversy on the amount
ofdamages.
Accordingtomannerofdetermination
Mayberecoveredwhenthecourt
findsthatsomepecuniarylosshas
been suffered but its amount
cannot, from the nature of the
case,beprovedwithcertainty.No
proof of pecuniary loss is
necessary.
If intended as a penalty in
obligations with a penal cause,
proof of actual damages suffered
by the creditor is not necessary in
order that the penalty may be
demanded(Art.1228,NCC).
No proof of pecuniary loss is
necessary.
1.Thattheclaimantisentitledto
moral,
temperate
or
compensatorydamages;and
Special/Ordinary
Special
Special
Special
II.ACTUALANDCOMPENSATORYDAMAGES
A.CONCEPT
Q:Whatareactualorcompensatorydamages?
Q:Whatarethekindsofactualorcompensatory
damages?
A:
1. General damages natural, necessary
andlogicalconsequencesofaparticular
2.
wrongfulactwhichresultininjury;need
notbespecificallypleadedbecausethe
lawitselfimpliesorpresumesthatthey
resultedfromthewrongfulact.
B.REQUISITES
1.ALLEGEDANDPROVEDWITHCERTAINTY
Q:Isitnecessarythatlossbeproved?
A:
GR: Loss must be proved before one can be
entitledtodamages.
XPN:Lossneednotbeprovedinthefollowing
cases:
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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541
1.
2.
3.
4.
2.NOTSPECULATIVE
C.COMPONENTELEMENTS
1.VALUEOFLOSS;UNREALIZEDPROFIT
Q:Whatdoesactualdamagescover?
Q:Whatmustbeconsideredindeterminingthe
amountofdamagesrecoverable?
Q:Isitproperfortheheirstoclaimasdamages
thefullamountofearningsofthedeceased?
Incaseofbusinessestablishments,itcoversinjuryto
thebusinessstandingorcommercialcredit.
542
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
2.ATTORNEYSFEESANDEXPENSESOF
LITIGATION
A:
1. Ordinary
2. Extraordinary
ORDINARY
Thereasonable
compensationpaid
toalawyerforthe
legalservices
renderedtoaclient
whohasengaged
him
EXTRAORDINARY
Nature
Anindemnityfordamages
orderedbythecourttobe
paidbythelosingtothe
prevailingpartyinlitigation
Basis
Thefactof
employmentofthe
Anycasesauthorizedbylaw
lawyerbytheclient
Towhompayable
Lawyer
Client
Q:TowhatdoesArticle2208pertain?
A:
GR:Notrecoverable.
XPN:SWISSMUDERC
1. Stipulationbetweenparties
2. Recovery of Wages of household
helpers,laborersandskilledworkers
3. ActionsforIndemnityunderworkmen's
compensation and employer liability
laws
4. LegalSupportactions
5. Separate civil action to recover civil
liabilityarisingfromcrime
6. Maliciousprosecution
7. Clearly Unfounded civil action or
proceedingagainstplaintiff
8. WhenDoublejudicialcostsareawarded
9. WhenExemplarydamagesareawarded
10. Defendantactedingross&evidentbad
faithinRefusingtosatisfyplaintiff'sjust
&demandableclaim
11. When defendant's act or omission
Compelled plaintiff to litigate with 3rd
3.INTEREST
Q:Whencaninterestbepartofdamages?
D.EXTENTORSCOPEOFACTUALDAMAGES
1.INCONTRACTSANDQUASICONTRACTS
Q:Canactualdamagesbemitigated?
A:Yes,inthefollowingcases:
1. ForContracts:
a. Violation of terms of the contract
bytheplaintiffhimself;
b. Obtentionorenjoymentofbenefit
under the contract by the plaintiff
himself;
c. Defendant acted upon advice of
counsel in cases where the
exemplary damages are to be
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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d.
2.
3.
ForQuasicontracts:
a. Incaseswhereexemplarydamages
are to be awarded such as in
Article2232;
b. Defendant has done his best to
lessentheplaintiffsinjuryorloss.
ForQuasidelicts:
a. That the loss would have resulted
in any event because of the
negligenceoromissionofanother,
and where such negligence or
omission is the immediate and
proximatecauseofthedamageor
injury;
b. Defendant has done his best to
lessentheplaintiffsinjuryorloss.
2.INCRIMESANDQUASIDELICTS
544
3.
III.MORALDAMAGES
A.CONCEPT
Q:Whyaremoraldamagesawarded?
Q:Howcantheplaintiffrecovermoraldamages?
A:
GR:Theplaintiffmustallegeandprove:
1. The factual basis for moral damages
and
2. The causal relation to the defendants
act
XPN:Moraldamagesmaybeawardedtothe
victim in criminal proceedings without the
need for pleading of proof or the basis
thereof.
B.WHENRECOVERABLE
Q:Whenismoraldamagesrecoverable?
A:Moraldamagesmayberecoveredinthe
followingandanalogouscases:
1. Acriminaloffenseresultinginphysical
injuries;
2. Quasidelictscausingphysicalinjuries;
3. Seduction,abduction,rape,orother
lasciviousacts;
4. Adulteryorconcubinage;
5. Illegalorarbitrarydetentionorarrest;
6. Illegalsearch;
7. Libel,slanderoranyotherformof
defamation;
8. Maliciousprosecution;
9. ActsmentionedinArticle309;and
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
1.INSEDUCTION,ABDUCTION,RAPEAND
OTHERLASCIVIOUSACTS
A:Yes.Incriminalproceedingsforrape.
Requisites:
1. There must be an injury whether
physical, mental or psychological,
clearlysustainedbytheclaimant
2. Theremustbeculpableactoromission
3. Such act or omission is the proximate
causeoftheinjury
4. The damage is predicated on the cases
citedinArt.2219
Q:Inrapecases,iscivilindemnitythesamewith
moraldamages?
Whenthefactofrapehasbeenestablished,civil
indemnity is mandatory. If it is simple rape, civil
indemnity is P50,000.00. If there is qualifying
circumstanceastojustifytheimpositionofdeath
penalty, it should be no less than P75,000.00
(People v. Banago ; People v. Mahinay, G.R. No.
109613,July17,1995)(Pineda,p.247,2009ed.).
2.INACTSREFERREDTOINARTS.21,26,27,28,
29,32,34&35,NCC
A:
1. Willful acts contrary to morals, good
customsorpublicpolicy
2. Disrespect to the dignity, personality,
privacyandpeaceofmindofneighbors
andotherpersons
3. Refusalorneglectofapublicservantto
perform his official duty without just
cause
4. Unfair competition in enterprise or in
labor
5. Civilactionfordamagesagainstaccused
acquittedonreasonabledoubt
6. Violationofcivilrights
7. Civil action for damages against city or
municipalpoliceforce
8. When the trial court finds no
reasonable ground to believe that a
crime has been committed after a
preliminary investigation or when the
prosecutor refuses or fails to institute
criminalproceedings.
3.INCASESOFMALICIOUSPROSECUTION
Q:Whatisanactionformaliciousprosecution?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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sincetheawardofmoralandexemplarydamages
isnolongerjustified,theawardofattorney'sfees
and expenses of litigation is left without basis.
(Buenaventura v. CA, G.R. No. 127358,Mar. 31,
2005)
IV.NOMINALDAMAGES
A.CONCEPT
Q:Whatisthepurposeofnominaldamages?
Note:Elements:
1. Plaintiffhasaright;
2. Suchrightisviolated;
3. The purpose of awarding damages is to
vindicateorrecognizetherightviolated.
B.WHENAWARDED
Note:Nominaldamagescannotcoexistwithactual
or compensatory damages because nominal
damages are recoverable when the damages
suffered cannot be proved with reasonable
certainty.Thelawpresumesdamagealthoughactual
orcompensatorydamagesarenotproven.Awardof
actual, moral, temperate or moderate damages
preclude nominal damages. But it may be awarded
togetherwith attorneys fees. (Pineda, pp. 284285,
2009ed)
V.TEMPERATEORMODERATEDAMAGES
A.CONCEPT
Q:Whataretemperatedamages?
A:Thosedamages,whicharemorethannominal
but less than compensatory, and may be
recovered when the court finds that some
546
Note:Elements:
1. Somepecuniaryloss;
2. Loss is incapable of pecuniary
estimation;
3. The
damages
awarded are
reasonable.
VI.LIQUIDATEDDAMAGES
A.CONCEPT
Q:Whatareliquidateddamages?
A:Thoseagreeduponbythepartiesinacontract,
tobepaidincaseofbreachthereof.
A:
1. Iniquitousorunconscionable
2. Partialorirregularperformance
B.RULESGOVERNINGINCASEOFBREACHOF
CONTRACT
A:Art.2228,NCC,providesthatwhenthebreach
of contract committed by the defendant is not
the one contemplated by the parties in agreeing
upon the liquidated damages, the law shall
determinethemeasureofdamages,andnotthe
stipulation.
VII.EXEMPLARYORCORRECTIVEDAMAGES
A.CONCEPT
Q:Whatisthepurposeofexemplarydamages?
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
B.WHENRECOVERED
A:
GR:Exemplarydamagescannotberecovered
asamatterofright(Art.2233,NCC)
XPN:
1. Criminal offense when the crime was
committed with one or more
aggravatingcircumstances(Art.2230)
2. Quasidelicts when the defendant
actedwithgrossnegligence(Art.2231)
3. Contracts and Quasicontracts when
defendantactedinwanton,fraudulent,
reckless, oppressive, or malevolent
manner (Art. 2232) (Pineda, p. 301,
2009ed)
Q:Whatarethedamagesthatcanberecovered
incaseofdeath?
3
A:MEAI
1. Moraldamages
2. Exemplarydamages
3. Attomey's fees and expenses for
litigation
4. Indemnityfordeath
5. Indemnityforlossofearningcapacity
6. Interestinpropercases
Q:Whatarethedamagesthatcanberecovered
incaseofdeath?
3
A:MEAI
1. Moraldamages
2. Exemplarydamages
3. Attomey's fees and expenses for
litigation
4. Indemnityfordeath
5. Indemnityforlossofearningcapacity
6. Interestinpropercases
C.REQUISITES
Q:Whenistemperatedamagesrecoverable?
A:
1. The claimants right to exemplary
damageshasbeenestablished
2. Their determination depends upon the
amountofcompensatorydamagesthat
maybeawardedtotheclaimant
3.
VIII.DAMAGESINCASEOFDEATH
A.INCRIMESANDQUASIDELICTSCAUSING
DEATH
A:Incaseofdeath,theplaintiffisentitledtothe
amount that he spent during the wake and
funeral of the deceased. However, it has been
ruled that expenses after the burial are not
compensable.
Note:Theamountofdamagesfordeathcausedbya
crimeorquasidelictshallbeatleastthreethousand
pesos,eventhoughtheremayhavebeenmitigating
circumstances.Inaddition:
1. The defendant shall be liable for the loss
of the earning capacity of the deceased,
and the indemnity shall be paid to the
heirsofthelatter;suchindemnityshallin
every case be assessed and awarded by
thecourt,unlessthedeceasedonaccount
of permanent physical disability not
caused by the defendant, had no earning
capacityatthetimeofhisdeath;
2. If the deceased was obliged to give
support according to the provisions of
Article 291, the recipient who is not an
heir called to the decedent's inheritance
by the law of testate or intestate
succession,maydemandsupportfromthe
personcausingthedeath,foraperiodnot
exceedingfiveyears,theexactdurationto
befixedbythecourt;
3. The spouse, legitimate and illegitimate
descendants and ascendants of the
deceasedmaydemandmoraldamagesfor
mentalanguishbyreasonofthedeathof
thedeceased.(Art.2206,NCC)
1.INDEATHCAUSEDBYBREACHOFCONDUCT
BYACOMMONCRIME
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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IX.GRADUATIONOFDAMAGES
Q:Whatistheruleingraduationofdamagesin
tortscases?
A.DUTYOFINJUREDPARTY
1.ART.2203
Q:Whatisthedutyoftheinjuredparty?
B.RULES
1.INCRIMES
Q: How are damages adjudicated in case of
crimes?
A:Incrimes,thedamagestobeadjudicatedmay
be respectively increased or lessened according
to the aggravating or mitigating circumstances.
(Art.2204,NCC)
2.INQUASIDELICT
548
3.INCONTRACTS,QUASICONTRACTSAND
QUASIDELICTS;NCCART.2215
4.LIQUIDATEDDAMAGES
5.COMPROMISE
Q:Whatisacompromise?
Q:Whatistheessenceofacompromise?
A:Theelementofreciprocalconcessions.
Note:Inacivilcase,compromisemustbeentered
into before or during litigation, never after final
judgmenthasbeenrendered.
CIVILLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ.
FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
A:
GR:notallowed
X.MISCELLANEOUSRULES
Damages
Damages
Damages
thatcannot
thatmustco
thatmust
coexist
exist
standalone
Nominal
Exemplary
Nominal
Damages
Damages
Damages
cannotco
mustcoexist
existwith
withMoral,
Exemplary
Temperate,
Damages
Liquidatedor
Compensator
yDamages
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
V
ICE
C
HAIRFOR
A
DMINISTRATIONAND
F
INANCE
:
J
EANELLE
C.
L
EE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
549