CONTENTS

Preface

(v )
PART - I

WORLD GEOGRAPHY
1.

Introduction to Geography
Geography as an Integrating Discipline
Branches of Geography (Systematic and Regional Geography)
Branches of Geography Based on Systematic Approach

2.

Earths Position in the Solar System

The Earth as a Planet
Origin of the Earth
Big Bang Theory
Geological History of the Earth
Shape and Size of the Earth
Latitudes and Longitudes

3.

The Atmosphere
What is Atmosphere
Composition of the Atmosphere
Gases
Water Vapour
Structure of the Atmosphere
Solar Radiation, Heat Budget and Temperature
Temperature
Range of Temperature
Inversion of Temperature
Atmospheric Pressure and Winds
Vertical Distribution of Atmospheric Pressure
Horizontal Distribution of Atmospheric Pressure
Winds

I.1 - I.162
I.3 - I.6
I.3
I.4
I.4

I.7 - I.22
I.7
I.8
I.9
I.9
I.9
I.10

I.23- I.58
I.23
I.23
I.23
I.24
I.25
I.28
I.31
I.33
I.34
I.35
I.35
I.36
I.37

(viii)

Contents
Types of Winds
Air Masses
Fronts
Cyclones
Atmospheric Moisture
Clouds
Classification of Clouds
Precipitation
Classification of Rainfall
Distribution of Rainfall
Climate
Koeppens Scheme of Classification of Climate
ATropical Humid Climates
BDry Climates
CWarm Temperate (Mid-latitude) Climates
DCold Snow Forest Climates
EPolar Climates (E)
HHighland Climates (H)

4.

Hydrosphere
1.

2.

3.

The Pacific Ocean

Size and Shape
Floor
Islands
Marginal Seas
The Atlantic Ocean
Size and Shape
Floor
Basins
Islands
Troughs and Trenches
Marginal Seas
The Indian Ocean
Size and Shape
Floor
Ridges
Basins
Islands
Marginal Seas

I.38
I.43
I.45
I.47
I.48
I.50
I.50
I.51
I.52
I.54
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I.55
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I.57
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I.58
I.58

I.59 - I.77
I.61
I.61
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I.62
I.62
I.62
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I.63
I.63
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I.64
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Contents
Temperature of Ocean Waters
Salinity of The Sea Water
Distribution of Salinity
A. Salinity of the Open Seas
B. Salinity of Partially Closed Seas
C. Salinity of Enclosed Seas and Lakes
Movements of Ocean Water
Ocean Waves
Tides
Ocean Currents
Currents of the Pacific Ocean
A. Currents of the North Pacific Ocean
B Currents of the South Pacific Ocean
Currents of the Atlantic Ocean
A Currents of the North Atlantic Ocean
B. Currents of the South Atlantic Ocean
Currents of the Indian Ocean
A Currents of the North Indian Ocean
B Currents of the South Indian Ocean
Effects of Ocean Currents
Southern Oscillation (S.O.)

5.

Lithosphere
Interior Structure of the Earth
Rocks
Classification of Rocks
Landforms
1. Landforms of the First Order (Continents and Oceans)
2. Landforms of Second Order (Mountains, Plateaus and Plains)
Geomorphic Processes
Volcanoes
World Distribution of Volcanoes
Earthquakes
Distribution of Earthquake
External Forces
Weathering
Landforms Made by Rivers
Landforms Made by Groundwater
Landforms Made by Wind

(ix)
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I.74

I.79 - I.108
I.79
I.81
I.82
I.85
I.85
I.87
I.89
I.90
I.92
I.93
I.94
I.95
I.95
I.97
I.99
I.102

(x)

Contents
Landforms Made by Sea Waves
Soil
Soil Taxonomy or Classification

6.

Social And Economic Geography

World Population-Growth and Distribution
Population Growth
Population Density
Areas of High Density
Areas of Low Density
Areas of Medium Density
Religion
Language
Rural Settlements
Rural Settlement Patterns
Urban Settlements
Important points regarding Urbanisation
Types of Urban Settlements
Consequences of Migration
Other Consequences
Streams of Migration
Economic Geography
Economic Activities
Natural Resources
Classification of Resources
Pastoralism
Nomadic Herding or Pastoral Nomadism
Commercial Livestock Rearing
Agriculture
Subsistence Agriculture
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
Plantation Agriculture
Extensive Commercial Grain Cultivation
Mixed Farming
Dairy Farming
Mediterranean Agriculture
Market Gardening and Horticulture
Factory Farming
Types of Farming According to Farming Organisation

I.103
I.104
I.106

I.109 - I.162
I.109
I.109
I.113
I.113
I.114
I.114
I.120
I.120
I.121
I.122
I.122
I.123
I.123
I.125
I.126
I.127
I.127
I.127
I.128
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I.131
I.131
I.131
I.132
I.132
I.133
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I.135
I.135
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I.136
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Contents
Major Crops
Food Crops
Commercial Crops
Plantation Crops
Fruits, Vegetables and Spices
Mineral Resources
Types of Minerals
Important Minerals of the World
Energy Resources
Manufacturing Industries
Textile Industries
Cotton Textile Industry
Woollen Textile Industry
Silk Textile Industry
Jute Textile Industry
Synthetic Textile Industry
Iron and Steel Industry
Engineering Industries
Chemical Industry
Transport and Communication
Roads and Highways
Railways
World Railway Patterns
Trans-Continental Railways
Water Transport
Ocean Routes
Inland Waterways
Air Transport
Remote Sensing
Cyberspace Internet

(xi)
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I.159
I.160
I.161
I.162

PART - II

INDIAN GEOGRAPHY
1.

Introduction
Size and Extension
India in the Eastern World
The Indian Subcontinent

II.1 - II.138
II.3 - II.6
II.3
II.4
II.4

(xii)
2.

Contents

Geology
1.
2.
3.

3.

Physiography
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

4.

The Himalayan Mountain Complex

The Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain
The Peninsular Plateau
The Coastal Plains
The Islands

Drainage System
1.
2.

5.

The Peninsular Plateau

The Himalayas
Indo-Ganga-Brahamputra Plain

The Himalayan River Systems

The Peninsular Rivers
Rivers flowing in the Bay of Bengal
Rivers flowing in the Arabian Sea

Climate
Factors Influencing Indias Weather And Climate
Indian Monsoonal Regime
Rhythm of Seasons
Climatic Regions of India

6.

Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

Classification of Vegetation Types
Forest Policy and Conservation
Wildlife
Wildlife Conservation
Biosphere Reserves

7.

Soils
Classification of Soils
Soil Degradation
Soil Erosion
Soil Conservation

8.

Land Utilisation and Agriculture

Land-use Categories
Intensity of Cropping
Types of Farming
Agricultural Regions

II.7 - II.6
II.7
II.8
II.8

II.9 - II.13
II.9
II.11
II.11
II.13
II.13

II.15 - II.19
II.15
II.17
II.17
II.18

II.21 - II.29
II.21
II.23
II.25
II.28

II.31 - II.35
II.31
II.33
II.34
II.34
II.35

II.37 - II.42
II.38
II.40
II.40
II.41

II.43 - II.52
II.43
II.44
II.45
II.46

Contents

9.

(xiii)

Major Crops
Food Crops
Pulses
Oilseeds
Cotton
Jute
Sugarcane
Tea
Coffee
Rubber
Tobacco

II.47
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II.49
II.49
II.49
II.50
II.50
II.50
II.51
II.52
II.52

Livestock

II.53 - II.55

Cattle
Milch Breeds
Draught Breeds
Buffaloes
Sheep
Goats
Dairy Sector

10. Fishing
Marine Fisheries
Fresh Water or Inland Fisheries

11. Irrigation
Means of Irrigation
Canals

12. Multipurpose Projects

Pradesh

13. Mineral Resources

Iron Ore
Manganese
Bauxite
Copper
Mica
Gold
Silver
Diamonds

II.53
II.53
II.53
II.54
II.54
II.54
II.54

II.57 - II.58
II.58
II.58

II.59 - II.60
II.59
II.60

II.61 - II.62
II.61

II.63 - II.68
II.63
II.64
II.64
II.64
II.65
II.65
II.65
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(xiv)

Contents
Nickel
Lead
Tungsten
Limestone
Dolomite
Asbestos
Magnesite
Kyanite
Gypsum
Marble
Granite
Steatite
Uranium
Thorium
Ilmenite
Salt

14. Energy Resources

Coal
Lignite
Petroleum
Oil Refining
Refining
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy Resources
Hydroelectricity
Thermal Power
Non-Conventional Energy Sources
Tidal Energy
Wave Energy
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

15. Manufacturing Industries

Agro-Based Industries
Textile Industries
Cotton Textiles
Jute Textiles
Woollen Textiles
Silk Textile Industry
Synthetic Textiles

II.66
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II.66
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II.66
II.67
II.67
II.67
II.67
II.67
II.67
II.68
II.68
II.68
II.68
II.68

II.69 - II.77
II.69
II.70
II.70
II.70
II.70
II.72
II.72
II.73
II.74
II.75
II.77
II.77
II.77

II.79 - II.94
II.79
II.79
II.79
II.81
II.82
II.83
II.83

Contents
Sugar Industry
Vegetable Oil Industry
Metallurgical Industries
Iron and Steel Industry
Mini Steel Plants
Aluminium Smelting
Copper Smelting
Lead And Zinc Smelting
Engineering Industries
Heavy Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Machine Tools
Railway Equipment
Ship Building Industry
Aircraft Manufacturing
Petrochemicals
Fertilizers
Cement Industry
Drugs and Pharmaceutical Industry
Pesticides
Glass Industry
Leather and Leather Goods
Forest Based Industries
Paper Industry
Newsprint
Match Industry
Lac Industry

16. Transport and Communication

(xv)
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II.92
II.92
II.92
II.93
II.93
II.93
II.94
II.94
II.94

II.95 - II.110

Rail Transport
Konkan Railway
Kashmir Valley Railway
Road Transport
Classification of Roads
Special Accelerated Road Development Programme for North Eastern region (SARDP-NE)
Water Transport
Inland Waterways
Oceanic Routes
Cruise Shipping

II.95
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II.103
II.103
II.103
II.103
II.104

(xvi)

Contents
Sethusamudram Ship Channel Project
Major Ports
Air Transport
History of Indian Airlines
Open Sky Policy
Pipelines
Communication
Personal Communication
Mass Communication
Satellite Communication

II.104
II.105
II.106
II.107
II.107
II.107
II.108
II.108
II.108
II.110

17. The People

II.111 - II.138

Population Size
Distribution of Population
Density of Population
State Level Analysis
Growth of Population
Phases of Population Growth in India
Regional Variations in Population Growth
Population Composition
Rural-Urban Composition
Rural Population
Urban Population
Urbanisation
Urban Area
Linguistic Composition
Religious Composition
Composition of Working Population
Participation Rate
Sex Ratio
Literacy
Scheduled Castes
Tribal Population

II.111
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II.125
II.127
II.130
II.130
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II.132
II.134
II.134

PART - III

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Answers

III.1 - III.67
III.66