Probad En13480 Guide

EN 13480
PROBAD
by IBM Deutschland GmbH

Karl-Arnold-Platz 1a
D-40472 Dsseldorf
Germany
eMail: PROBAD@de.ibm.com
Hotline: +49 (0) 208 2997216
Contents
Introduction
General....................................................................................................................................... 1
Pressure parts ............................................................................................................................. 2
General Calculation Strategy ..................................................................................................... 3
General run of calculation ........................................................................................... 3
Dialog input ............................................................................................................................... 5
General form of the input panels ................................................................................. 6
Codes and Standards.................................................................................................... 7
The User Surface
Starting the System .................................................................................................................... 8

General..................................................................................................................................... 11
Data Management System ......................................................................................... 11
General - The order-level .......................................................................................... 12
General - The drawing - level.................................................................................... 13
General - Main menu - Help...................................................................................... 13
General - Results ....................................................................................................... 13
General - Directories and files................................................................................... 14
Data management levels .......................................................................................................... 15
The order-level .......................................................................................................... 15
Drawing Level ........................................................................................................... 17
File level .................................................................................................................... 20
Edit the 'pfad'-file ...................................................................................................... 23
Calculate .................................................................................................................................. 23
Results ..................................................................................................................................... 24
Settings .................................................................................................................................... 26
Documentation......................................................................................................................... 28
Materials .................................................................................................................................. 28
Help ......................................................................................................................................... 28
Recurrent inputs
29
General..................................................................................................................................... 29
General Data ............................................................................................................................ 30
Load conditions ....................................................................................................................... 31
Modification of standard safety factors ................................................................................... 33
Position number, material reference, designation .................................................................... 35
Material Data ........................................................................................................................... 36
Material input ............................................................................................................ 36
The FEZEN-Material Database ................................................................................. 40
Product Standards .................................................................................................................... 43
Wall thicknesses and allowances ............................................................................................. 45
Welds ....................................................................................................................................... 46
ii Contents
EN 13480 PROBAD
Cylindrical shell with nozzles
47
Load conditions - Cylinder ...................................................................................................... 47

Modification of safety factors - Cylinder................................................................................. 47
Cylinder ................................................................................................................................... 48
Geometry of cylindrical shell .................................................................................... 48
Material data - Cylinder............................................................................................. 50
Stiffeners ................................................................................................................... 51
Material data - Stiffener............................................................................................. 53
Nozzles / Branches / Openings
54
General branch data ................................................................................................................. 54

Geometry of nozzle.................................................................................................................. 59
Geometry of branch ................................................................................................................. 61
Geometry of opening ............................................................................................................... 64
Geometry of flange ring........................................................................................................... 65
Material data Nozzles, Branches, Flange rings....................................................... 67
Reinforcement pad................................................................................................................... 68
Geometry of pad ........................................................................................................ 68
Material data Reinforcement pad............................................................................ 69
Relative positioning of branches - Cylinder ............................................................................ 70
Absolute positioning of branches - Cylinder ........................................................................... 72
Absolute positioning of branches Dished end....................................................................... 72
Absolute positioning of branches on dished end ....................................................... 72
Positioning via polar coordinates Dished end......................................................... 73
Positioning via cartesian coordinates Dished end................................................... 74
Absolute positioning of welds Dished end ............................................................. 75
Absolute positioning of welds Spherical shell........................................................ 76
Absolute positioning of branches - Reducer ............................................................................ 77
Dished end with nozzles
78
Load conditions Dished end ................................................................................................. 78

Modification of safety factors - Dished end............................................................................. 78
Spherical shell resp. dished end ............................................................................................... 79
Construction - Dished end ......................................................................................... 79
Material data Dished end........................................................................................ 82
Geometry Dished end ............................................................................................. 83
Geometry - Knuckle / skirt ........................................................................................ 85
Flat end with openings
87
Load conditions Flat end....................................................................................................... 87

Modification of safety factors - Flat end.................................................................................. 87
Flat end .................................................................................................................................... 88
Design Flat end....................................................................................................... 88
Geometry Flat end .................................................................................................. 89
Material data Flat end............................................................................................. 89
Connection Flat end .............................................................................................................. 90
Geometry of connection Flat end ........................................................................... 90
Material data Attached shell - Flat end................................................................... 97
Openings in flat ends ............................................................................................................... 98
General branch data Flat end .................................................................................. 98
Geometry of nozzle Flat end .................................................................................. 99
Opening with bolted flange Flat end .................................................................... 101
Material data of nozzles Flat end.......................................................................... 101
EN 13480 PROBAD
Contents iii
Pipe bends and Elbows
102
Load conditions Bend or elbow .......................................................................................... 102

Modification of safety factors - Bend or elbow ..................................................................... 102
Production type Bend or elbow........................................................................................... 103
Geometry - Bend or elbow..................................................................................................... 106
Material data Bend or elbow ................................................................................ 109
Reducer with nozzles
110
Load conditions Reducer .................................................................................................... 110

Modification of safety factors - Reducer ............................................................................... 110
Form of Reducer .................................................................................................................... 111
Geometry Reducer ................................................................................................................. 113
Material data - Reducer ........................................................................................... 114
T-Pieces
115
Load conditions T-Pieces.................................................................................................... 115

Modification of safety factors T-Pieces .............................................................................. 115
Form of T-Piece..................................................................................................................... 115
Geometry of T-Piece.............................................................................................................. 116
Material data T-Piece ........................................................................................... 119
Controle calculations
121
Controle calculation - Cylinder with nozzles......................................................................... 121

Controle calculation Dished end with nozzle ..................................................................... 131
Controle calculation Pipe bend .......................................................................................... 138
Controle calculation Flat end ............................................................................................. 142
Controle calculation - Reducer ............................................................................................. 149
Graphic Helps
157
General................................................................................................................................... 157
General - Wall thicknesses Graphic Helps ........................................................... 157
Cylinder Graphic Helps ...................................................................................................... 158
Cylinder Geometry Graphic Helps .................................................................... 158
Cylinder Unsupported Length Graphic Helps ................................................... 159
Cylinder Stiffeners Graphic Helps..................................................................... 160
Branches, Nozzles, Openings Graphic Helps ..................................................................... 163
Type of branch Graphic Helps.............................................................................. 163
Geometry Nozzle Graphic Helps....................................................................... 164
Geometry Branch Graphic Helps....................................................................... 165
Geometry Opening Graphic Helps .................................................................... 166
Geometry Flange ring Graphic Helps................................................................ 167
Single opening Nozzle Graphic Helps............................................................... 168
Single opening Branch Graphic Helps .............................................................. 171
Single opening Opening Graphic Helps ............................................................ 172
Single Opening Flange ring Graphic Helps....................................................... 174
Single opening Intruding Graphic Helps ........................................................... 175
Adjacent branches Graphic Helps ........................................................................ 176
Kind of branch Graphic Helps.............................................................................. 178
Branch Kind of connection Graphic Helps........................................................ 179
Branch Kind of Reinforcement Graphic Helps.................................................. 183
Inclined branches Graphic Helps.......................................................................... 184
Branch Positioning Graphic Helps .................................................................... 187
iv Contents
EN 13480 PROBAD
Spherical shells resp. dished ends Graphic Helps............................................................... 192

Types - Dished end Graphic Helps....................................................................... 192
Flat end Graphic Helps ....................................................................................................... 201
Types Flat end Graphic Helps ........................................................................... 201
Branches Flat end Graphic Helps ...................................................................... 208
Pipe bends and Elbows Graphic Helps ............................................................................... 213
Elbow Geometry Graphic Helps........................................................................ 213
Reducer.................................................................................................................................. 214
Reducer - Form Graphic Helps............................................................................. 214
Reducer - Geometry Graphic Helps ..................................................................... 215
Reducer Run-Out Length Graphic Helps .......................................................... 216
Reducer Effective Stiffenings Graphic Helps.................................................... 217
Reducer Ineffective Stiffenings Graphic Helps ................................................. 218
T-Piece................................................................................................................................... 219
T-Piece - Geometry Graphic Helps ...................................................................... 219
Index
EN 13480 PROBAD
221
Contents v
Introduction
General
The program system PROBAD allows the design calculations of pressure vessels,
water tube boilers and pipings according to tecnical codes. At this time
calculations according to the following codes and rules are possible:
- TRD
- AD incl. Flanges acc. to DIN 2505
-
EN 12952
(Water tube boilers)
EN 13445
(Unfired pressure vessels)
EN 13480
(Metallic industrial Piping)
EN 1591
(Flange connections)
Piping-Calculation acc. to German and European Codes
- Welding Research Council, Bulletin No. 107 (3/79)

- Welding Research Council, Bulletin No. 297 (9/85)
- ASME I
- ASME VIII, Div. 1 incl. TEMA-Tube sheet
- ASME IB31.1 Power Piping
This user manual describes the possibilities, the data input and the result
output of the PROBAD-module EN 13480.
PROBAD - EN 13480 should only be used by persons, who are instructed in the EN
- Code and also in the Program system PROBAD.
For the other listed codes there exist different corresponding user manuals.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Introduction 1
Pressure parts
The calculation of pressure vessels by PROBAD according to EN 13480 is seperated
in different parts - in the following called 'Pressure parts'.
A pressure part is the useful summary of several single components, which cannot
be considerated independantly during the calculation.
For example the pressure part Cylindric shell with nozzles allowes to register a
cylindrical shell with up to ten nozzles incl. reinforcement in one single input
file. This complete input file makes it possible to calculate not only the
single components, but also to take into consideration the influence of adjacent
components.
This influences may be the wall thickness- or diameter relations of connected
components, but also the efficiency of the main body caused by isolated or
adjacent openings.
During one calculation all defined components are designed or checked taking
into consideration all influences and code conditions.
In PROBAD the components of piping acc. to EN 13480 are summarized to the
following pressure parts:
Pressure part
Cylindrical shells with openings
under internal and external pressure
Dished heads and spherical shells with openings
Reducers with openings
T-Pieces
Pipe bends and elbows
Flat ends and flat closures with openings
2 Introduction
EN 13480 PROBAD
General Calculation Strategy

The strength calculation happens via the input of
-
Load conditions
Main dimensions of the pressure parts
Description of the construction
Material data
For each component PROBAD allowes a

- dimensioning to find the required wall thicknesses and proof the allowable
loads
or
- design check to proof an entered wall thickness and determine the allowable
loads.
A PROBAD-calculation is called design check, if the measures of all components
are completely defined by the user.
A PROBAD-calculation is called dimensioning, if for at least one component the
measures are not completely entered.
In case of a dimensioning the work of the module can be influenced by defining
minimum or maximum wall thicknesses and by choosing special strategies.
General run of calculation

The general calculation run described here is valid for all pressure parts.
Specil qualities of single pressure parts are discribed in the correspondend
chapters.
1. Determination of required wall thickness of main body without openings
If no wall thickness is entered for the main body, via the calculated required
net thickness the required nominal thickness of the main body without openings
is determined. This is the lowest standard wall thickness, which meets the
minimum requirements of EN 13480 and probably other entered minimum conditions
and which picks up the internal and/or external pressure.
In each step of the iteration the newly determined nominal thickness of the
component is basis for the determination of missing material strength values via
the included material data base FEZEN.
2. Calculation of not completely entered attached compononets
First for those branches and nozzles,
entered, a required nominal thickness
requirements of EN 13480 and probably
picks up the internal and/or external
for which no thickness at the main body is

is determined, which meets the minimum
other entered minimum conditions and which
pressure.
3. Calculation of not entered tubular resp. pad-type reinforcements
EN 13480 PROBAD
Introduction 3
Openings in the main body are proved via calculation of the pressure load areas
and the compensation areas. If a reinforcement is necessary, the not entered
tubular or pad-type reinforcements are determined, taking into account all
entered resp. determined wall thecknesses.
4. Re-calculation of entered or determined measures
After all the total pressure part is re-calculated for the entered or determined
measures. Here also stress and pressure reserves are determined. In case of
violations of the code correspondend hints and warnings are displayed.
In the first place the main body and the attachments are proved as isolated
components against internal and/or external pressure.
Then isolated openings on the main body re proved.
For adjacent openings the influence is proved via a common compensation
calculation.
4 Introduction
EN 13480 PROBAD
Dialog input
The following chapters will describe the input panels for all pressure parts of
EN 13480. The used abbreviations to describe the input fields are the following:
I
R
: Integer
: Real
C
m
k
S
:
:
:
:
Num.
Character
must
can
Standard
I
R
Integer
Real
Character
m
k
S
must
can
Standard
- numerical without decimal point

- numerical with or without decimal point; values
inexponential form are not valid.
- alphanumeric
- Input required
- Input is optional
- In case of missing input, a standard value is set
internally
- Number of input line. This number serves as an
internal identification of the respective input
value and is generated automaticly during the dialog
input. Only for calculations in batch form the user
has to enter this number.
- numerical without decimal point
- numerical with or without decimal point; values
inexponential form are not valid
- alphanumeric
- Input required
- Input is optional
- In case of missing input, a standard value is set
internally
Num.: Number of input line

This number serves as an internal identification of the respective input
value and is generated automaticly during the dialog input. Only for
calculations in batch form the user has to enter this number
In the data management system and also on pressure part level the user will see
only those panels, which are necessary for the actual problem. Many of the input
values are preset by standard values, which can be individually defined by user,
or are internally determined during the calculation. Thus the input is reduced
to serveral load-, material- and dimension values.
The logical sequence of the input panals is documented
tables at the beginning of each pressure part chapter.
EN 13480 PROBAD
in form of decision
Introduction 5
General form of the input panels

The base elements of the surface can be found on each input panel:
Menu bar
->
Panel title
Panel ------>
(window)
Functions -->
Files
Calcul.
Results
Cylinder geometry
Position-No.
Product Standard Dimension
Tolerances
Diameter
inside / outside
Wall thickness entered
Corrosion
inside / outside
Tolerances
(%) /
Thinning
inside / outside
........
Help
__
EN 10216-2
____________
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
________
________
0.0_____
________
0.0_____
Grafic
0.0____
0.0____
Help
Menu bar:
This always visible menu bar at the upper screen edge contains the
names of the submenus of the program. In conjnuction with the
function line it mainly serves to control the program run.
It is activated by clicking-on with the mouse or by keybord
inputs. In the second case the function is executed by pressing
'Alt' together with the underlined letter of the respective action.
Title:
In the upper panel frame the title of the panel is inserted. The
type of input data of the respective panel is documented.
Panel:
The scope of each input value is discribed in front of the

correspondend field. If necessary, also the physical unit of the
input value is documented.
Where it makes sense, the input fields are preset with numerical or
alphanumerical standards. These standard values are inserted and can be
modified, if necessary.
Numerical input values can be placed freely in the input field. Alphanumerical
values are stored as entered. Please take care of the spelling for such input
data (for example the position number of the components).
To make the data input more easy and to avoid mistakes in many input fields is
given the possibility to select values from a list. Behind those input fields
you can find a 'Push button'. After clicking-on this buttom a list of possible
input values appers. The list can also be activated by cursor-position and F9function.
Functions:
This line in the lower area of the mask contains command fields
described by abbreviated words. Actuating the function keys entered
there or clicking on these fields with the mouse, various actions
are preformed.
In case of missing or wrong input data, which the system can identify without a
long calculation, the user is informed at once on the respective panel. In the
message box the user is invited to modify the input data. After pushing the
6 Introduction
EN 13480 PROBAD
space button the message disappers and the cursor jumps to the critical input
field.
Codes and Standards

The PROBAD module EN 13480 uses lots of standards. These are:
- calculation methods (e.g. determination of the heat treatment diameter
acc. to EN 10083),
- dimensions standards (e.g. EN 10220), which allow to select standard
wall thicknesses in case of dimensioning and
- tolerances standards (e.g. acc. to DIN 17175).
EN 13480 PROBAD
Introduction 7
The User Surface
Starting the System

First Windows has to be started. The user must actuate the program group, in
which the PROBAD-Module was taken up, must select the respective icon and start
the program by double-click or Enter-Button.
The following panel is displayed:
Navig.File Calculate Results Settings Document.Material Help
All Orders
Order
Drawing
File
P R O B A D
Comp.
< < > >
Mask control during the program run is effected via the navigator, the visible
menu bar at the top, submenus, function keys, various keys and key combinations.
It is also possible to use both the keyboard and mouse.
The navigator allowes to create and edit orders, drawings and input files in a
quick and easy way. The correspondend submenus are actuated depending of the
navigator knot (tree-view), clicked before. The navigator menu can also be
opened as Pop-Up menu with the right mouse button
After a doubleclick with the left mouse button on a point of the navigator
surface the correspondend order , drawing or input file is opened.
8 The User Surface
EN 13480 PROBAD
The buttons < < > > allow to scroll through the input panels. Especially
the buttons < and > allow to jump to the beginning and to the end of the
input file.
The menu bar becomes active on:
- clicking-on with the left mouse-button
- Acutate the ALT-key
To return to the mask:
- Actuate the ESCAPE-key
- Actuate the ALT-key
- Shift cursor into the mask field by means of the mouse
The submenus become active on:
- Actuating the enter key (the submenu on which the cursor
is positioned becomes active)
- Actuating the ALT key and simultaneous pressing of the highlighted letter
- Clicking-on with the left mouse-button
The submenu items become active on:
- Actuating the Enter key (the submenu item on which the
cursor is positioned becomes active)
- Actuating the SHIFT key and simultaneous pressing of the high
lighted letter in the submenu
- Clicking-on with the left mouse-button
Selecting from a list is possible by:
- Position the cursor on the desired value, select by
pressing the Space-key and pressing the ENTER key
- Double click with the left mouse-button
- Key combination Strg + mouse click or Shift + mouse click.
With this combinations the values can be selected single or
on block.
The ESCAPE-,the 'O.K.'- and ENTER-buttons are active on nearly all input
panels. Helps are active on every panel and on every level.
After actuating
ESCAPE
- you leave the panel without action and the program

returns to the panel shown before
> or ENTER
- the program proves, if the actual input data is
complete and logical and transfers the data to the
system
F1
- the input of the field on which the cursor is positioned
is discribed (field related Help)
Shift-F1 - you will find a survey of all available help texts.
Position the cursor on the desired point of this list and
press the ENTER key or double-click the mouse-button
to see the respective help text.
If the system displays files, for examples selection lists or
EN 13480 PROBAD
The User Surface 9
result reports, on the screen, the user may page the screen output.
- By 'Drawing the mouse' with pressed mouse-button you can move
the display up and down.
- With the Page up resp. Page down key you can move the display
page by page.
- With the cursor you can page line by line.
- With the key combination Strg + Pos1 (Ctrl + Pos1) or
Strg + End (Ctrl + End) you can jump to the begin or end
of the display.
Via the menu item "File - END" or actuating the function key ALT F4
the program is terminated.
10 The User Surface
EN 13480 PROBAD
General
Data Management System
Mostly the program system PROBAD is not used to calculate one or only a few
pressure parts, but to transact big orders, for example the dimensioning of a
power station, existing of several power boilers. To give the user the
possibility, to summarize coherent input files, the data management system
contains a directory structure - similar to the operating system DOS.
The highest level ist called order-level from now on. Here order-related data
can be stored.
Below this order-level subdirectories may be created. Similar to a complete
power station, where each pressure vessel is documented by a drawing, this
secend level is called the drawing-level. Thew singular input files (pressure
parts) of a vessel can now be stored in the respective subdirectory.
Summary:
The data management system allows to create several orders. Each of these
orders may contain several drawings and in each drawing several input files can
be stored.
To summarize coherent pressure parts of a special vessel (drawing), the user
has to create first the order and below this the respective drawing. After this
he is able to create and modify input files in this drawing directory.
To make the start more easy, IBM BS creates an order A_HANDx during the
installation, where 'x' documents the correspondend language, in which the texts
(designations, comments ..) are filed. This order contains two subdirectories.
The drawing Z_HANDx contains the user manual examples, documented also in the
user manual. After the installation these manual examples can be calculated und
the correct work of the program can be proved by comparing the results.
The drawing TEST contains only one input file. Here the user can store his
first test datas, without creating a special order and a special drawing.
EN 13480 PROBAD
The User Surface 11
General - The order-level

To summarize coherent input files, first a correspondend order has to be
created.
General order datas are taken up or are modified by the submenus "Order-New"
and "Order-Edit". In the submenu "Order-Copy" a complete order including all
drawings and input files can be copied into an other directory or may be copied
from another directory. This makes back ups easily possible. Also a complete
order may be deleted.
For each order a special Material data set can be created. It is also possible
to adapt the preset standards, which are displayed in the pressure part panel,
to the respective order. The list of all existing orders can be refreshed, if
this is necessary.
12 The User Surface
EN 13480 PROBAD
General - The drawing - level

After taking up an order, dependent on the volume of this order, one or
several drawings have to be created.
General drawing files are taken up or are modified by the submenus "DrawingNew" and "Drawing-Edit". In the submenu "Drawing-Copy" a complete drawing
including all input files can be copied into another drawing of the same order
and then can be modified. It is also possible to delete a drawing. For each
drawing a special "load condition file" can be created. The list of all existing
drawings can be refreshed, if this is necessary.
General - Main menu - Help

This main menu allows to get help in form of texts or graphics at any moment
of data input.
General - Results
If an input file was calculated just now or at any earlier moment, the results
- but also the error messages, warnings and hints - are stored in correspondend
files. So the system can generate a result report at any time in any desired
form, without starting the calculation once again.
For most of the PROBAD-modules the user can choose between a short and long
result report. The header on each sheet can be omitted and the numbering of
sheets can be influenced.
At this time the results can be ordered in the languages
- German and English The Results can be:
displayed on the screen by the submenu
printed by the submenu
saved
by the submenu#
"Results - Display",
"Results - Print",
"Results - Copy".
If the user wants do delete the results, e.g. because of storage problems, he
can do this by the submenu "Results - Delete". In this case the input files are
preserved.
EN 13480 PROBAD
The User Surface 13
General - Directories and files

This chapter contains informations about the structure of the order- ,
drawing- and input file data, generated and used by the Data Management System.
PROBAD can be used without any restrictions, also if the user is not familiar
with this structure. The experienced PC-user however will have a greater
understanding of the data structure with these information. Nevertheless
manipulations of the structure should be omitted.
After the input of any pressure part data is terminated, a new file is
generated. This file contains the type of pressure part, the name of the input
file, the file number, the comment and the input data, required for the
calculation.
The Data Management System has the following structure:
C:\E2_0x00 (Working directory)
LIB1 (Library directory-German, LIBVERZ in the 'pfad'-file)

LIB2 (Library directory-English, LIBVERZ in the 'pfad'-file)
PGM (Program directory, PGMVERZ in the 'pfad'-file)
E2D
order1.dat
ORDER1
order1.wst
order1.pri
order1.std
drawing.dat
DRAWING1 loadcase.dat
DRAWING2 component.dat
DRAWING3
cylinder.ein
dishhead.ein
cylinder.erg
dishhead.erg
ORDER2
ORDER3
In this structure, the directories are represented by uppercases, the files by

lowercases.
First a working directory E2_0x00 is generated. In a subdirectory E2D you can

find an actual list of orders and the general order datas. This begin of file-
14 The User Surface
EN 13480 PROBAD
system can be changed, editing the entry DATVERZ in the 'pfad'-file (see menu
item Pfad-Edit) into any directory, for instance into network directory.
For each order there exists a subdirectory where a list of drawings, general
drawing datas and, if existing, the order-related Material data set resp. the
order-related standars and rule priorities are saved.
For each drawing of the order a subdirectory is generated. Here the drawingrelated load conditions and the list of input files can be found. After the
calculation also the result- and error-files are stored here.
Data management levels

The order-level
Order - New / Open / Modify
Name of order
The order name may contain up to 28 characters and must conform to the DOS
convention, i.e. neither blanks nor special characters, such as
. , : ; ! " / ( ) = + < > or Backslash may be input.
Number of order
The number of order may contain up to 28 characters. There is no restriction.
Comment and short description
These inputs may contain up to 60 character each and serve for documentation.
There is no restriction regarding the characters.
Via 'Order - Open' older order data can be modified
Additional information for PC-experts
When setting-up a new order a directory with the order name will be created and
contains a data file having the extension ".dat" where all data from the related
input panel are stored.
The directory with the order name is created as a subdirectory of the main
directory "E3D".
Order Order list
From this listing an order can be selected. Via a filter function the displayed
list can be restricted.
Order Copy into a new order

A selected order can be copied under a new order name including all drawings and
input files.
Order Copy into any directory

When copying an order, all data including all drawings and all input files are
stored under a new free chosen order name in any directory, for example on
floppy disk as back up.
EN 13480 PROBAD
The User Surface 15
The name of the source and target order and the target path are mandatory
inputs! In the process, the complete target path has to be defined, i.e. also
the target drive.
If the order is already in the target directory, the user is asked whether the
order is to be overwritten. Overwriting means that all files of the same name as
in the source order are overwritten in the target order. Files and directories
not yet existing are set up as new ones.
Order - Copy from any directory

After respective selection an order including all drawings and input files can
be copied from any directory, for example from a back up floppy disk, and can be
stored under a free chosen name.
The source path and the name of the source and traget order are mandatory
inputs. The path has to end with a backslash!
(see also "Order - Copy - into any directory").
Order - Delete
After selection of the menu "Order - Delete" the user can choose from the
actual order list that order by mouse-click or by pressing the Space-button,
which has to be deleted.
If the order still contains drawings and input files, then the chosen order,
with all drawings and input files, is deleted after a safety query only. While
deleting, all order-related files and the order directory are also deleted.
Order Standards
There is one file stored in PROBAD, which contains the standards for all
pressure parts. Some input values are preset by IBM BS. This are values fixed by
the respective code (e.g. minimum dimensions), but also this are values, which
will be used by nearly every calculation (e.g. the inclination angle of a nozzle
is preset with 90. degrees).
The user may modify the standards for each input file on the input panels.
However PROBAD-standards, which are not conform with the special circumstances
of an order, can be changed universaly here, before creating the input files.
The changed standards are displayed on the input panels but also are used during
calculations, if the correspondend input field is empty.
On actuation of key
OK -
Standards
copy -
Standards
delete -
the file with the actual standard values is displayed. If an orderrelated standard file already exists, this values are displayed. If
not only the IBM BS-standards are displayed.
an existing order-related standard-file can be copied into a target

order.
the order-relatedstandards are deleted without warning and the IBMStandards are valid.
Order - Standards-Copy
An existing order-related standard-file can be copied into a target order.
16 The User Surface
EN 13480 PROBAD
Order - Standards--Input
Via doubleclick on one branch of the Tree-View the user can select the input
range for standard values (e.g.: test temperature, product standard, kind of
weld). The correspondend current standards are displayed and can be modified.
Order Materials
For each order the user has the possibility to create a special Material data
set. While creating input data files, only this short and clear list of
materials is displayed, if it exists. If more than one person is working at one
order, the order-related Material list file guarantees, that all users only
choose the preselected materials.
One more advantage is the setting of reference numbers for this pre-selected
materials. This makes a shorter data input possible and also allows an easy
change of one material by another for all input files of an order. For details
see the following chapter.
Independently from the creation of an order-related Material file it is
possible to have influence on the determination of the material data. The user
can set up a list of rules, according to which the material data and physical
properties of all materials shall be determined.
Hint: If no input is found under this submenu, the user can select the material
from the complete existing material data base and the material data is
determined according to the standard rules.
After selecting an order in the known manner, for which no Material data set
still exists, a list of all materials of the material data base is displayed
after pressing the Enter key.
Using given selection criteria (for example a part of the material number) you
can restrict the display of the materials list. Only those materials are listed,
which are valid to the preseted filters.
If the user wants to change the presettings of rules for an actual order, he
can do this on actuating the inpu field 'Changing rule priority list'. After
pressing the ENTER-button, a rule priority panel is displayed.
Drawing Level
Drawing - New / Open / Modify
Name and number of the current order are preset.
Name of drawing
The drawing name may contain up to 28 characters and must conform to the DOS
Number of drawing
The drawing number may contain up to 28 characters. There is no restriction.
Comment and drawing description
These inputs may contain up to 60 character each and serve for documentation.
There is no restriction regarding the characters.
EN 13480 PROBAD
The User Surface 17
Name, department, phone, design manager

These inputs may contain any character and are part of a input file of the
drawing, but may be overwriten then. These input is documented in the header of
the result report.
After selecting the menu "Drawing - Edit" existing drawing data can be modified.
When setting-up a new drawing a data file and a directory containing the drawing
name are created. In the file with the extension ".dat", all data input to the
mask are stored.
Drawing list
From this list a drawing can be selected. Via the filter-function the displayed
list can be restricted.
Drawing - Copy
The name of the source order, the source drawing and the target order must be
selected. While selecting the source drawing all input files of this drawing are
displayed in the source list.
The target drawing must not exist, and will be created just while copying.
While copying all files from the source drawing will be copied into the target
drawing and can be then modified.
Drawing - Delete
After selecting the menu "Drawing - Delete" and selecting an order, the user can
choose from the actual drawing list that drawing, which has to be deleted. If
the drawing still contains input files, then the chosen drawing, with all input
files, is deleted after a safety query only.
While deleting, all drawing-related files and the drawing directory are also
deleted.
Drawing Load condition

For each drawing the user has the possibility to create a special file, which
contains a list of load conditions. While creating input data files for this
drawing, the pressure and temperature input can be easily done by entering only
a load condition reference. This form of input also allows a comfortable
changing of load conditions for all input files of a drawing.
Hint: If no input is found under this submenu, the creation of input files is
done in the usual manner by entering the pressures and temperatures
explicitely.
After selecting an order and a drawing, for which a load condition file
already exists, on pressing the Enter-button the list of defined conditions is
displayed. Starting from this display, new load conditions can be defined resp.
existing conditions can be modified or deleted.
If no load condition file exists for a chosen order and drawing, after
pressing the ENTER-button a panel, which differs little from module to module,
is displayed to define a load condition.
18 The User Surface
EN 13480 PROBAD
Drawing Load condition - New

Here a new loadcase can be added to a drawing-related loadcase file. To use the
advantages of load case file, a reference number should be entered for the new
load case.
Drawing Load condition - Copy / Delete

Here an existing drawing-related load condition file can be copied into another
drawing, or an existing drawing-related load condition file can be deleted
without safety request.
Drawing List of load conditions

(see also "Load conditions")
Definition of the load case
To define a load case, at least one pressure and a temperatur must be entered.
On actuation of key
Cancel Edit New Delete Save -
the displayed list of load cases is closed. Modifications are not

possible.
the loadcase, selected by cursor position, is displayed. The load
case data can be modified
the input panel to define a new load case is displayed
the loadcase, selected by cursor position, is deleted.
Only on actuation of this button all modifications in the load
condition file are saved.
Drawing Load condition - Display, Selection

On actuation of key
Display -
for the loadcase reference, selected by cursor position, all laod

date is displayed.
OK -
the loadcase reference is selected.
EN 13480 PROBAD
The User Surface 19
File level
File New / Open
The name of the file and the file number are mandatory inputs.
Name of file
The file name may contain up to 28 characters and must conform to the DOS
File number
The file number may contain up to 28 characters. Any character may
be input.
Comment
These inputs may contain up to 60 character. There is no restriction regarding
the characters.
After actuation of the OK-Button a new file is created in the selected drawing
directory. This file has the entered name with extension ".ein".
File list
From this list an input file can be selected. Via the filter-function the
displayed list can be restricted.
File - Copy into another drawing

The name of the source order, the source drawing, the target order and the
target drawing must be selected. All input files of the source drawing will be
displayed in a list and can be selected.
On actuation of key
Copy -
all selected input files are copied into the target drawing.
If files of the same name exist in the target directory, these are
overwritten without warning.
File - Copy into any directory

One or more input files can be copied into any directory, e.g. on a floppy
disk as back up.
Vice versa backups can be copy back from any directory into an existing order.
The name of the source order, source drawing and the target path are mandatory
inputs and can be selected. All input files of the source drawing will be
On actuation of key
Copy -
all selected input files are copied.
The copied input files are stored with extension "EIN" in the target
directory. Because all files with this extension are regarded as input files
from the system, the target directory should be reserved for this purpose. Only
20 The User Surface
EN 13480 PROBAD
this guarantees, that no files, which are not suitable for calculation inputs,
are copied back.
If files of the same name exist in the target directory, these are overwritten
without warning.
File - Copy from any directory

The name of the source path, the target order and the target drawing are
mandatory inputs and can be selected. All input files of the source path will be
On actuation of key
Copy -
all selected input files are copied.
All files with this extension in the source directory are regarded as input
files from the system. Thus the source directory should be reserved for this
purpose. Only this guarantees, that no files, which are not suitable for
calculation inputs, are copied back.
If files of the same name exist in the target drawing, these are overwritten
without warning.
File - Delete
After defining an order and a drawing, from which one or more input files shall
be deleted, a list of all correspondend input files is displayed.
On actuation of key
Delte -
all selected input files are deleted without warning. If

calculations were started for this input files, also the
correspondend result and/or message files are deleted.
File - Save, Save as

After new input datas are defined or existing datas are modified, they can be
saved. Normally the data is saved via the submenu "File - Save" with the last
entered file name.
Actuating the menu "File - Save as" the modified input file can be saved with
a new input file name in the same order and drawing as the basic input file. In
this way an existing input file can be used to create a second similar one. If
input data already exists for an entered name, this file can be overwritten
after a correspondend warning.
File - Rename
If an input file (all other created files included) shall be renamed this can
be done on this input mask (via selection order and drawing all stored input
files are shown with the help of the filter at the bottom you can configure
this list-). Select the input file that shall be renamed with the mouse and type
in the new name in File name new. Selecting OK starts the process.
EN 13480 PROBAD
The User Surface 21
File Go to
Via the buttons < < > > the user can scroll through the sngle input panels.
Especially the buttons < and > allow to jump to the begin or end of the input
file.
Via doubleclick on the knot of a component in the navigator (these are marked
by C0 or C1) the user can jump to the correspondend input panel during the
modification of input data, without srolling through all panels.
22 The User Surface
EN 13480 PROBAD
Edit the 'pfad'-file

(see also General Directories and files)
If clicking on the row in the entries list, the 'Edit'-button will be set on
activ, then this entry in the 'pfad'-file can be edited.
Pushing the 'Edit'-button the change will be enterd first in list of entries,
and only after pushing the 'OK'-button the 'pfad'-file will be changed.
In EN 13480 you can edit the DATVERZ - entry only.
Calculate
After the data input - but also at every later moment - a calculation can be
started on actuating the main menu "Calculate".
If a input file is opened, this data will be saved and calculated. If not, a
panel is displayed, in which one or more input files can be selected and
calculated.
The result datas are stored in a correspondend file with extension "ERG", the
error messages, warnings and hints in a file with extension "FEH" in binary
form.
At the same time the result report is displayed in the form and language,
which was chosen under menu "Settings". This display contains also probably
existing error messages, warnings or hints.
If more than one input files are calculated in one step, only the results of
the input file calculated last are displayed. The results of the other input
files can be displayed actuating the menu "Results".
EN 13480 PROBAD
The User Surface 23
Results
Results Display panel
The results, displayed on the monitor, can be scrolled via Cursor- or PageButton, key combination Ctrl + Pos1 or 'Drawing the mouse'.
On actuation of key
Search Print Print-Preview-
within the results it can be searched for any character

string.
the results are printed in the form and language, which were
chosen under menu Settings Print.
the actual print design of the displayed results can be
controled on the screen.
Results - Display
After a calculation the result report is automaticly displayed in that form
and language, chosen via menu "Settings". Via the submenu "Results - Display"
the results can be displayed at every later time.
If a input file is opened, the corresponding results are automaticly
displayed. If not, a panel is displayed, in which a input files can be selected
for the result display.
Results - Print
After defining an order and a drawing in the known manner, the print of one
or several result files can be started.
On actuation of key
Print -
the selcted results are printed.
Details about settings for the printer exit and of printer-specific parameters
can be found under menu "Settings - Printer".
Results - Copy
The results are copied in the form and language defined by the entries of
Report type 1 (see settings-print).
The name of the source order and the source drawing must be selected and after
a target directory. PROBAD proposes a target directory with ending "_DOC". The
subdirectories of this directory have the names identical to order/drawingstructure of PROBAD.
The copied files are saved in the target directory with name of the result
file with the file extension "txt", ready to print.
Results - Delete
After defining the order and the drawing of the desired results a list of
result files is displayed.
On actuation of key
24 The User Surface
EN 13480 PROBAD
Delet the selected result files are deleted.
Results to Word
The PROBAD-result-files can be transfered to Word. For this purpose the result
files are converted into the Unicode-files first. Then these files can be opened
in Word and saved as Word-Documents.
Report type 1 (see Settings Print).
First the name of the source order and the source drawing are selected, and
then the target directory where the results are to be saved as Unicode-files.
PROBAD proposes a target directory with ending "_DOC". The subdirectories of
this directory have the names identical to order/drawing-structure of PROBAD.
The copied files are saved in the target directory with names of the result
files with the file extension "uni".
Results to PDF
The PROBAD-result-files can be read by Acrobat Reader. For this purpose the
result files are converted into the PDF-files first. Then these files can be
opened in Acrobat Reader.
Report type 1 (see Settings Print).
First the name of the source order and the source drawing are selected, and then
the target directory where the results are to be saved as PDF-files. PROBAD
proposes a target directory with ending "_DOC". The subdirectories of this
directory have the names identical to order/drawing-structure of PROBAD.
The copied files are saved in the target directory with names of the result
files with the file extension "pdf".
EN 13480 PROBAD
The User Surface 25
Settings
Via this main menu the user can adapt the PROBAD module to his hardwarerequirements and to his company-specific desires. For example the form and
language of the result reports can be preset both for display and print. It is
also possible to insert the Name of the company into the header of each sheet of
the result report.
Settings - Display
By this entries form and language of the result display are preset.
On actuation of key
ENTER - the defined presettings are stored
Settings - Print
The user is able to print either in Windows- or in DOS-Mode. In Windows-Mode
the extended settings of the operating system are available, in DOS-Mode the
user has to select the escape sequences for the printer. The available printers
for each mode are displayed on actuation of function key F9, if the cursor is
positioned on the correspondend input field.
Windows-Mode:
For the selection of the relevant Windows-printer of PROBAD a further window
appears. Here the standard Windows-printer is displayed for information. After
choice of the desired printer, the font can be selected and the pages can be
formated.
DOS-Mode:
In DOS-Mode the result files together with the escape sequences of the selected
type of printer are sent to the printer by DOS-copy command. If no type of
printer is defined, the result files are sent to the printer without escape
sequence (see also chap. "Type of printer").
After that the printer port must be defined via F9 - function.
One of the following exits must be selected:
- LPT1 - LPT2 - LPT3 - COM1 - COM2 - COM3 - COM4
Result report:
The maximum number of lines per sheets depends on the used printer.
Numbering of pages
Form of header
0: separate (protocol, messages, results)

1: continuous numbering
2: continuous w/o numbering of message pages
0: no
1: yes
2: long
(Results without header data)

(Long header, follow. sheets w. short header)
(Long header on all sheets)
Settings Printer in Windows-Mode - List

Here the relevant Windows-printer of PROBAD can be chosen. The standard
Windows-printer is displayed for information. After choice of the desired
printer, the font can be selected and the pages can be formated.
26 The User Surface
EN 13480 PROBAD
If the printer dialog is requested, it is started before every result output.

The inputs made then, are only valid for the current print output.
Settings Printer in DOS-Mode - List

Up to 20 types of printers and their control sequences can be defined. Some of
the most usual types and their control sequences are preset during the
installation by IBM BS.
If necessary further types may be added or entries may be overwritten. While
entering new control sequences, use the statements of the correspondend printer
manual. Defining the escape-character-sequence and the ASCII-values, which shall
be sent to the printer, first the #-sign and then the ASCII-values have to be
entered, e.g. #15 #27 etc. The installed IBM BS-printer-file contains for
example
-
the control sequence for switching on and off the slim fond in case of
NEC-printers and
the normal control sequence for HP-LaserJet printers.
Before every print the system proves first, if the type of printer is defined
in the printer-configuration-file. In this case first the corresonding
initialisation-sequence, then the result file and last the reset-sequence is
sent to the printer.
Settings - Company
After selecting the submenu "Settings - Company" a name with up to 64
characters can be defined. This name is documented in the header of each sheet
of the result report.
EN 13480 PROBAD
The User Surface 27
Documentation
If for an order and a drawing several input files were defined and calculated,
the results - but also all error messages, warnings or hints - are filed.
After an order and a drawing were selected, for which a documentation shall be
generated, the user has the possibility either to create a "Pressure part list"
or a "Total documentation".
Pressure part list: (not yet available)
The pressure part list contains first a survay table, where the materials and
dimensions are documented. Also the status of the calculation (hints, warnings,
errors) is evident. The components can be documented either via the type of
component (cylinder, dished head, 3.nozzle etc.) or via the designation of the
component entered by the user.
In a second list the design datas are listed. This list contains calculation
pressures, calculation temperatures and allowable stresses. These values are
faced with the allowable pressures, the allowable temperatures, the life time
and the stress- resp. pressure usage ratios.
Total documentation:
In the total documentation the results of a drawing are reported in a defined
order. This report is created in the language and form, which was chosen in the
menu "Settings". Especially a continuous numbered documentation can be created.
Documentation Selection of input files

The selection panel is separated in two parts. The upper half contains a list
of all calculated pressure parts of the drawing. Via double-click or pushing the
Enter-button those results, which shall be documented, can be selected. This
data sets are listed in the lower half in the sequence of their selection. Data
sets, which should not appear in the documentation, can be deleted from the
lower list. Also the inserting of data sets at any place of the list is
possible.
When the lower list is of the desired form, actuating of the display- resp.
print-button the correspondend documentation is generated. Actuating of the "To
Word"- resp. "To PDF"-button the correspondend documentation is converted.
Materials
Via this menu the FEZEN-Info-System can be started.
After choosing the data base and reference standard, from which informations are
desired, a list of all FEZEN-materials from this data base and reference
standard is displayed. This list can be reduced by input of filter criteria as
material number, product type, supply condition or generation number.
Help
Via this menu the Helpfunction is started.
28 The User Surface
EN 13480 PROBAD
Recurrent inputs
General
The implementation of the PROBAD calculation modules has been based as far as
possible on a uniform working method and a unique user interface, which is to
help users to get accustomed to the program. This way, a lot of input
possibilities will occur again and again, independently of the component or
part. For instance, the specification of the materials data or wall thickness
allowances is always done in the same manner. A detailed description of these
recurrent input fields is therefore given independently of components or parts.
Hint: If a list of values exists for a field from which the user can select, it
will be described in the documentation. The number preceding the possible
values is for internal identification, it is of no significance to the
panel input.
The value marked by "(S)" indicates the value preset by IBM-BS. It will be
displayed in the respective field if the standard file has not been
modified.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Recurrent inputs 29
General Data
Whenever an input file is created, a panel is displayed in which the basic
data can be entered. This data serves for data management and documentation and
is transferred into the header of the result output.
Name of order, drawing, input file

Order name,
Order number, Order comment
Drawing name,
Drawing number
File name,
File number
Using the PROBAD PC version, this data is generally keyed in the data
management system. At this point, the data is just displayed. This way, the
specification of the order, drawing and file enables the systematic cataloging
of the input data.
Comment
For each file, a comment can be entered to appear on the first page of the
result output.
Revisor
Name of revisor
Department
Telefone
To identify the revisor concerned with this part of the order, this data is
displayed in the header of the print output. Using the PROBAD PC version, the
information will be taken from the general drawing data.
Inspector
If data is keyed in here, an inspection mark will appear on the first page of
the individual print output. This mark shows the name entered in this field,
providing the possibility of hand-written confirmation. In case no data is
entered, the inspection stamp will appear on the result output.
30 Recurrent inputs
EN 13480 PROBAD
Load condition reference

If a drawing-related load data file was created angelegt (see also Drawing
Load condition), via the drop down arrow a load case can be selected from the
displayed list. During calculation the system uses the load data, which is
stored under this reference number.
If the input field "Load condition reference" stays empty, the user has to
enter the load data in the following window.
Load conditions
Calculation pressure internal Pi, external Pe
Either the operation or test load case must be defined. Here the internal
and/or external can be entered. Negative inputs are regarded as sub-atmospheric
pressures and are taken into account in the opposite pressure chamber as
positive pressures. If only an external pressure is defined, the component is
additionally proved for the identic internal pressure acc. to EN 13480-3, 9.1.
Design pressure PS
Design pressure internal PSi , external PSe
For the determination of the required test pressure acc. to EN 13480-5,
section 9.3.2.2 a "design pressure PS of the prefabricated piping group
different from the calculation pressure P can be entered. This pressure may not
be greater than the calculation pressure. If no value is entered, PS is set
equal to P internally.
Calculation temperature t
Calculation temperature t
Medium temperature inside tdi, outside tde
The calculation temperature is relevant for FEZEN-materials to determine the
material values. Also rule specific limits of validity can be proved.
At the moment the medium temperature serves only for documentation.
Evaluation of test pressure

Evaluation of test pressure
0: No evaluation
1: required test pressure acc. to EN 13480-5
2: Factor Fp acc. to EN 13480-5
3: only allowable test pressure acc. to EN 13480-3
Valuation of components
0: Minimum of all components
1: only main body
2: Maximum of all components
If no test pressure is entered, on request one of the following values will be
determined internally:
1: Required test pressure acc. to EN 13480-5:
The required test pressure pt acc. to EN 13480-5, section 9.3.2.2
via the design pressure PS and documented in the results:
Pt = Max ( 1.25 * ft / f ; 1.43) * PS
whith:
EN 13480 PROBAD
is determined
Recurrent inputs 31
ft = allowable design stress for test temperature

f = allowable design stress for calculation temperature
PS = Design pressure
In case of more than one components with different strength values depending on
the chosen switch the minimum or maximum of the relation ft / f is regarded.
Normally (see e.g. EN 13445-5, sect. 10.2.3.3) during determination of the
required test pressure the "essential pressure carrying elements" must be
regarded. Thus for switch "only main body" the attached components are ignored
while building the relation ft / f.
2: Test pressure factor Fp acc. to EN 13480-5:
The test pressure factor Fp = Max ( 1.25 * ft / f ; 1.43) is determined and
documented in the results.
Via this a following determination of the required test pressure Pt = Fp * Px
with Px different from the design pressure PS is possible (see e.g. AD 2000, HP
30, 4.10).
3: Allowable test pressure acc. to EN 13480-3:
The allowable test pressure acc. to EN 13480-3 is internally determined and
documented in the results.
Test pressure Pt
Test pressure inside Pti, outside Pte
If no test pressure is entered, the required test pressure is determined
internally acc. to EN 13480-5, section 9.3.2.2 , if the switch "Evaluation of
test pressure" is in correspondend position.
Test temperature tt
By default a test temperature of 20 degree C is set.
Test load in corroded condition

Calculation of test load case in corroded condition:
For the pressure test of a vessel, which was already under operation conditions,
the test load case can be calculated in corroded condition.
Maximum usage ratio of the components

Via entering a usage ratio less than 100 % an additional all-in reserve can be
obtained, to take the weight of the pipe, valves, insulation, fluid and further
loads into account. The components are designed so , that the quote of
calculation pressure and allowable pressure is lower or equal to the entered
value.
Modification of safety factors

The design stresses of the main body and the attached components depend on the
material data and safety factors. By default, the safety factors are internally
defined on the basis of the rule, but the user can modify these factors.
32 Recurrent inputs
EN 13480 PROBAD
Modification of standard safety factors

For switch "Modification of safety factors (yes) the deviating values can be
entered in the next panel:
Hours of Lifetime T
By default acc. to EN 1348-3, 5.3.2.1 the pressure parts are designed for a
lifetime of 200.000 hours. If for a selected FEZEN-material no strength values
are stored for the entered hours of lifetime, these will be determined by double
logarithmic inter- resp. extrapolation.
Operation:
Sm/20
Safety
Sm/t
Safety
Sp/t
Safety
S1p/t
Safety
Sm/T/tc Safety
factor
factor
factor
factor
factor
min. tensile strength at ambient temperature

min. tensile strength at design temperature
yield strength
yield strength
creep range
Test:
Sm/tt
Safety factor - min. tensile strength at test temperature
Sp/tt
Safety factor yield strength
By default the safety factors are set internally depending on the material acc.
to EN 13480-3, chapter 5. For austenitic materials with defined 1 %-yield
strength these values are used instead of 0,2 %-yield strenth values.
The safety factor for creep range is valid for all creep rupture strength
values. Via this the mean creap strength values stored in the FEZEN-Data base or
entered as free input are transformed to minimum values. If for a selected
FEZEN-material no creep values are stored for the entered hours of lifetime,
these will be determined by double logarithmic inter- resp. extrapolation about
the stored mean values.
If for a "200.000 h - calculation" no 200.000 h - values, but only 100.000 h mean values exist, these values have to be projected via a factor 1.5 to
200.000 h - minimum values acc. to gem EN 13480-3, Table 5.3.2-1. In PROBAD
this is realized by first project the stored 100.000 h - mean values via the
factor 1.2 to 200.000 h - mean values. These 200.000 h - values are now - as
usual - transformed via the safety factor for creep range to minimum values.
Allowable stress
1) Steel and
steel cast
except 2), 3)
2) Austenite with
elong. fracture 30%
3) Austenite with
elong. fracture > 35%
EN 13480 PROBAD
Operation
f = Min ( Rp0.2/t/Sp/t ; Rm/20/Sm/20)
Test
f = Rp0.2/tt/Sp/tt
f = Min ( Rp1.0/t/Sp/t ; Rm/20/Sm/20)
f = Rp1.0/tt/Sp/tt
f = Max {Rp1.0/t/Sp/t;
Min(Rp1.0/t/S1p/t ; Rm/t/Sm/t)}
f = Max {Rp1.0/tt/Sp/tt;
Rm/tt/Sm/tt)}
elong. fract. 25%
Recurrent inputs 33
Safety factors external pressure

Safety factor k
Operation / Test
Factor for evaluation of the allowable elasticity limit-
Non-Austenit
Austenit
Factor ks for stiffenings
prefabricated or warm finished
cold finished
By default the safety factors k for external pressure calculations are
internally set acc. to EN 13480-3, 9.3.2 d). For special calculations higher
values can be entered. For steel castings the entered values are increased
internally by 25%.
The allowable elasticity limit is internally determined depending on the
material family acc. to EN 13480-3, 9.2.2.
The factors ks for stiffenings are internally determined acc. to
EN 13480-3, 9.3.3 depending on the supply condition.
34 Recurrent inputs
EN 13480 PROBAD
Position number, material reference, designation

Each single component of the pressure part (e.g. main body, branch or
reinforcement pad) is identified by the system via the position number. It is
also possible to define the correspondend material via a material reference
number:
Position number
This parameter comprising up to 8 alphanumerical characters must always be
entered. It is saved according to the actual colums. Different components should
have different numbers so that error messages and warnings are related to the
individual component.
For branches or nozzles the position number is used also to define the position
of these single attachments on the main body clearly. In this way also in the
result output e.g. the interaction of adjacent openings can be documented
clearly.
Material reference
If an order-related material file was created (see also Data management levels
the order level - Materials"), the desired material can be selected on the
current window after placing the cursor in the reference field. For
calculations, the system refers to the materials data attached to the
correspondend reference number. No further material input is necessary.
Designation
The component designation is freely definable and is displayed both in the input
panel and on the print output.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Recurrent inputs 35
Material Data
Material input
The component material can be defined either via a unique database access ID or
via the explicit input of at least one material strength value for each load
condition. In the former case, the system accesses the FEZEN materials database
and determines the material data on the basis of the temperature, dimensions and
code. In the latter case, it is up to the user to determine culate the material
data.
In the event of a component to be attached to a previously defined main body,
the material of the main body is assumed, if both the FEZEN ID and the explicit
specifications are missing. The specification of ruling dimensions, whether
differing or not, are taken into account, however.
Using the Button Reset Fezen (if active), all the FEZEN inputs on the material
panel can be deleted. In this case, standard values will be used.
FEZEN-Material data
The system can identify a material in the database only if it is clearly
defined. This is most easily performed via the Drop-Down-Button behind the input
field Material number. Before, the desired reference standard and file must
have been specified from which the data is inherited. In case an order-related
materials file has been created, the system first lists all the materials of
this order-related file. With the F7 key ('FEZEN'), the user can then select a
material from the general FEZEN database.
File
D: Base (S)
Z: User
A materials file administered by IBM is usually available to the user. In
addition, IBM provides a system helping the user save materials in a customerspecific file himself and make these the basis for calculations.
Reference standard
At present, the material file updated by IBM contains materials according to:
Reference Standard
0: DIN
3: EN
The FEZEN database contains code-specific entries. It is thus possible to define

a rule for calculating both materials data and physical properties (e.g. modulus
of elasticity). FEZEN is currently supporting the following rules:
Rule for Strength calculation:
1: General
2: AD
3: TRD
5: EN 12952
6: EN 13445
7: EN 13480
Rule Physical Properties:
1: General
8: SEW
36 Recurrent inputs
9: FDBR
EN 13480 PROBAD
5: EN 12952
6: EN 13445
7: EN 13480
If no rule is defined for the material, the system calculates the material data
or physical properties on the basis of the order-related priorities list (see
also "Order - Materials")
Material Number, Product Type, Supply Condition, Generation Number
Via the Drop-Down-Button behind the input field Material number the system
lists all the materials for a given reference standard specified in the file.
This list contains the materials numbers, names, product types, supply
conditions and for information only, the generation numbers.
FEZEN Material list
File: Base
Name
Number Product type
Supply
condit.
S235JRG
P195GH
P285NH
16Mo3
1.0038
1.0348
1.0477
1.5415
1.5415
1.5415
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
Form steel
Tube
Forging
Tube
Tube seamless
Tube welded
Reference Standard: EN
Rules
Gen. Gene A T EN
No. ral
D R 12952
D
0
0
1
0
0
0
r
x
x
r
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
r
r
x
x
x
EN
13445
EN
13480
x
x
r
x
x
In the displayed material list in the last columns (behind the generation
number) for the actual reference standard and the valid rule (General, AD, TRD, EN
12952, EN 13445 und EN 13480) the status of the used sources is documented.
At this moment 'x' means,

that the material data is valid for the rule without any restriction.
The entry 'r' means,
that at least one used source for the material datas is replaced by an up-todate standard The replacement can be within the reference standard (e.g. 1.0305
as normalized tube). This material can be found with valid rule under a higher
generation number. If the replacement is done under a different reference
standard (e.g. 1.0425), the valid up-to-date material can be normaly found under
the reference standard EN with equal material number but different material
designation.
The entry 'i' means,
that at least one used source for the material datas is partly replaced by
another standard.
The entry 'p' means,
that for at least one used source for the material datas exists another alsovalid standard.
In both cases the partly replaced resp. also-valid material can be found in the
same way as described for 'r'. The user must come to a decision about the choice
of the material by proving the material sheets and the referenced sources.
The entry 'w' means,
EN 13480 PROBAD
Recurrent inputs 37
that at least one used source is drawn back officially. The use of such a
material must be proved very carefully.
Via doubleclick on the relevant line (or cursor positioned and pressed ENTER),
the data is incorporated into the input panel, except for the Generation number.
For calculations, the highest-generation material is automatically used, i.e.
the material with the latest data. Lower generations should be used only for recalculating old plants and have to be explicitly specified on the input panel.
By default, the material data is evaluated by the rule defined in the orderrelated information. Rules deviating from the default need to be explicitly
specified on the input panel.
Filter:
Using selection criteria (filters), you can restrict the display of the
materials list. All the entries in the fields "Material Number", "Product Type",
"Supply Condition" and Generation number in the input fields below the
displayed list are taken into account. If for example the value 1.______ is
entered in the "Material Number" field and "Tube" selected as product type, all
the tube materials of group 1 are listed using the Filter-Button.
If the system does not find a material according to given criteria, the message
"No entry in the FEZEN file for these selection criteria" is displayed.
38 Recurrent inputs
EN 13480 PROBAD
Ruling dimension for strength,

Ruling dimension standard
If no ruling dimension is keyed in, the current geometrical dimensions of the
component will be used to evaluate the product-related strength values. Here,
the code-specific upgrades and downgrades stated on the material specification
sheet are taken into account.
For forged FEZEN materials, the strength data is usually determined via the
ruling heat treatment diameter. This one can be defined as "ruling dimension".
If no entry is made for forging materials, the program evaluates the ruling
dimension on the basis of the standard stated in the list of references on the
respective material specification sheet. It is also possible to define another
program-supported standard as the basis for evaluating the heat treatment
diameter.
Free Material Data

Material designation
In case of non-FEZEN data or for modifying the material name stored in the FEZEN
file, a material name can be entered to better document the results.
Material Product type, supply condition, material-family, certificate
Tensile strength
Operating
Rm/t
Test
Rm/20
0.2 % yield strength Operating
Rp0.2/t
Test
Rp0.2/tt
1.0 % yield strength Operating
Rp1.0/t
Test
Rp1.0/tt
Creep rupture value
Operating
Rm/T/tc
Modulus of elasticity Operating E/t
Test
R/tt
Elongation at fracture
It is possible to have the program calculate the admissible stress for non-FEZEN
materials on the basis of keyed-in strength values. The user has to determine
the material data according to the temperature of the respective load case, the
type of dimensions and if required, the defined lifetime.
The material information serves to determine the safety factors. These depend on
the material family, the supply condition acc. to EN 13480, chapter 5.
The elongation at fracture serves for the exact specification of austenitic
steels acc. to EN 13480-3, 5.2 and thust enters into the determination of the
safety factors.
The material family may also be of importance to supporting certain dimension
and tolerance standards. After cursor positioning, admissible entries can be
selected via the Drop-Down-Button.
The allowable stress is determined as the minimum quote of the entered strength
values and the entered or determined safety factor.
In case of inside pressure for Austenits and non-iron-metals normally the 1%yield strength, for all other material families the 0.2 % - yield strength has
to be entered.
In case of external pressure the input of the 0.2 % - yield strength is required
to determine the limit of elsaticity acc. to EN 13480, 9.2.2.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Recurrent inputs 39
Density rho at 20 degree C

For non-FEZEN data or for modifying the values stored in the FEZEN file, the
weight can be entered in Mg/m3 (= kg/dm3 = g/cm3) to determine the mass of the
component.
The FEZEN-Material Database

For strength calculations acc. to EN 13445 in PROBAD the
Basic - FEZEN Materials - Database
developed and updated by IBM/BS and probably a
User - FEZEN Materials - Database
The PROBAD user can benefit from a material database in the following way:
1.
The value for the "Admissible Stress" is automatically calculated by the

program for each individual component.
a)
Here, the upgrades and downgrades stipulated in the various
standards (EN, DIN, VDTUEV Sheets, SEW Sheets) are taken into
account for iterative design calculations, in case they depend on
temperature, diameter and/or wall thickness.
b)
The safety factors can be internally determined, depending on the
material stored (product type, supply condition, certificate).
2.
For For forging materials, the ruling heat treatment diameter is evaluated
in line with the standard specified in the database.
3.
The "Modulus of elasticity" or "Coefficient of Thermal Expansion" is

automatically determined for each individual component by the program, in
case the value is required for calculation.
4.
The allowable temperature for each pressure part can be determined by

PROBAD via interpolation between the stored basic temperature values.
5.
The materials data of the IBM/BS file is automatically updated whenever

one of the underlying references changes.
40 Recurrent inputs
EN 13480 PROBAD
Definition of a Material
A material is clearly defined by:
- File
D: Basic file
Z: User file
- Reference Standard
0: DIN
3:EN
- Rule for strength
1: General
5: EN 12952
2: AD
3: TRD
6: EN 13445 7: EN 13480
- Rule for physical properties
1: General
5: EN 12952
8: SEW
9: FDBR
6: EN 13445 7: EN 13480
- Material Number, Generation Number
By default, the general data is taken into account for evaluating the FEZEN data
for a DIN-based material. However, the default rule priority can be changed in
the order-related materials data (see also Data management levels the order
level - Materials") or on the input panel.
Product Type
Supply Condition
Certificate
0: no
1: yes
Material family
0:
1:
2:
3:
4:
Unknown
Ferrite
Martensit
Austenitic
Non-Iron-metal
EN 13480 PROBAD
Recurrent inputs 41
Ruling Dimension for Strength Value

In addition to the calculation temperature and the lifetime, the "Ruling
Dimension for Strength Value" is relevant to determining the material data.
This indicates the geometric dimension (e.g. wall thickness in case of tubes or
diameter in case of bars) which is used for evaluating the actual strength
values in consideration of the upgrades and downgrades. If no value is
explicitly entered for the ruling dimension (e.g. a casting thickness known to
the user), the current geometrical dimensions will be applied for evaluating the
strength values.
For forged FEZEN materials, the strength values are usually evaluated on the
basis of the ruling heat treatment diameter. If this diameter is not specified
as the "ruling dimension", the program determines for forged materials, the
ruling heat treatment diameter on the basis of the standard stated in the list
of references of the respective material sheet. It is therefore recommended to
always check the internally evaluated ruling dimension, because the original
form and the dimensions which form the basis for the calculation may be
different.
Evaluation of the admissible stress using stored values
Depending on the temperature, the following strength values are stored in the
FEZEN database for all materials:
Minimum tension strength at 20 C
Yield strength or 0,2 % strain limit
For special austenitic materials, also the 1 % strain limit (as upgrade or
downgrade)
Creep rupture value (average) for different hours.
(In addition, FEZEN offers far more information and possibilities. See the
FEZEN-Info-System for more details. Here, you will also find a list of all the
materials stored in the IBM BS file as well as a comparison between the DIN and
the EN materials names.)
The automatic evaluation of the "allowable stress" via PROBAD is done as minimum
of the ratios f = K / S
while the minimum tension strength, the yield or strain limit as well as the
creep rupture value with the associated safety factors are taken into account
(see also "Modification to Standard Safety Factors").
42 Recurrent inputs
EN 13480 PROBAD
Product Standards
Both during data input and during calculation the PROBAD-System can access to
various standard tables.
Dimensions Standard
By entering the "Dimensions Standard" parameter, the user can specify the
product standard used for dimensioning the component. Depending on the component
(e.g. tube), a list of the attached standards is shown, from which the user can
select. Once the dimensions standard has been defined, it is possible to select
the nominal measures e.g. the outside diameter for a tube. After this the
nominal wall thickness can be selected from a list, depending on the selected
nominal diameter.
In the design phase, dimensions of the standard series are always used for
iterations. These also form the basis for evaluating strength values. If it
becomes evident in the calculation process that the defined dimensions standard
is not applicable, because for instance no standard diameter was specified or
because the required wall thickness is not admissible, the dimensions standard
is internally modified by the program and the current wall thickness is selected
in grades of mm. In such a case, a correspondend message appears.
Note: For the dimensions "Round to 1/ mm" and for rolled plates in line with "EN
10029" for instance, no standard dimensions are available in the dialog
box.
Tolerances Standard
If no value is set for the wall thickness allowance, the "Tolerances Standard"
field defines the standard used by the program for evaluating the respective
minus tolerance.
Depending on the keyed-in dimensions standard, the tolerances are generally
determined in compliance with e.g. the following standards:
EN 13480 PROBAD
Recurrent inputs 43
Component
Dimensions standard
Assoc. tolerances standard
Seamless tube
DIN 2391
DIN 2448
DIN 2462
DIN 2917
DIN EN 10216-x
DIN 2458
DIN 2463
DIN EN 10217-x
DIN EN ISO 1127
DIN 2605-1
DIN 2605-2
DIN 28011
DIN 28013
EN 10131
EN 10029
full mm
1/2 mm
1/10 mm
DIN 2391
DIN 17175
DIN 2462
DIN 2917
DIN EN 10216-x
DIN 1626
DIN 2463
DIN EN 10217-x
DIN EN ISO 1127
DIN 2605-1
DIN 2605-2
DIN 28011
DIN 28013
EN 10131
EN 10029, Cl.A
EN 10029, Cl.A
EN 10029, Cl.A
EN 10029, Cl.A
Welded tube
Tube
Elbow
Torisperical head - Kloepper
Torisperical head Korbbogen
Plate
Round-off values for wall thickness
and pad height
Differing standards combinations have to be expressly stated. If no dimensions

standard is specifically defined and in case the tolerance value is missing, the
thickness allowance is internally set to 0.0 mm. Minus tolerances can be
explicitly pre-defined in % or mm (see also "Recurrent Inputs - Allowances").
44 Recurrent inputs
EN 13480 PROBAD
Wall thicknesses and allowances

[General Wall thicknesses]
For each component in case of a design check the wall thickness can be entered.
In case of dimensionings limit measures can be entered. Allowances are taken
into account to proof the thickness under unfavorible tolerances and in corroded
condition.
Wall thickness(incl.allowances) given
minimum/ maximum
eord
eord
(mm) -----(mm) ------
------
Allowances
c0
(mm) 0.---c1(%)/(mm) -----c2
(mm) 0.----
0.--------0.----
Corrosion inside / outside

Wall thickness tolerance
Thinning
inside / outside
Wall thickness eord incl. allowances given

If no thickness eord is defined, the program evaluates a thickness on the basis of
the dimensions standard and in consideration of all the allowances.
After a dimensions standard has been defined, the nominal wall thickness can
be selected from a list, depending on the selected nominal diameter. On the
basis of an entered thickness the net thickness is internally evaluated with the
allowances being taken into account. The net thickness is then re-calculated.
Wall thickness eord incl. allowances minimum
If the minimum wall thickness is not specified, the program uses the codespecific one as initial wall thickness. A minimum value - either pre-defined or
evaluated - is usually conformed to the dimensions standard.
Wall thickness eord incl. allowances maximum
The maximum wall thickness is an upper limit for the determined wall thickness.
The program proves only nominal thicknesses, which are less or equal to the
entered maximum value.
Corrosion c0 inside, outside
If no input is made, wastage due to corrosion, erosion, abrasion and oxidation
is not considered.
Wall thickness allowance c1 - proportional, absolute
By default, the thickness allowance is internally evaluated on the basis of the
tolerance standard. In case the outside diameter is given, the allowance is
applied for the inner side; if the inside diameter is given, it is applied for
the outer side. It can also be defined as a proportional or absolute value.
Thinning allowance c2 inside, outside
If no input is made, wastage during finishing (e.g. bending, peaking, pipe
thread tapping, undercutting) is not considered.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Recurrent inputs 45
Welds
Type of weld
additional creep range reduction
Weld-joint efficiency z
no decisive weld---------no
------
Type of weld
Additional creep range reduction
Weld-joint efficiency z
0:
1:
2:
3:
no decisive weld
(S)
100%-examination
Spot check
Visual examination
By default, the component is regarded as component without decisive welds. Welds

decisive for the dimensions of a component are for example longitudinal welds in
cylindrical or conical shells or main welds in spherical shells and dished ends.
Not decisive welds are circumferential welds between cylindrical or conical
shells and a cylinder, cone, flange or not hemispherical dished ends.
In case of a decisive weld the joint efficiency factor z is internally set
depending on the examination acc. to EN 13480. 4.5.
z = 1.0
z = 0.85
z = 0.7
if it is shown via destructive or non-detructive examination, that

the all the weld have no significant defects.
if spot checks are taken for a non-detructive examination.
if only a visual examinaton is doen.
Differing values must be entered:

If the creep range values of the weld joint are not known, the creep rupture
strength values of the main body have to be reduced by 20 % acc. to EN 13480,
5.3.1
Attention:
If a weld exists in the range of the attached component of the main

body, possible strength value reductions are taken into account
during the proof of the opening
46 Recurrent inputs
EN 13480 PROBAD
Cylindrical shell with nozzles
Load conditions - Cylinder

(see "Recurrent inputs - Load conditions")
Modification of safety factors - Cylinder

(see "Recurrent inputs Modification of standard safety factors")
EN 13480 PROBAD
Cylindrical shell with nozzles 47
Cylinder
Geometry of cylindrical shell
Position number - Cylinder
Position number, Material reference, Designation
(see "Recurrent inputs Position number")
Product Standards - Cylinder

Dimensions standard, Tolerances standard
(see "Recurrent inputs Product Standards ")
Diameter - Cylinder
[Cylinder Geometry]
Diameter - inside Dis, outside Dos Depending on the dimensions standard the user
has to enter either the inside or the outside diameter.
Wall thickness - Cylinder

Wall thickness incl. allowances
e ords given
e ords - minimum
Corrosion allowance
c0s inside, outside
Wall thickness allowance
c1s proportional, absolute
Thinning allowance
c2s inside, outside
(see "Recurrent inputs Wall thicknesses and allowances")
Length - Cylinder
[Cylinder Geometry]
Length Lcyl
The input of the length of the main body serves for documentation, for
determination of the mass and inside volume and in case of branches for proving
the position of openings. In case of external pressure Lcyl is basis for the
determination of the unsupported length of the shell.
Weld - Cylinder
Type of longitudinal weld
Joint efficiency factor z
(see "Recurrent inputs - Welds")
The position of the welds can be described in a later part of the input panels.
48 Cylindrical shell with nozzles
EN 13480 PROBAD
Number of nozzles - Cylinder

Number of nuzzles, branches resp. openings
The number of branches on the main body must be entered. It is sufficient to
describe identic branches only once and enter their relative resp. absolute
position on the main body later.(see "Description of branch position").
Description of branch position - Cylinder

No positioning:
Single branches are defined independend from their

position on the main body. A proof of interaction of
branches is omitted.
relative position:
In the first place single branches are defined

independend from their position on the main body. In
further input panels for two branches at a time the
relative position of these branches can be entered, to
prove their interaction.
absolute position:
In the first place single branches are defined

independend from their position on the main body. In
further input panels the position of each branch must be
entered relative to a fixed reference point on the main
body. The program determines the relative position of
each two adjacent branches and the interaction of each
such combination is proved.
Circumferential pitch only - Cylinder

By default the interaction of two adjacent openings, which don't have
longitudinal pitch, is treated acc. to EN 13480-3, 8.5.2 like a longitudinal
pitch where the pressure area Aps is halved acc. to formula Formel (8.5.2-1). It
is also possible to prove pure circumferential pitches exactly acc. to formula
(8.5.2-3). This usually results in greater stress reserves.
Reference plane - Cylinder

1: Inside contour
2: Outside contour
3: Middle of the wall
By default in case of entered outside diameter of the main body the position and
inclination of branches has to be described relative to the outside contour, in
case of entered inside diameter relative to the inside contour of the main body.
It is also possible to enter the distance of the branches from a fixed
reference point resp. from each other, the circumferential position and the
inclination angle measured on a here defined reference plane of the main body.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Material data - Cylinder

(see "Recurrent inputs - Material data")
EN 13480 PROBAD
Stiffeners
Unsupported shell length
[Cylinder Unsupported length]
Unsupported shell length L
The unsupported shell length L corresponds to the maximum distance between 2
effective stiffeners. According to figure 9.3.1-1 the length L is measured
between the widths b of the stiffeners tight to the shell. In case of an
attached dished end additional to the cylindrical length 40 % of the height of
the end must be entered as unsupported length L acc to figure 9.3.1-1.
If no value is entered for the unsupported shell length L, the number n1 of
interstiffeners with width b is equally positioned on the shell length Lzyl and
the unsupported shell length is determined as
L = (Lcyl n1*b)/ (n1+1).
Number of stiffeners
Number n1 of interstiffeners
Number n0 of end stiffeners
In case of stiffeners additional input is required.
If no value is entered for the unsupported shell length L, the number n1 of
interstiffeners is positioned equally on the shell length Lzyl.
Position number Stiffener

Position number, Material reference
Positioning Stiffener
[Cylinder Stiffeners]
Positioning of ring stiffeners
1 - inside
2 - outside (S)
Depending on the positioning the cross section area center of the effective
stiffening is internally determined.
Mean Length Lc around stiffeners

Mean length Lc of adjacent shell spacings
By default the mean length Lc of the parts of the shell adjacent to both sides
of the stiffener are internally set to Lcyl /(n1+1), while n1 is the number of
interstiffeners. Differing values of Ls must be entered.
Dimensions standard Stiffener

If stiffeners shall be determined respectively proved, the dimensions standard
of the profile can be selected from the correspondend list. If the desired
profile is not available from the list, the user can describe the measures of
this special profile explicitly.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Height, width Stiffener

Height of stiffener hR, width of stiffener bR
If no measures are entered for the stiffener rings, the program determines the
smallest profile from the selected profile table, which meets the requirements.
For rectangular profiles, if no width is entered, the profile is determined
starting with a minimum width bR = shell thickness.
For special profiles as width bR the width w1 tight to the shell, as height hR
the total height of the profile must be entered
Special profile Stiffener

Profile at shell:
Ring height h1/ Ring width w1
Center of profile:
at profile outside:
For special profiles the single areas starting from the connection tight to the
cylindrical shell must be described via entering the heights hi and widths wi.
The system determines the cross sectional area As, the radius Rs of the cross
section area center and the moment of inertia Is internally.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Material data - Stiffener

EN 13480 PROBAD
Nozzles / Branches / Openings
General branch data

Position number Branch
Position number, Material reference, designation
Type of branch
[Type of branch]
Nozzle:
In PROBAD a nozzle is a tube with constant wall thickness along its
total lenth. In the first place this thickness is proved against the
internal calculation pressure. In the second place it can be
regarded as tubular reinforcement of the main body opening in case
of correspondend kind of connection.
Branch:
A branch has an effective length near to the connection with the

main body and a tube connection outside the effective length. Both
parts may be of different dimensions. The wall thickness of the tube
connection must only resist to the internal pressure. The thickness
of the effective part can be regarded as tubular reinforcement.
Opening:
For openings no input about a conneted tube is valid. A probably

necessary reinforcement can be achieved by a pad or by increasing
the main body wall thickness.
Flange ring:Flange rings are openings, which are reinforced by a welded-through

ring respectively coupling.
Kind of branch
[Kind of branch]
1: Normal nozzle (S)
2: inside closed
For branches or openings, which are closed inside of the main body, no pressure
load area Ap in the nozzle is taken into account during proof of the
reinforcement of the opening.
54 Nozzles / Branches / Openings
EN 13480 PROBAD
Kind of connection
[Branch - Kind of connection]
1:
3:
6:
7:
12:
13:
14:
set-on, fully welded (S)

set-through, fully welded
extruded
forged
set-on and seal-welded
set-in and seal-welded
screwed in
Depending on the kind of connection the pressure load areas and compensation
areas are determined for the proof of the main body opening. So e.g. for setthrough nozzles the inside projection is taken into account.
For extruded nozzles EN 13480-3, 8.3.8 is taken into account during
calculation.
For screwed in nozzles the conditions according to EN 13480-3, 8.3.10 are
proved.
Screwed in nozzles or nozzles, which are only seal-welded, may not be regarded
as reinforcements and are internally treated like unreinforced openings acc. to
EN 13480-3, 8.4.2.
Kind of reinforcement
[Branch Kind of reinforcement]
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
main body increasing

(S)
branch increasing
pad reinforcement
branch increasing - pad reinforcement
pad reinforcement - branch increasing
main body increasing - fixed pad
By default in case of dimensioning (missing input of main body wall thickness)

openings are compensated by increasing the thickness of the main body. Thus
nozzles in case of missing thickness are dimensioned only for internal pressure.
However the user has the posibility to choose an individual kind of
reinforcement for each branch. For strategy 2 - 5 in case of missing input the
main body wall thickness is only designed to carry the iternal pressure.
Proving the openings in case of missing inputs the tubular, ring or pad-type
reinforcements are designed in the selected order up to the correspondend
geometric limit of the rules.
Possible interactions of adjacent openings are compensated by increasing the
main body thickness, if this thickness is not entered and if for all branches
the kind of connection "main body increasing" resp "main body increasing - fixed
pad" was chosen.
Useful Combinations
Kind of connection Kind of reinforcement
.
Nozzle resp. Branch 1, 3
1 - 6
6 7
1 2
12-14
1, 3, 6
Type of branch
EN 13480 PROBAD
Nozzles / Branches / Openings 55
pening
Flange ring
not relevant
3
1, 3, 6
1 - 2
Pressure increasing factor reinforcement calculation

According to PAS 1057-1 (10.05) Rohrklassen fr verfahrenstechnische Anlagen,
Part 1 the reinforcement for nozzles of form A,B,W,G and Ft
via EN 13480 has to be calculated with calculation pressure multiplied by 1.1.
According to AD-S3/6 additional stresses caused by external forces and moments
in the region of a full strength nozzle connection can be taken into account by a
10 % increased calculation pressure during the reinforcement calculation. This
can be realized by the input of a pressure increasing factor of e.g. 1.1.
Branch inclination on a cylinder

[Branch Inclination in longitudinal direction]
[Branch Inclination in circumferential direction]
Angle to cylinder axis
Angle to circumferential tangent c
By default branches are placed perpendicular on the main body both in
longitudinal and circumferential direction. The inclining angle of oblique
branches must be measured in the intersection of the branch axis with the
reference plane of the main body. Here it is measured from the reference plane
anticlockwise in direction to the branch axis.
Branch inclination on a cone

[Branch Inclination in longitudinal direction]
[Branch Inclination in circumferential direction]
Angle to cone axis
Angle to circumferential tangent c
By default branches are placed perpendicular on the conical shell both in
longitudinal and circumferential direction. The inclining angle of oblique
branches must be measured in the intersection of the branch axis with the
reference plane of the main body. Here it is measured from the reference plane
anticlockwise in direction to the branch axis.
Thus an entered inclination angle 0.0 degree to the cone axis in longitudinal
direction defines a nozzle parallel (in direction to the small end), an angle
90.0 degree a nozzle perpendicular to the cone axis.
Adjacent welds - Cylinder

[Relative branch position Adjacent longitudinal welds]
Circumferential position of adjacent longitudinal weld Psl
Distance to adjacent circumferential weld Psc
For branches which are not placed absolutely on the main body, the user has
the possibility to enter the distance of the branch to a possible existing weld
on the main body. This distance has to be measured from the intersection of the
branch axis with the main body contour, which was selected in the input field
"Reference plan".
The distance to an adjacent circumferential weld must be entered in
millimeter, the distance to a longitudinal weld in degrees. For negative inputs
EN 13480 PROBAD
the systems regards the weld being on the anticlockwise main body region of the
branch. This might have influence to the proof of oblique branches.
In case of entries the program proves, if the determined distance x meets the
minimum distance according to EN 13480-3, 8.3.2.
Copy, Move and delete branches
Copy
Selection of Copy starts the copy function of the current branch.
The following panel appears:
The position number of the current branch ist shown (Stutz1).

A new position number has to be provided in ______.
The copied branch can be created at the end of all branches
-select [to end]- or before an existing branch
-please select a branch-.
Selecting OK will start the copy process while selecting ESC will
cancel it.
Move
Selection of Move starts the move function of the current banch.
The following panel appears:
EN 13480 PROBAD
Die Positionsnummer des aktuellen Stutzen wird angezeigt (Stutz1).

Der aktuelle Stutzen kann ans Ende aller vorhandenen Stutzen
-[ans Ende]- selektieren oder vor einen vorhandenen Stutzen
- bitte den Stutzen selektieren- verschoben werden.
Delete
Selection of Delete starts the delete function of the current branch. The
following panel appears:
Selection of Yes deletes the current branch while selection of No cancels it.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Geometry of nozzle
Product Standards - Nozzle
Diameter - Nozzle
[Geometry Nozzle]
Diameter - inside dib
- outside dob
Depending on the dimensions standard the user has to enter either the inside or
the outside diameter of the nozzle at the connection to the main body.
Diameter - Bore db
By default depending on the kind of connection the inside resp. outside diameter
of the branch is relevant for the reinforcement proof of the main body opening.
In case of a differing bore in the main body the bore diameter can be entered
here.
Wall thickness - Nozzle

[Geometry Nozzle]
Wall thickness eordb incl. allowances - given
If no thickness is defined, the program evaluates a nominal thickness on the
basis of a given product standard and in consideration of all the allowances.
Especially the parameter "Kind of reinforcement" influences the determined
thickness of the nozzle.
Wall thickness eordb incl. allowances minimum, maximum
If the minimum wall thickness is not specified, the program uses the codespecific one as initial wall thickness.
The maximum wall thickness is an upper limit for the determined wall
thickness. By default the maximal allowable branch thickness is determined
internally acc. to EN 13480-3, figure 8.3.1-1 and figure 8.3.1-2. If the entered
or determined maximum tubular thickness is not sufficient as reinforcement, the
program designs a pad for further reinforcement in case of kind of reinforcement
"branch increasing - pad reinforcement".
Allowances - Nozzle
Corrosion allowance
Thinning allowance
(see "Recurrent inputs Wall
EN 13480 PROBAD
c0b inside, outside

c1b proportional, absolute
c2b inside, outside
thicknesses and allowances")
Projection - Nozzle
[Geometry Nozzle]
Nozzle projection inside lbi,
- set-in depth or milling depth h1
An inside projection is only useful for the kind of connection set-in, full
strength welded". The inside projection is measured from the inside contour of
the main body. A defined inside projection enters into the calculation up to
half the effective length lb acc. to EN 13480-3, 8.4.3. Partial set-in nozzles
can be described by input of a negative inside projection.
By default set-on nozzles are placed to the outside contour of the main body.
For flushed nozzles the corresponding depth h1 can be entered. In this case a
probably lower strength value of the nozzle material is taken into account along
this depth h1.
Nozzle - projection outside lbo
The outside projection is measured from the outside contour of the main body
up to the weld connecting to the attached pipe. In case of missing input lbo is
set internally equalto the determined effective length lb.
Effective length - Nozzle

Maximum effective length of main body
ls
Maximum effective length of nozzle
lb
By default the maximum effective length ls of the main body is determined
internally acc. to EN 13480-3, 8.4.1. In case of a discontinuity in the
environment of the opening, e.g. end of the main body or adjacent openings, the
effective length of the main body can be restricted by entering a maximum value.
For small isolated openings with d <= 0.14 ls the reinforcement calculation is
ommitted according to EN 13480-3, 8.4.2. In case of an entered reduced effective
length ls1 the corresponding condition d <= 0.14 ls1 is valid.
The program determines the effective length of the nozzle acc. to
EN 13480-3, 8.4.3. By default this value enters into the calculation up to the
endered outside projection lbo of the nozzle.
Weld - Nozzle
Joint efficiency factor zb
Weld of nozzle relevant for reinforcement
For example according to EN 13445-3, 9.5.2.3 a longitudinal weld in the nozzle
must be taken into account during the proof of the reinforcement, if the angle
between nozzle weld and line of shell is not greater than 45 degrees.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Geometry of branch
In this panel the geometry of the branch near to the connection with the main
body and for the tube connection outside the effective length can be described.
By default the product standard, the diameter and the metal wastage of the tube
connection are taken from the branch near to the main body.
Product Standards - Branch

Diameter - Nozzle
[Geometry Branch]
Diameter - inside dib resp. dib0
- outside dob resp. dob0
the outside diameter of the branch at the connection to the main body resp. at
the tube connection.
Wall thickness - Nozzle

[Geometry Branch]
Wall thickness incl. allowances eordb given
- eordb0 given
thickness of the branch at the connection to the main body. At the tube
continuation the thickness enb0 must only carry the internal pressure.
Wall thickness eordb resp. eordb0 incl. allowances minimum, maximum
The maximum wall thickness is an upper limit for the determined wall
thickness. By default the maximal allowable branch thickness is determined
internally acc. to EN 13480-3, figure 8.3.1-1 and figure 8.3.1-2. If the entered
or determined maximum tubular thickness is not sufficient as reinforcement, the
program designs a pad for further reinforcement in case of kind of reinforcement
"branch increasing - pad reinforcement"
(see "Recurrent inputs Wall thicknesses and allowances").
Allowances - Branch
Corrosion
Thinning
EN 13480 PROBAD
c0b
c0b0
c1b
c1b0
c2b
c2b0-
inside, outside
inside, outside
proportional, absolute
inside, outside
inside, outside
EN 13480 PROBAD
Projection - Branch
[Geometry Branch]
Branch projection inside lbi,
- set-in depth or milling depth h1
An inside projection is only useful for the kind of connection set-in, full
strength welded". The inside projection is measured from the inside contour of
the main body. A defined inside projection enters into the calculation up to
half the effective length lb acc. to EN 13480-3, 8.4.3. Partial set-in nozzles
By default set-on branches are placed to the outside contour of the main body.
For flushed branches the corresponding depth h1 can be entered. In this case a
probably lower strength value of the nozzle material is taken into account along
this depth h1.
Branch projection outside lbo
The outside projection is measured from the outside contour of the main body up
to the weld connecting to the attached pipe. Thus for branches lbo contains the
effective part and also the tube connection part outside the effective length.
Effective length - Branch

[Nozzle Cylindrical shell]
ls
Maximum effective length of branch
lb
The program determines the effective length of the nozzle acc. gem EN EN
13480-3, 8.4.3. By default this value enters into the calculation up to the
endered outside projection lbo of the nozzle. Especially for branches as limit
of the maximum effective length the length of the tubular reinforcement of the
branch can be entered.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Geometry of opening
Diameter - Opening
[Geometry Opening]
Diameter db
The diameter of the unreinforced or pad-type reinforced opening must be entered.
Effective length - Opening

[Geometry Opening]
ls
EN 13480 PROBAD
Geometry of flange ring

Product Standards Flange ring
In case of dimensioning of pads resp. rings via the dimensions standard both the
height and the width of the component can be influenced. By default the height
is increased in 1 mm - steps, the width in 10 mm steps.
Diameter Flange ring

[Geometry
Flange ring]
Ring diameter - inside dir, outside dor

the outside diameter of the flange ring.
Width Flange ring

[Geometry
Flange ring]
Ring width lr - given,

- minimum, maximum
If no value is entered, the required width of the ring is determined internally
depending on the height of the ring. Evaluating the nominal ring measures,
values entered here are taken into account. By default as maximum width of the
ring the effectve length ls of the main body acc. to
EN 13480-3 is set internally. A value entered here is regarded as nominal
including all allowances.
Ring width - Tolerance c1lr,
- Corrosion c0lr
By default the minus tolerance is determind internally acc. to the tolerances
standard. It can also be entered in millimeters. If no input is made, wastage
due to corrosion, erosion, abrasion and oxidation is not considered.
Height Flange ring

[Geometry
Flange ring]
Ring height er - given ,

- minimum, maximum
If no value is entered for the minimum height of the ring, the minimum wall
thickness acc. to rule is used as start height.A value entered here is regarded
as nominal including all allowances.
Ring height - Tolerance c1er,
- Corrosion c0er
By default the minus tolerance is determind internally acc. to the tolerances
standard. It can also be entered in millimeters. If no input is made, wastage
due to corrosion, erosion, abrasion and oxidation is not considered.
Projection - Flange ring

[Geometry
EN 13480 PROBAD
Flange ring]
Ring Projection inside lbi,

Ring Projection outside lbo
The internal resp. external projection serves for documentation. If both values
are entered, the height is determined internally. The inside projection is
measured from the inside contour, the outer projection from the ouside contour
of the main body.
Effective length Flange ring

[Geometry
Flange ring]

ls
Weld Flange ring

Type of weld
Joint efficiency factor zr
EN 13480 PROBAD
Material data Nozzles, Branches, Flange rings

If no input is done, the material data of the main body is assumed.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Reinforcement pad
Geometry of pad
Position number Pad
Position number, Material reference
Product Standards Flange ring

In case of dimensioning of pads resp. rings via the dimensions standard both the
height and the width of the component can be influenced. By default the height
is increased in 1 mm - steps, the width in 10 mm steps.
Width Pad
[Nozzle Pad-type reinforcement]
Pad width lp - given,
- minimum, maximum
If no value is entered, the theoretic width of the pad is set equal to the
effective length of the main body and the required pad thickness is determined.
Evaluating the nominal pad measures, values entered here are taken into account.
A value entered here is regarded as nominal including all allowances.
Pad width - Tolerance c1lp,
- Corrosion c0lp
Height - Pad
[Nozzle Pad-type reinforcement]
Pad height ep - given,
- minimum, maximum
If no value is entered for the minimum height of the pad, the minimum wall
thickness acc. to rule is used as start height. By default the wall thickness of
the main body is used as maximum pad height. A value entered here is regarded as
nominal including all allowances.
Pad height - Tolerance c1ep,
- Corrosion c0ep
Weld Pad
Joint efficiency factor zp
EN 13480 PROBAD
Material data Reinforcement pad

EN 13480 PROBAD
Relative positioning of branches - Cylinder

Relative positioning of ajacent branches
Defining adjacent openings does not mean to enter their absolute position of
nozzles/branches/openings on the main body, but describing the relative position
of two branches, for which the interaction should be investigated via a common
proof of compenation areas. In the panel as maximum 10 combinations of adjacent
openings can be defined. In total up to 50 different branch combinations may be
entered.
As help in the first two lines the position numbers of all entered branches
are displayed.
Position numbers Adjacent branches

Position number Branch 1,
Position number Branch 2
The position numbers of those two branches have two be entered, for which the
interaction should be proved. Off course the two position numbers can be
identic. For different position numbers the order 1st branch / 2nd branch branch
has to be considered in case of non radial branches.
Pitch Adjacent branches

[Relative branch positioning Cylinder, longitudinal direction]
[Relative branch positioning Cylinder, circumferential direction]
Longitudinal pitch pbl
Circumferencial pitch pbc
To define the pitches always the projections in the longitudinal and
circumferential section have to be regarded, also if the branches have an offset
to each other. For non-radial branches the pitches have to be measured in the
intersection of the branch with the main body contour defined in the input field
"Reference plane". The longitudinal pitch pbl must be entered in millimeter, the
circumferencial pitch in degrees.
If the first branch has an inclining angle < 90.0 degrees, the system takes
this branch as inclined to the second branch. Angles > 90 degrees are
interpreted as declined away from the 2nd branch. If the 2nd branch has an
inclining angle < 90.0 degrees, the system takes this branch as declined away
from the first. Angles > 90 degrees are interpreted as inclined to the 1st
branch. If the longitudinal pitch is entered negative, the interpretation is
converted internally.
For a circumferential pitch the interpretation is analogous to the
longitudinal pitch:
If the first branch has an inclining angle < 90.0 degrees in circumferential
direction, the system takes this branch as inclined to the second branch. Angles
> 90 degrees are interpreted as declined away from the 2nd branch in
circumferential direction.
If the 2nd branch has an inclining angle < 90.0 degrees, the system takes this
branch as declined away from the first. Angles > 90 degrees are interpreted as
inclined to the 1st branch in the circumferential section. If the
circumferential pitch is entered negative or between 180 and 360 degrees, the
interpretation is converted internally.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Further interaction of branches

If the panel was filled with 10 combinations of adjacent
branches/nozzles/openings and other interactions of branches have to be proved,
four further similar panels can be ordered via this switch.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Absolute positioning of branches - Cylinder

The absolute position of nozzles/branches/openings has to be described
measured from a fixed reference point at one end of the main body in the chosen
reference contour. The program determines the relative position of each two
adjacent branches and the interaction of each such combination is proved.
In total up to 10 branch positions can be entered, while each defined branch
has to be positioned at least once, but can be placed several times.
As help in the first two lines the position numbers of all entered branches are
displayed.
Absolute positioning of welds Cylinder

[Absolute branch positioning Cylinder]
Circumferential position of longitudinal weld,
Distance of circumferential welds from the reference point
The welds, which were defined on the main body panel (Kind of weld, joint
efficiency factor) can now be placed on the main body. The position of the welds
must be described relative to a fixed reference point at one end of the main
body. In case of entries the program proves, if the determined distance x meets
the minimum distance according to EN 13480-3, 8.3.2.
Absolute positioning of branches Cylinder

[Absolute branch positioning Cylinder]
Position Number - Branch
Here the position number of the branch has to be entered, for which the
reinforcement should be proved.
Distance from reference point, Circumferential position
The position of the branch on the main body has to be described by the
longitudinal distance from the reference point and its circumferential position.
The longitudinal distance has to be measured in the intersection of the branch
axis with the chosen reference contour of the main body. The same is valid for
the circumferencial position measured anticlockwise.
Absolute positioning of branches Dished end

Absolute positioning of branches on dished end
[Absolute branch positioning Dished end]
Via the absolute positioning of branches on dished ends the program is able to
determine the inclination of axis-parallel nozzles, to take into account
adjaicent welds and to regard the interaction of adjacent openings.
The absolute position of nozzles/branches/openings has to be described via a
coordinate system with origin in the axis of the end. Each branch is positioned
by entering the coordinates of the intersection of the branch axis with the
chosen reference contour. The program determines the relative position of each
two adjacent branches and the interaction of each such combination is proved. In
EN 13480 PROBAD
total up to 10 branch positions can be entered, while each defined branch has to
be positioned at least once, but can be placed several times.
As help in the first two lines the position numbers of all entered branches
are displayed.
Branch inclination on the spherical shell

[Branch inclination on spherical shell]
Inclining angle to tangent in meridian section
By default branches are placed parallel to the axis of the dished end in the
meridian section. For non parallel branches the inclining angle Psi relative to
the meridian tangent must be entered. The angle has to be measured from the
tangent directed to the end axis in the intersection with the axis of the branch
in the reference plane.
Note: For branches placed in the end centre the meridian tangent is equal to the
y-axis of the coordinate system.
Inclining angle c to tangent in circumferential section
For branches oblique in circumferential direction the angel relative to the
circumferential tangent Psi1 must be entered. The angle has to be measured from
the tangent anticlockwise in the intersection with the axis of the branch.
Note: For branches placed in the end centre the circumferential tangent
equal to the x-axis of the coordinate system.
is
Two hemisoherical shells

By default the branches are positioned on the upper hemisphere of the sphere.
For branches on the lower hemisphere the value has to be changed. For branches
placed on the seperating imaginary plane an entry is ignored.
Positioning via polar coordinates Dished end

Distance r from end axis,
Circumferential position
The position of each branch must be described in the section view of the end in
polar coordinates. The distance from the origin has to be measured in the
intersection of the branch axis with the chosen reference plane of the end. The
circumferencial position must be measured anticlockwise in degrees.
For spheres the user first has to define an upper and lower hemisphere, which
is seperated by an imaginary plane. The absolute position of
nozzles/branches/openings on the sphere has to be described via a coordinate
system in the seperating plane. Each branch is positioned by entering the
coordinates of the intersection of the branch axis with the chosen reference
contour and additionaly telling the relevant hemisphere.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Positioning via cartesian coordinates Dished end

x-coordinate, y-coordinate
The position of each branch must be described in the section view of the end in
cartesian coordinates. The position has to be measured in the intersection of
the branch axis with the chosen reference plane of the end.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Absolute positioning of welds Dished end

must be described relative to a coordinate system with origin in the axis of the
end. If branches are also placed relative to this coordinate system, the program
proves, if the determined distance x meets the minimum distance according to EN
13480-3, 8.3.2.
Circumferential Position Psl1 - Crown welds
A longitudinal weld (meridian weld) in the crown section must be defined by
entering the position angle measured anticlockwise in degrees.
Circumferential
Calculating the
circumferential
account, if the
weld at crown section

crown section reduced strength values caused by a
weld at the rim of the crown section are only taken into
switch is set to "yes".
Circumferential Position Psl2 - Knuckle and skirt welds

A longitudinal weld (meridian weld) in the knuckle or skirt section must be
defined by entering the position angle measured anticlockwise in degrees.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Absolute positioning of welds Spherical shell

The weld, which was defined on the main body panel (Kind of weld, joint
efficiency factor) can now be placed on the sphere. The position of the weld
must be described relative to the coordinate system in the imaginary saparating
plane.
For all branches the program proves, if welds are placed inside the influence
area of the openings. In this case the allowable stress of the compensation area
of the main body is decreased by the joint efficiency factor.
Circumferential Position Psl1
A longitudinal weld (meridian weld) in the relevant hemisphere must be defined
by entering the position angle measured anticlockwise in degrees.
Hemisphere Meridian weld
Hemisphere
1: up
2: down
By default the welds are positioned on the upper hemisphere of the sphere. For
welds on the lower hemisphere the value has to be changed.
Connection weld between hemispheres
Reduced strength values caused by a connection weld for the two hemispheres are
only taken into account, if the switch is set to "yes".
EN 13480 PROBAD
Absolute positioning of branches - Reducer

The absolute position of nozzles/branches/openings on a conical shell has to
be described measured from a fixed reference point at the large end of the cone.
This reference point has to be placed in the intersection of the conical shell
with the cylindrical shell. The program determines the relative position of each
two adjacent branches and the interaction of each such combination is proved.
In total up to 10 branch positions can be entered, while each defined branch
has to be positioned at least once, but can be placed several times.
As help in the first two lines the position numbers of all entered branches are
displayed.
Absolute positioning of welds Reducer

[Absolute branch positioning Reducer]
Circumferential position of longitudinal welds
must be described relative to a fixed reference point at one end of the main
body. In case of entries the program proves, if the determined distance x meets
the minimum distance according to EN 13480-3, 8.3.2.
Absolute positioning of branches Reducer

[Absolute branch positioning Reducer]
Distance from reference point, Circumferential position
The position of the branch on the main body has to be described by the
longitudinal distance from the reference point and its circumferential position.
The longitudinal distance has to be measured in the intersection of the branch
axis with the chosen reference contour of the main body. The same is valid for
the circumferencial position measured anticlockwise.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Dished end with nozzles
Load conditions Dished end

Modification of safety factors - Dished end

78 Dished end with nozzles
EN 13480 PROBAD
Spherical shell resp. dished end

Construction - Dished end
Position number - Dished end
Position number,
Material reference,
Designation
Type Dished end

[Types - Dished end]
Kloepper type:
(torispheric)
Kloepper forms are seamless or welded toripherical

ends, for which:
Ris = Do and ri = 0.1 * Do
(see e.g. EN 13445-3, 7.2.3)
Korbbogen type:
(torispheric)
Korbbogen
ends, for
Ris = 0.8
(see e.g.
Torispherical end:
All other torisherical ends have to be entered as

special forms:
Ris Do and ri 0.06 * Di and ri es
(see EN 13480-3, 7.1.3)
Semi-ellipsoidal end:
Semi-ellipsoidal ends are ends with elliptical section

and with height
1.7 < Di/(2hi) < 2.2.
(see EN 13480-3, 7.1.4)
Hemispherical end:
w/o skirt
Hemipherical ends without cylindrical skirt are proved

acc. to EN 13480-3, 7.1.2.
Hemispherical end:
with skirt
For hemipherical ends with cylindrical skirt

acc. to EN 13480-3, 7.1.2 the wall thickness at half the
fusion facing must be at least equal to the gleich
required thickness of an corresponding pipe acc. to
EN 13480-3, 6.1.
Spherical shell:
Spherical shells are calculated like hemispherical

shells acc. to EN 13480-3, 7.1.2.
EN 13480 PROBAD
forms are seamless or welded toripherical

which:
* Do and ri = 0.154 * Do
EN 13445-3, 7.2.4)
Dished end with nozzles 79
Type of production Dished end

[Torispherical end Different wall thicknesses]
1: equal thicknesses
es = ek = ec
2: different thicknesses es # ek # ec
3: different thicknesses es # ek # ec
with equal strenth values

with different strenth values
The type of production is only useful for ends with knucke resp. skirt. In
case of type of production 2-3 for proof calculations different wall thicknesses
can be entered for the differen regions of the end. If no thicknesses are
entered, PROBAD probably determines different thicknesses for the relevant
regions.
For entered outside diameter the different regions are joint with smooth
outside contour, for entered inside diameter with smooth inside contour. Thus
for hemispherical and spherical ends the given radius of the sphere, for all
other dished ends the given diameter is relevant.
In case of equal strength values for FEZEN-materials the material values for
the maximum thickness are taken into account.
In case of different strength values for FEZEN-materials the material values
are determined for each region (skirt, knuckle, sphere) regarding the
correspondend wall thickness. It is also possible to enter strength values for
each region.
Number of nozzles Dished end

position on the main body later.
The program determines the relative positions of the single branche and the
interaction of each combination is proved.
(see also "Desrciption of branch position Dished end")
Description of branch position Dished end

Single branches are defined independend from their position on the main body. In
further input panels the position of each branch must be described in the
section view of the end. The intersection of the branch axis with the chosen
reference plane of the end has to be described in the correspondend coordinates
(see "Refernce plane Dished end"). The rectangular coordinates system has its
origin in the centre of the end. The axis can be chosen by the user.
Polar coordinates:
The position of the intersection must be defined by

entering the circumferential angle and the centre
distance.
Cartesian coordinates:
The position of the intersection must be defined by

entering the X and Y coordinates.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Reference plane Dished end

1: Inside contour
2: Outside contour
By default in case of entered outside dimensions of the main body the position
and inclination of branches has to be described relative to the outside contour,
in case of entered inside dimensions relative to the inside contour of the main
body. For hemispherical and spherical ends the given radius of the sphere, for
all other dished ends the given diameter corresponds to the reference plane.
It is also possible to enter the distance of the branches from the end axis,
the circumferent position and the inclination angle measured on a here defined
reference plane of the main body.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Material data Dished end

Fabricaten method Dished end
1 warm formed
2 cold formed
For cold formed ends made of austenitic stainless steel a increased design
stress fb is used in the buckling formula aac. to EN 13480, 7.1.3.
Material data - Skirt / Knuckle

For ends with different strength values in crown, knuckle and/or skirt (see
Type of production Dished end) the system allows the input of additional
material data for knuckle resp. skirt, deviating from the crown data (see
"Recurrent inputs Material data").
In case of different strength values for FEZEN-materials the material values are
determined for the skirt and knuckle section regarding the correspondend wall
thickness. It is also possible to enter strength values for each region.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Geometry Dished end

Product Standards Dished end
By entering the "Dimensions Standard" parameter, the user can specify the
product standard used for dimensioning the component. Once the dimensions
standard has been defined, the correspondend diameter and wall thickness can be
selected. By default Kloepper form ends are designed acc. to DIN 28011,
Korbbogen fom ends acc. to Din 28013.
(see also "Recurrent inputs Product Standards ")
Diameter Dished end

[Dished end General geometry]
Diameter - inside Dis, outside Dos
the outside diameter.
Crown radius Dished end

Crown radius - inside Ri , outside Ro
For torispherical ends other than Kloepper or Korbbogen form either the inside
crown radius or the outside crown radius must be entered. Please note the valid
range Ris Do acc. to EN 13480-3, 7.1.3.
Wall thickness Dished end

Wall thickness eords incl. allowances given
If no thickness is defined, the program evaluates a thickness on the basis of
the dimensions standard and in consideration of all the allowances.
In case of an end with equal thicknesses in all regions, the program determines
one thickness, which is sufficient for crown, knuckle and skirt.
In case of an end with equal thicknesses an thickness entered here is taken
also for the knuckle (ek = es) and the skirt (ec = es). In case of different
thicknesses an entry is only valid for the crow section.
Wall thickness eords incl. allowances minimum
Corrosion allowance
Thinning allowance
c0s inside, outside

c2s inside, outside
Weld, Crown Dished end

Type of weld - Crown
Joint efficiency factor zs
EN 13480 PROBAD

The position of the welds can be described in a later part of the input panels.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Geometry - Knuckle / skirt

Factor beta Dished end
By default the factor beta is determined internally acc. to EN 13480, 7.1.5.
A differing value must be entered.
Height of skirt hb Dished end

By default the height hb of the skirt is determined internally depending on
the dimensions standard and the type of the end. A differing value can be
entered by the user. The validity of an entry is proved by he program.
For ends other than Kloepper or Korbbogen form the heigth hb has to be
entered.
Weld, knuckle, skirt Dished end

Type of weld - Knuckle, skirt
Joint efficiency factor zb - knuckle, skirt
Knuckle radius Dished end

[Torispherical end constant wall thickness]
Knuckle radius - inside ri, outside ro
Either the inside or outside knuckle radius must be entered. In this connection
the valid range ri 0.06 * Di und ri es
acc. to EN 13480-3, 7.1.3 has to be taken into account.
Height of end Dished end

[Semi-Ellipsoidal end]
Height of end incl. knuckle - inside hi
- outside ho
For semi-ellipsoidal ends either the inside or outside heiht h inclusive knuckle
but without height of skirt must be entered.
Radius of sphere Dished end

[Hemispherical shell with cylindrical skirt]
Radius of sphere - inside Ri , outside Ro
Either the inside or outside radius of the sphere must be entered.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Product standards, Knuckle Dished end

Knuckle: Dimensions standard, Tolerances standard
Wall thickness, Knuckle Dished end

Knuckle: Wall thickness eordk incl. allowances given
If no thickness for the knuckle is defined, the program evaluates a thickness on
the basis of the dimensions standard and in consideration of all the allowances,
wich is sufficiently designed for the nuckle region.
Knuckle: Wall thickness eords incl. allowances minimum
Knuckle:
Corrosion allowance
c0k inside, outside
c1k proportional, absolute
Thinning allowance
c2k inside, outside
By default the corrosion and thinning allowance of the crown are taken into
account.
Product standards, Skirt Dished end

Skirt: Dimensions standard, Tolerances standard
Wall thickness, Skirt Dished end

Skirt: Wall thickness enc incl. allowances given
If no thickness for the cylindrical skirt is defined, the program evaluates a
thickness on the basis of the dimensions standard and in consideration of all
the allowances, wich is sufficiently designed for the nuckle region.
Skirt: Wall thickness enc incl. allowances minimum
Skirt:
Corrosion allowance
c0c inside, outside
c1c proportional, absolute
Thinning allowance
c2c inside, outside
By default the corrosion and thinning allowance of the crown are taken into
account.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Flat end with openings
Load conditions Flat end

Calculation with differencial pressure Flat end

In principle flat ends must be proved against calculation pressure. The terms
internal and external pressure only define the different directions of the
pressure. By default the calculation pressure is regarded as maximum of the
internal and external pressure. If the external pressure is relevant, it is used
likeinternal. The calulation formulas are identic independend of the direction
of the pressure.
Negative inputs are regarded as sub-atmospheric pressures and are taken into
account in the opposite pressure chamber as positive pressures. If both
pressures (internal and external) are existing simultaneously, the calculation
happens with the differntial pressure, if the correspondend switch is set.
Modification of safety factors - Flat end

EN 13480 PROBAD
Flat end with openings 87
Flat end
Design Flat end
Position number - Flat end
Position number,
Material reference,
Designation
Type Flat end

[Types Flat end]
Types of flat end
Welded flat ends
1: Butt welded with constant neck
2: Butt welded with conic neck
3: Set on plate
4: Set in plate
5: Butt welded with relief groove
Bolted flat ends
11: Bolted end, gasket within bolt circle
12: Bolted end with full-face gasket
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
7.2.3-1(a)
7.2.3-1(b)
7.2.3-3 (b,c,h)
7.2.3-3 (a,d,e,f,g)
7.2.3-5
Figure 7.2.4-1
Figure 7.2.4-2
The type of the flat end has to be chosen according to EN 13480-3, 7.2.
Number of nozzles Flat end

Openings in a flat end are openings with a bolted flange or with a nozzle.
Description of branch position Flat end

1: Polar coordinates
2: Cartesian coordinaten
Single branches are defined independend from their position on the main body. In
further input panels the centre position of each branch must be described either
in polar or in cartesian coordinates.
The radial distance h from the centre of the opening to the inner contour of
the shell as well as the distance k between the centres of two adjacent openings
is internally determined.
88 Flat end with openings
EN 13480 PROBAD
Geometry Flat end

Product standards Flat end
Wall thickness Flat end

[Flat end Butt welded with constant neck]
eordaf
eordaf
Corrosion allowance
c0af
c1af
Thinning allowance
c2af
(see "Recurrent inputs Wall thicknesses
given
- minimum
inside, outside
inside, outside
and allowances")
Relief groove Flat end

[Flat end - Butt welded with relief groove]
Inside radius ri of the relief groove
Depth of relief groove
By default the required radius of the relief groove is determined as
ri 0.25 * es according to EN 13480-3, 7.2.3.4.
The depth of the groove must be at least ri. A given radius ri and/or depth of
the relief groove enters into the determination of the thickness of the flat
end.
Rest thickness erg at the relief groove (incl. allowances)
By default a minimum thickness erg at the relief groove is internally determined
acc. to formula (7.2.3-28). Via this minimum value in case of missing input the
program determines a nominal thickness of the flat end at the relief groove
taking into account the allowances.
An entered rest thickness is compared with the minimum value er acc. to formula
(7.2.3-28).
Depth of flange facing Flat end

In case of missing input the flat end is regarded with constant thickness. In
case of a nubbin, recess or groove the maximum depth of the flange facing must
be entered. The program prooves the actual rest thickness e1 in the flange
region according to EN 13480-3, Formel (7.2.4-7).
Material data Flat end

EN 13480 PROBAD
Connection Flat end

Geometry of connection Flat end
For circular, welded flat ends with a constant neck the geometric data of the
neck must be defined.
Neck Flat end

[Flat end Butt welded with constant neck]
Product standards Neck:
Neck diameter
- inside Dis
- outside Dos
Neck thickness eords incl. allowances - given

- minimum
If no thickness for the neck is defined, the program evaluates a thickness on
the basis of the dimensions standard and in consideration of all the allowances.
Neck
Corrosion allowance
c0s
c1s
Thinning allowance
c2s
(see "Recurrent inputs Wall thicknesses
inside, outside
inside, outside
and allowances")
Neck: Inside radius ri

By default the inside neck radius ri is internally determined acc. to
EN 13480-3, 7.2.3.2
ri > eaf.
If an entered value does not meet this condition, a correspondend warning is
didplayed.
Height of neck hs (constant shell thickness eords)
The height hs of the neck is measured from the centre of the inside radius ri
up to the end of the constant shell thickness. A given height hs is compared
with the required length lcyl acc. to formula (7.2.3-5). In case of hs < lcyl
a corresponding warning is displayed.
Calculation diameter Deq Flat end

[Flat end Butt welded with conic neck]
By default the equivalent diameter Deq is internally determined acc. to
EN 13480-3, figure 7.2.3-1 to 7.2.3-5.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Factor C1 Flat end

Factor C1 - Operation, Test
By default the factor C1 is determined acc. to figure 7.2.3-2 depending on the
geometry of the cylindrical shell (thickness es and inside diameter Di) and on
the ratio P/f (calculation pressure to design stress of the flat end).
EN 13480 PROBAD
Thick end of neck Flat end

Thick end of neck - Height hs
- Thickness es incl. allowances
The height hs of the neck is measured from the centre of the inside radius r
up to the end of the thick neck end. The thick end of the neck must be
completely defined in case of a conic decreasing shell thickness.
Thick end of neck Wall thickness tolerance c1s
The wall thickness tolerance c1s is taken into account during the
determination of the neck thickness es and thus enters into the calculation of
the equivalent thickness eqs acc. to section 7.2.3-2.
Thin end of neck Flat end

Thin end of neck: Diameter - inside Dis1
- outside Dos1
Tube connection
- Height
hs1
- Thickness es1 (incl. allowances)
The height hs1 is measured from the centre of the inside radius ri up to the
begin of the thin tube connection. The thinn end of the neck must be completely
defined in case of a conic decreasing shell thickness.
Thin end of neck Wall thickness tolerance c1s1
The wall thickness tolerance s1 is taken into account during the determination
of the thickness es1 of the tube connection and thus enters into the calculation
of the equivalent thickness eqs acc. to section 7.2.3-2.
The program determines the required thickness es0 for the thin end of the neck
with the material strength values of the flat end acc. to EN 13480-3, 6.1.
Neck Allowances
Neck
Corrosion allowance
c0s inside, outside
Thinning allowance
c2s inside, outside
Corrosion and thinning allowance are taken into account for both neck thickness
es and es1.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Attached shell Flat end

[Flat end Set-on]
Attached cylindrical shells can be dimensioned resp. re-calculated simultaneous
with the flat end calculation.
Position number, Material reference, Designation
Diameter - inside Dis, outside Dos
Wall thickness eords incl. allowances
If no thickness is defined, the program evaluates a thickness for the attached
shell on the basis of the dimensions standard and in consideration of all the
allowances. If the minimum wall thickness is not specified, the program uses the
code-specific one as initial wall thickness.
Corrosion allowance
Thinning allowance
c0s inside, outside

c2s inside, outside
Type of weld
Diameter Do Flat end

[Flat end Set-on]
By default the diameter of welded flat ends is internally set depending on the
measures of the attached shell:
Do = Dis
for set-in plates
Do = Dos
for butt welded or set-on plates.
For bolted flat ends the outside diameter Do must be entered.
The diameter of the flat end serves for the determination of the heat treatment
diameter, of the weight and for documentation.
Calculation diameter Di Flat end

[Flat end Set-on]
By default as calculation diameter Di of the flat end the maximum inside
diameter of the attached shell is determined. Metal wastage and tolerance, which
lead to a larger inside diameter, are taken into account. The user can enter a
calculation diameter differing from the determined value.
Factor C2 Flat end

Factor C2 - Operation, Test
EN 13480 PROBAD
By default the factor C2 is determined acc. to figure 7.2.3-4 depending on the

geometry of the cylindrical shell and on the ratio P/fmin.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Gasket within bolt circle, circular flat end

[Flat end with gasket within bolt circle]
Mean gasket diameter
Maximum effective gasket width
Flange with ring groove
G
w
or
Effective gasket diameter
Dp
Effective gasket width
b
The maximum effective gasket width w corresponds to the maximum possible seating
width of the gasket. It is limited by the gasket width and the contacted flange
facings. For flanges without ring groove the theoretical gasket seating width b0
is determined acc. to EN 13445-3, formula (11.5-1), for those with flange groove
acc. to EN 13445-3, formula (11.5-2).
Based on this data by default the effective gasket diameter Dp and the effective
gasket width b are internally determined according to
EN 13445-3,section 11.5.2.
or
There is also the possibility to enter the the effective gasket diameter Dp and
the effective gasket width b acc. to EN 13480-3, section 7.2.4.2 explicitly.
Gasket factor m Flat end

The gasket factor m can be taken from 13480, Table 7.2.4-1. If the gasket factor
m depends on the temperature, the temperature of the assembly condition has to
be regarded.
The gasket factor m serves for the determination of the required thickness of
the plate acc. to EN 13480, formula (7.2.4-4) and (7.2.4-5) and for the proof of
the bolt pitch acc. to EN 13445, fomula (10.5-1).
Minimum gasket seating pressure y Flat end

If no data is entered for the bolt load FA of the flange for assembly condition,
the minimum gasket seating pressure must be entered. It can be taken from EN
13480, Tabelle 7.2.4-1.
For circular flat ends with gasket within the bolt circle the minimum gasket
seating pressure y is taken into account for the determination of the required
bolt load FA in assembly condition (Minimum gasket laod) acc. to formula (7.2.43).
EN 13480 PROBAD
Bolt loads acc. to EN 13445 Flat end

If no entries are made, only the required bolt load FA for gasket seating
according to EN 13480-3, Formel (7.2.4-3) enters into the calculation as design
bolt load.
Design bolt load FA - assembly condition
It it possibel to enter the design bolt load FA for the assembly condition
explicitly.
or
Number of bolts
nB
Outside diameter
dB
Shank resp. root diameter
dBe
Design stress of bolts - Operating fB, Test,Assembly fB,A
As alternative in case of complete input of the bolt data the required bolt
load Fop in operation and Ftest in test condition are determined internally
according to EN 13445, section 11.5.2 and 11.5.3. For the proof of the assembly
condition in formula (7.2.4-2) and (7.2.4-1) the
maximum(FA, Fop, Ftest) is taken into account.
Depending on the type of the bolts the shank or the root diameter of the bolts
must be entered as effective bolt diameter dBe for the calculation of the actual
bolt cross section AB which is compared with the required cross section ABmin.
Also the condition tB [ 2 dB + 6*e1 / (0.5 + m) according to
EN 13445, section 10.5.1.3 is proved. The mean bolt pitch tB is determined acc.
to formula tB = * Dt / nB .
Bolt circle diameter Dt Flat end

[Flat end with gasket within bolt circle]
The diameter C of the bolt circle must be entered. It serves for the
determination of the required thickness e (centre of flat end) and e1 (flange
area) according to EN 13480, section 7.2.4.2.
Gasket, full-face Flat end

[Flat end with full-face gasket]
Flange facing diameter d1
An entered value is compared with the minimum inside diameter of the flange
region with reduced wall thickness e1 acc. to EN 13445, section 10.5.3.2.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Material data Attached shell - Flat end

Here for welded-on or welded-in flat ends the material of the attached shell can
be entered. The data serves for the determination of the required thickness of
the attached shell.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Openings in flat ends

General branch data Flat end
Type of branch Flat end
[Welded-on nozzle Flat end]
Nozzle:
regarded as tubular reinforcement of the main body opening in case
Opening:
An opening with a bolted flange is an opening, to which a pipe

flange is bolted via blind holes. The blind holes must not be
reinforced, if according to EN 13480-3, 7.2.5.1 the thickness at the
ground of the blind hole is at least 50 % of the diameter dBt of the
thread.
Kind of connection Flat end

1: set-on, fully welded (S)
3: set-through, fully welded
Depending on the kind of connection the compensation areas of the nozzle are
determined acc. to figure 7.2.5-3 resp. 7.2.5-4. So e.g. for set-through nozzles
the inside prjection is taken into account. For openings with bolted flange an
input is ignored.
By default openings in a flat end in case of missing input of the plate
thickness are reinforced by increasing the thickness of the flat end. Nozzles
are only designed against internal pressure.
The user can influence the required increasung of the flat end thickness e
acc. to section 7.2.5.2 by entering an increased nozzle thickness enb
Branch positioning Flat end

[Single opening Flat end]
Polar coordinatey
Distance r from end centre

Circumferential position Phi
The position of the opening on the flat end has to be defined in polar
coordinates. Here the distance from the origin has to be entered. The
circumferencial position must be measured anticlockwise in degrees.
Both the centre distance h of each single opening to the inside contoure of
the attached shell and the distance k between the centres of adjacent openings
is internally determined via the absolute positioning.
Cartesian coordinaten
x-coordinate
y-coordinate
Here the centre of the opening must be described in cartesian coordinates.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Geometry of nozzle Flat end

Product Standards Nozzle at flat end
Diameter Nozzle at flat end

Diameter inside dib
- outside dob
Depending on the dimensions standard the user has to enter either the inside
or the outside diameter of the nozzle at the connection to the main body.
Via the diameter and the kind of the connection of the nozzle the equivalent
nozzle diameter d is determined acc. to EN 13480, 7.2.5.2. This diameter d
enters into the reinforcement calculation via the factors Y1 and Y2 acc. to
formula (7.2.5-3) and (7.2.5-4).
Wall thickness Nozzle at flat end

Wall thickness eordb incl. allowances given
Wall thickness eordb incl. allowances minimum
(see "Recurrent inputs Wall thicknesses and allowances").
Corrosion allowance
Thinning allowance
c0b inside, outside

c1b proportional, absolute
c2b inside, outside
Projection Nozzle at flat end

Nozzle projection inside lbi,
- projection outside lbo
An inside projection is only useful for the kind of "set-in, full strength
welded". The inside projection is measured from the inside contour of the flat
end. A defined inside projection enters into the calculation acc. to EN 13480,
8.4.3 formula (8.4.3-2) up to the effective length l. Partial set-in nozzles
The program determines the outer effective length of the nozzle acc. to
EN 13480-3, 8.4.3, formula (8.4.3-1). This enters into calculation up to the
given outside projection lbo. The outside projection is measured from the
outside contour of the flat end up to the weld connecting to the attached pipe.
Weld Nozzle at flat end

EN 13480 PROBAD

EN 13480 PROBAD
Opening with bolted flange Flat end

[Opening with bolted flange Flat end]
Opening diameter d flat end
The opening diameter d enters into the reinforcment calculation via the factors
Y1 and Y2 acc. to EN 13480-3, formula (7.2.5-3) and (7.2.5-4). Further the
diameter d is taken into account for the determination of the weigth of the flat
end.
Pipe flange diameter - inside
Blind hole depth
Thread diameter
In case of entering the inside diameter dFi of the pipe flange, the depth lt of
the blind hole and the diameter dBt of the thread the conditions acc. to
EN 13480-3,Abschnitt 7.2.5.1 are proved. If the flange meets the conditions
d <= dFi and e lt >= 0.5 dBt, the blind holes must not be reinforced.
Material data of nozzles Flat end

EN 13480 PROBAD
Pipe bends and Elbows
Load conditions Bend or elbow

Modification of safety factors - Bend or elbow

102 Pipe bends and Elbows
EN 13480 PROBAD
Production type Bend or elbow

Position number - Bend or elbow
Position number,
Material reference,
Designation
Production type Bend or elbow

[Elbow - Geometry]
0:
1:
2:
5:
3:
4:
Elbow (casting)
eint > e > eext
e < eint = eext
eint > e > eext
eint > e > eext
e , eint , eext
Bending via coeffic. Bint, Bext from EN 13480-3, Ann. B

Bending via coefficient B from EN 13480-3, Annex B
Bending via Mannesmann-coeffizients, Edition 1995
Bending via Mannesmann-coeffizients, Edition 1987
via other producing methods
Elbow:
Elbows are castings, where the wall thicknesses on the entrodos and extrados
side of the bending can be either entered or be determined via the connecting
thickness of a corresponding dimensions standard.
Bend thicknesses via binding coefficients Bint, Bext
The wall thicknesses on the intrados and extrados side of the bending are
determined internally via the coefficients Bint and Bext resp. B according to
EN 13480-3, Annex B and by the wall thickness of the straight pipe
Bend thicknesses via Mannesmann bending coefficients
The wall thicknesses on the intrados and extrados side of the bending are
determined internally via the Mannesmann bending coefficients (depending on the
bending relation Ri/Di resp. R/Do) and by the wall thickness of the straight
pipe.
The following values are taken from the current Mannesmann catalog
Inductive bended steal pipes, Edition 1995.
According to Mannesmann they are valid for pipes with:
- outside diameter from 88.9 mm to 1626 mm
- Wanddicken
from
6.3 mm to
170 mm
- Biegeradien
from 200.0 mm to 10000 mm.
R /D
1.2 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0
28.0
26.0 24.0 21.0 20.0 17.5 15.7 14.0 12.5 10.0 8.0
eext(-%)
eint(+%) 85.0 80.0 60.0 44.0 38.0 29.0 23.0 18.5 15.0 10.0 7.0
7.0
6.8
5.0
8.0.
6.0
4.1
9.0.
5.8
4.0
10. 12.
5.7 5.6
4.0 4.0
The following values are taken from the outdated Mannesmann catalog
Custom bend steal pipes, Edition 1987:
R /D
1.0 1.2 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11. 12.
23.5 22.2 20.5 18.0 15.9 14.0 11.2 9.4 8.0 6.9 6.2 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.5
eext(-%)
eeint(+%) 40.0 35.0 25.0 17.0 12.5 10.0 7.3 5.5 4.5 3.8 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.3 2.2
Bend thicknesses via other production methods
EN 13480 PROBAD
Pipe bends and Elbows 103
The wall thicknesses on the intrados and extrados side of the bending can either
be explicitely entered or internally be determined via entered bending
coefficients Bint, Bext and by the wall thickness of the straight pipe.
If neither for the wall thicknesses on the intrados and extrados side nor for
the bending coefficients Bint, Bext values are entered, the thickness in the
elbow is set internally equal to the thickness of the straight part (Hamburger
Bogen).
EN 13480 PROBAD
Proof method according to EN 13480-3

1: EN 13480-3, 6.2.3.1 (default)
2: EN 13480-3, 6.2.3.2 (Alternative)
3: EN 13480-3, Annex B (exactly)
For elbows according to EN 13480-3, 6.2.1 the
default proof method acc. to 6.2.3.1 and
exactly proof method acc. to Annex B are valid.
For pipe bends according to EN 13480-3, 6.2.1 the
default proof method acc. to 6.2.3.1 and
alternative proof method acc. to 6.2.3.2 and
exactly proof method acc. to Annex B are valid.
Production type
Elbow
eint > e > eext
e < eint = eext
eint > e > eext
et, eint, eext
EN 13480 PROBAD
casting
Bending via coefficients Bint, Bext
Bending via coefficient B
Bending via Mannesmann-coeffizients
via other producing methods
Proof method according

to EN 13480-3
1, 3
1, 2, 3
1, 3
1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3
Geometry - Bend or elbow

Product standards Bend or elbow
Diameter - Bend or elbow

[Elbow - Geometry]
Diameter - inside Di, outside Do
Wall thickness - Elbow

[Elbow - Geometry]
Connection thickness incl. allowances eord given
Connection thickness incl. allowances eord minimal
These input values are only relevant for dimension standards, which contain
standard measures for elbows.
Re-calculation:
Entering a correspondend dimensions standard, a standard elbow

can be selected via the nominal diameter and the connection
wall thickness e. The other corresponding measures can be
loaded to the input panel via the F4-Button "Load".
Dimensioning:
If only the nominal diameter is selected for a corresponding

dimensions standard, the wall thickness at the pipe connection
serves as free parameter. Starting with the minimum thickness
of the standard table respectively with an entered minimum
thickness, the system determines the table measures for each
thickness of the standard table. If a elbow with sufficient
wall thicknesses is found, its measures are re-calculated and
the results are documented.
Bend thickness incl.allowances
- eint
- eext
intrados
extrados
or
Bending coefficients
- Bint intrados
- Bext extrados
For re-calculations the wall thickness at the intrados and extrados of the
elbow can be entered.The program proves these ticknesses acc. to EN 13480-3,
6.2.3 bzw. Anhang B.
or
For the calculation of pipe bends, which are produced by other production
methods, the bending coefficients can be entered. to determine the intrados and
extrados thickness must be entered. Via these entered bending coefficients Bint,
Bext and by the wall thickness of the straight pipe the wall thickness at the
intrados and extrados of the elbow are determined internally.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Wall thickness allowance proportional

intrados
The wall thickness
in percent.
- c1int
- c1ext extrados
minus tolerance at the intrados and extrados can be entered
Corrosion allowance
c0 inside, outside
Thinning allowance
c2 inside, outside
EN 13480 PROBAD
Wall thickness Pipe bend

[Elbow - Geometry]
eord given
eord - minimum
This input describes the pipe thickness before bending. Via the bending
coefficients, defined under "production type", the expected wall thicknesses at
the intrados and extrados of the bending are determined and are proved.
Corrosion allowance
Thinning allowance
c0 inside, outside
c1 proportional, absolute
c2 inside, outside
Length Pipe bend

[Cylinder Geometry]
The input of the length Lcyl of the pipe before bending serves for documentation
and for determination of the mass and inside volume.
Weld Bend or elbow

Type of weld
Position of weld
0: neutral part
1: intrados
2: extrados
(S)
Depending on the position of the longitudinal weld the allowable stress is

reduced in the corresponding regions:
Neutral part:
Longitudinal welds in the neutral part are only taken into
account for the part of the straight pipe.
Intrados:
Longitudinal welds at the intrados of the bend or elbow are
taken into account for the straight pipe and the intrados wall.
Extrados:
Longitudinal welds at the extrados of the bend or elbow are
taken into account for the straight pipe and the extrados wall.
Bend radius - Bend or elbow

[Elbow - Geometry]
For corresponding dimensions standards the bend radius is determined
internally from the standard tables. For all other cases the bend radius must be
entered.
Depending from the entered diameter Di resp. Do the bend radius is taken as Ri
(in case of entered inside diameter) resp.
R (in case of entered inside diameter).
Bend angle- Bend or elbow

[Elbow - Geometry]
EN 13480 PROBAD
The angle of elbows is measured at the transition of the radius into the
straight pipe. It serves for the determination of mass and inside volume of the
elbow.
The angle of bended pipes is measured at the transition of the radius into the
straight pipe part. It serves for documentation.
Unsupported shell length - Bend or elbow

The unsupported shell length L corresponds to the maximum distance between 2
effective stiffeners. According to figure EN 13480-3, 9.3.1-1 the length L is
measured between the widths b of the stiffeners tight to the shell. In case of
an attached dished end additional to the cylindrical length 40 % of the height
of the end must be entered as unsupported length L according to
figure 9.3.1-1.
If no value is entered the unsupported shell length L is set equal to the
length at the extrados in case of elbows and equal to the length of the straigt
pipe in case of pipe bends.
Bending safety factor x Pipe bend

If the chosen bending method is known as not precise with respect to the
expected bending results, the user can influence the determination of the
intrados and extrados wall thickness via entering a
bending safety factor x < 1.0.
The expected intrados and extrados net thicknesses are then determined via:
eint = (eord - c1) * Bint * x - c2
resp.
eext = (eord - c1) * Bext * x - c2
Example: As experience shows for "cold upset bending" the wall thicknesses at
the intrados and extrados of the pipe bend are about 5 % lower than determined
via the calculation factors Bint, Bext acc. to EN 13480, Annex A. This
proportions can be calculated via an input x = 0.95.
Material data Bend or elbow

EN 13480 PROBAD
Reducer with nozzles
Load conditions Reducer

Modification of safety factors - Reducer

110 Reducer with nozzles
EN 13480 PROBAD
Form of Reducer
Position-No. - Reducer
Position number,Material reference,Designation
Form Reducer
[Reducer - Form]
1: concentric
2: eccentric
Reducers with offset between the centre lines of the connected pipes are
calculated according to EN 13480-3 6.4.9.
Type of material Reducer

1: Reducer fitting with continuous material
2: Cone and cylinder with different strength values
By default for the reducer only one material input is expected. For FEZENmaterials the material values for the maximum thickness are taken into account.
If the conical shell is connected to the cylinders via corner joint, the
material values are determined for each region regarding the correspondend wall
thickness. In the joint region the minimum allowable stress is taken into
account.
Type of production Reducer

[Reducer Geometry]
1: Shell thickness = Run-out thickness ej
2: sj large end # ej small end # e shell thickness
By default the reducer is designed with equal thickness
ejl at the large end (knuckle or corner joint)
e
- in the conical shell
ejs - at the small end (knuckle or corner joint).
It is also possible to design the wall thicknesses of the conical shell and the
run-out areas with different wall thicknesses. For standard reducer fittings the
type of production is ignored.
Number of nozzles Reducer

(see also "Description of branch position reducer")
Reference plane - Reducer

1: Inside contour
2: Outside contour
By default in case of entered outside diameter of the main body the position and
EN 13480 PROBAD
Reducer with nozzles 111
inclination of branches has to be described relative to the outside contour, in

case of entered inside diameter relative to the inside contour of the main body.
It is also possible to enter the distance of the branches from a fixed
reference point resp. from each other, the circumferential position and the
inclination angle measured on a here defined reference plane of the main body.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Geometry Reducer
Product standards Reducer
If cone and shell are joint with a knuckle, the run-out area e2 is designed via
the dimensions standard of the connected cylinder. In case of a corner joint the
run-out area e2 is designed via the dimensions standard of the conical shell.
Diameter Reducer
[Reducer Geometry]
Large end: Diameter - inside DiL,
Small end: Diameter - inside Dis,
Either both inside or both outside
reducer must be entered. Depending
nominal diameters can be selected.
outside DoL
outside DoS
diameters at the large and small end of the
on the dimensions standard the corresponding
Connection thickness Reducer

[Reducer Geometry]
Large end: Connection thickness
Small end: Connection thickness
In case of standard fittings the
selected depending on the chosen
ecylL
ecylS
connection thickness at the large end can be
diameter.
Knuckle radius Reducer

[Reducer Geometry]
Large end: Knuckle radius rL
Small end: Knuckle radius rS
If one end of the reducer is produced with knuckle, the corresponding knuckle
radius must be entered. If the inside dieameter is entered, also the inside
knuckle radius must be entered, in case of entered outside diameter the
corresponding outside knuckle radius must be entered.
Wall thicknesses, Run-out lengths Reducer

[Reducer Geometry]
Large end:
Wall thickness (incl. allowances) e1L, Run-out length L1L

Wall thickness (incl. allowances) e2L, Run-out length L2L
Small end: Wall thickness (incl. allowances) e1S, Run-out length L1S
Wall thickness (incl. allowances) e2S, Run-out length L2S
The required wall thicknesses in the joint areas and the corresponding minimum
run-out lengths are internally determined. Entered values are checked.
Conical shell:
Wall thickness incl. allowances e ord entered

Wall thickness incl. allowances e ord - minimum
In case of a unique wall thickness an entered value is taken for conical shell
and for the run-out areas.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Apex angle, Length Reducer

[Reducer Geometry]
Semi-angle at apex alpha
Axial length of conical shell L0
Total reducer length Lt
Either the axial length of the conical shell or the semi-angle at the apex
alpha must be entered.
If the conical shell is designed without knuckle, the axial lengthis measured up
to the corner joint. In case of a knuckle the axiale length L0 is measured up to
the intersection of the outside contour of the conical shell and the joint
cylindrical shell.
If a total length Lt of the reducer is entered, the actual run-out lengths L1L
at the large and L1S at the small end are compared with the required minimum
values.
Axial length between effective stiffenings L (external pressure)
[Reducer Effective Stiffenings]
In case of external pressure the program proves, if the cone-cylinder-joint can
be regarded as effective stiffening according to EN 13480-3, 9.4.2. In this case
the buckling is proved according to section 9.4.3 with
L
= Length of the conical shell and
Deq = Dm/cos(alfa).
If the cone-cylinder-joint can not be regarded as effective stiffening, the
buckling is proved according to section 9.4.4 with
L = axial length between effective stiffenings and
Do = Outside diameter at the large end.
If an axial length between effective stiffenings L is entered, the calculation
is done with this input value according to 9.4.4.
Allowances Reducer
Corrosion allowance
c0i inside, c0o outside
Thinning allowance
c2i inside, c2o outside
Entered values for corrosion- and thinning are valid for all parts of the
reducer.
Wall thickness allowance c1 proportional, absolute
By default, the thickness allowance is internally evaluated on the basis of the
tolerance standard.
Weld - Reducer
A decisive weld is taken into account during determination of the wall thickness
of the conical shell and the run out areas.
Material data - Reducer

EN 13480 PROBAD
T-Pieces
Load conditions T-Pieces

Modification of safety factors T-Pieces

Form of T-Piece
Position-No. T-Piece
Main Pipe: Position number,Material reference,Designation
Branch:
Position number,Material reference
Type of branch T-Piece

[Type of branch]
T-Fitting: T-Fittings are standard or non-standard T-Pieces produced with one
material. T-Fittings are availabel with constant wall thickness
(reduced usage ratio) or with enforced wall thickness in the
reinforcement area.
Nozzle:

regarded as tubular reinforcement of the main pipe opening in case
Branch:
A branch has an effective length near to the connection with the

main body and a tube connection outside the effective length. Both
parts may be of different dimensions. The wall thickness of the tube
connection must only resist to the internal pressure. The thickness
of the effective part can be regarded as tubular reinforcement.
Kind of reinforcement - T-Piece

[Branch Kind of reinforcement]
0: Synchronous wall thickness increasing
1: main body increasing
EN 13480 PROBAD
T-Pieces 115
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
branch increasing
pad reinforcement
branch increasing - pad reinforcement
pad reinforcement - branch increasing
main body increasing - fixed pad
By default in case of dimensioning (missing input of main pipe and branch

thickness) the opening is compensated by increasing both, the thickness of the
main pipeand of the branch synchronously. For the wall thicknesse the same ratio
is to be aimed at as for the diameters, thus eb/es = Dob/Dos.
For main body increasing in case of dimensioning (missing input of main pipe
wall thickness) the opening is compensated by increasing the thickness of the
main pipe only. Thus the nozzle in case of missing thickness is dimensioned only
for internal pressure.
However the user has the posibility to choose an individual kind of
reinforcement for the branch. For strategy 2 - 5 in case of missing input the
main pipe thickness is only designed to carry the iternal pressure.
Proving the opening in case of missing inputs the tubular or pad-type
reinforcements is designed in the selected order up to the correspondend
geometric limit of the rules.
Useful Combinations
Kind of connection Kind of reinforcement
1 7
0 2.
12 - 14
1
Nozzle resp. Branch 1, 3
0 - 6
6 7
0 2
12-14
1, 3, 6
Type of branch
T-Fitting
Reduction factor Stress loaded areas T-Piece

By default for standard T-Fittings acc. to DIN 2615, section 5 the stress loaded
areas are reduced by factor 0.9 to take into account the usual form of
radiusbetween main pipe and branch. The same is true for non-standard extruded
branches. For all other kinds of connection a reduction of the sterss loaded
areas must be entered.
Angle to main pipe axis T-Piece

By default the branch of the T-Pieces is set rectangular to the mein pipe axis.
Geometry of T-Piece
Main pipe connection T-Piece
[T-Piece - Geometry]
Product standards:
Dimensions standard
Tolerances standard
In case of a standard T-fitting (e.g. according to DIN 2615) missing measures
are internally taken from the corresponding standard tables.
Connection diameter - inside Dis0, outside Dos0
Connection thickness incl. allowances eords0
116 T-Pieces
EN 13480 PROBAD
Depending on the dimensions standard the corresponding nominal connection

diameter at the end of the main pipe must be entered. In case of standard
fittings the connection thickness can be selected depending on the chosen
diameter.
Total length Lcyl Main pipe
The total length of the main pipe serves for documentation and for determination
of the mass and inside volume. In case of external pressure Lcyl is basis for
the determination of the unsupported length of the shell. In case of standard
fittings the total length is taken from the corresponding dimensions standard
tables.
Main pipe at branch T-Piece

Thickness of main pipe at branch incl. allowances
eords
ls
Near the opening the main pipe can be produced with a reinforced wall thickness
es. Especially the parameter "Kind of reinforcement" influences the determined
thickness of the main pipe at the connection to the branch. In case of a
standard T-fitting the thickness es of the main pipe at the branch is internally
taken from the corresponding dimensions standard tables.
By default the maximum effective length ls of the main pipe is determined
internally acc. to EN 13480-3, 8.4.1. As maximum value the length of the
reinforced main pipe thickness es (measured from the outside contour) can be
entered.
Allowances T-Piece
Corrosion allowance
c0s inside, outside
Thinning allowance
c2s inside, outside
In case of T-fittings the allowances are valid for main pipe and branch,
otherwise only for the main pipe.
If no value is entered for the wall thickness allowance, the minus tolerance is
internally determined via the tolerances standard.
Branch T-Fitting
Connection diameter - inside dib0, outside dob0
Depending on the dimensions standard the corresponding nominal connection
diameter at the end of the branch must be entered.
Connection thickness incl. allowances eordb0
basis of a given product standard and in consideration of all the allowances. At
the tube continuation the thickness eb0 must only carry the internal pressure.
EN 13480 PROBAD
T-Pieces 117
Outside projection lbo

The outside projection of the branch is measured from the outside contour of the
main pipe up to the weld connecting to the attached pipe. In case of standard Tfittings the outside projection is internally taken from the corresponding
dimensions standard tables. For non-standard T-Pieces the outside projection
must be entered.
Branch thickness at the main pipe incl. allownaces
eb
Near the main pipe the branch can be designed with a reinforced thickness eb. If
no thickness is defined, the program evaluates a nominal thickness on the basis
of a given product standard and in consideration of all the allowances.
thickness of the branch at the connection to the main pipe. In case of a
standard T-fitting the thickness eb of the branch at the main pipe is internally
taken from the corresponding dimensions standard tables.
Maximum effective length lb
The program determines the effective length lb of the nozzle acc. gem EN EN
13480-3, 8.4.3. By default this value enters into the calculation up to the
endered outside projection lbo of the nozzle. For branches as limit of the
maximum effective length the length of the tubular reinforcement of the branch
can be entered.
Longitudinal weld
Weld of nozzle relevant for reinforcement
For example according to EN 13445-3, 9.5.2.3 a longitudinal weld in the nozzle
must be taken into account during the proof of the reinforcement, if the angle
between nozzle weld and line of shell is not greater than 45 degrees.
118 T-Pieces
EN 13480 PROBAD
Material data T-Piece

EN 13480 PROBAD
T-Pieces 119
Controle calculations
Controle calculation - Cylinder with nozzles

(see Order: A_hand1,
Drawing: z_hand1
Calculation pressure
internal:
external:
internal:
Test pressure
Calculation temperatur:
Pi
Pa
Ppi
T
File: Handr_Zy)
=
=
=
=
10.00
1.00
15.00
120.00
bar
bar
bar
deg. C
Cylinder
Material number
Dimensions standard
Tolerances standard
Efficiency factor
:
:
:
:
1.7335, Plate, Ferritic

DIN 2448
DIN 17175
z = 0.85
Outside diameter
Nominal wall thickness
Minus tolerance
Do
en
c1
=
=
=
Corrosion
Net thickness
c0i
ea
=
=
Inside Diameter
Di
508.00
mm
11.00
mm
1.375
mm
(acc. to DIN 17175: 12.5 %)
1.00
mm
8.62
mm
(rounded from 8.625 mm)
De 2 * en = 486.00 mm
Corrosion is inside taken into account, minus tolerance on that contour, which
is opposit to the entered diameter:
Net diameter
outside
Doa
Net diameter
inside
Dia
Net diameter
mean
Deq
Length
Volume
outside
EN 13480 PROBAD
Lcyl
Va
=
=
=
=
=
=
Do
508.0 mm
Doa - 2 * ea
508.0 - 2. *8.62 = 490.76 mm
(Dea + Dia) * 0.5
499.38 mm
(rounded 499.375 mm)
= 2000.0 mm
= (Do *0.5)2 *6 * Lcyl
= 405.3659 dm3
Controle calculations 121
Volume
inside
= (Di *0.5)2 *6 * Lcyl

= 371.0158 dm3
(Opening of nozzle must be added)
= (Va - Vi)*rho
= 269.648 kg
(Opening of nozzle must be subtracted)
Vi
Mass
Internal pressure - operation:

Design stress
= K/s = 266.66 / 1.5 = 177.78 MPa
Allowable pressure acc. to formula (6.1-1):

pimax
=
=
=
=
2 * f * z * ea / (Doa ea)
2 * 177.78 * 0.85 * 8.62 / 499.38
5.2167 MPa
52.167 bar
Effective stress acc. to formula (6.1-1):

fa
= (Doa ea) * p / (2 * ea)

= 499.38 * 1.0 / (2 * 8.62)
= 28.966 MPa
Required wall thickness acc. to formula (6.1-1):

e
= Do * p / (2 * f * z + p)
= 508.0 * 1.0 / (2 * 177.78 * 0.85 + 1.0)
=
1.6753 mm
Effective length of main body acc. to formula (8.4.1-2):

ls
= sqrt((Deq * ea)
= sqrt(499.38 * 8.62)
= 65.609 mm
Maximum unreinforced opening acc to formula (8.4.2-1):
dmax
= 0.14 * lso
= 9.1854 mm
Minimum distance to dicontinuity acc. to formula (8.3.2-1):
Wmax
= max (0.2 * ls, 3 * ea)
= max (13.122, 25.875)
Inside pressure - test:

Design stress
K/s
300. / 1.053 = 284.90 MPa

(Weld efficiency is ignored acc. to 4.5)
pimax
122 Controle calculations
= 2 * f * z * ea / (Doa ea)
= 2 * 284.9 * 1.0 * 8.62 / 499.38
= 9.8355 MPa
= 98.355
bar
EN 13480 PROBAD

fa
= (Doa ea) * p / (2 * ea)

= 499.38 * 1.5 / (2 * 8.62)
= 43.449 MPa

e
EN 13480 PROBAD
= Do * p / (2 * f * z + p)
= 508.0 * 1.5 / (2 * 284.9 * 1.0 + 1.5)
=
1.3340 mm
External pressure - operation:

Nominal elastic limit
E-Modulus
S
E
= 266.66
= 205202
MPa
MPa
py acc. to formula (9.3.2-1):

Rm
py
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.5 * Deq
249.69 mm
S * ea / R
266.66 * 8.62 / 249.69
9.2060 MPa
92.060 bar
Determination of the minimum value for pm:

Z
= 6 * R / L
= 3.1415927 * 249.69 / 2000
= 0.39221
acc. to formula (9.3.2-3):

= 1 / (n2-1+Z2/2) * {1/[(n/Z)2+1]2 +
ea2* (n2-1+Z2)2 /[12* R2 * (1-42)] }
n

= 2:
= 1 / (3+0.392212/2) * {1/[(2/0.39221)2+1]2 +
8.622* (3+0.392212)2 /[12* 249.692 *(1-0.32)] }
= 0.000798547
n

= 3:
= 1 / (8+0.392212/2) * {1/[(3/0.39221)2+1]2 +
8.622* (8+0.392212)2 /[12* 249.692 *(1-0.32)] }
= 0.000933359
pm acc. to formula (9.3.2-2):

pm
= E * ea *
= 205202.*
= 5.6570
= 56.570
/ Rm
8.62 * 0. 000798547/ 249.69
MPa
bar
pr acc. to figure (9.3.2-1):

pm / py
pr / py
pr
pa max
= 56.570 / 92.060
= 0.61449
= 0.2505 +
(0.375 0.2505)*(0.61449 0.5)/0.25
= 0.30751
= 0.30751 * 92.060
= 28.3099 bar
= (pr / py ) * py / 1.5
= 0.30751 * 92.060 / 1.5
= 18.873 bar.
EN 13480 PROBAD
Required wall thickness is determined by iteration.

Results Plastic deformation acc. to EN 13480, (9.1) like internal pressure,
but with z = 1.0
EN 13480 PROBAD
Stiffening ring - External pressure - operation:

E-Modulus
Ss
E
= 256.40
= 205202
MPa
MPa
(ferritic)
lps acc. to formula (9.3.4-4):

lps
= 1.56 * (0.5 * Dia * ea)**1/2
= 1.56 * (0.5 * 490.76 * 8.62)**1/2
= 71.746 mm
Combined cross-sectional area acc. to EN 13445, (8.5.3-30):
Ac
= As + ea * lps
= 1060 + 8.62 * 71.746
= 1678.45 mm2
= 16.78
cm2
Combined distance of centroid acc. to EN 13445, (8.5.3-27), (since EN 13480 is
wrong):
lambda
= -1 (external position)
Rs
= Rm - lambda* (0.5 * eas + centroid stiffening)
= 249.69 + 4.31 + 50.
= 304.0 mm
Xc
= {.5*ea*ea*lps + As*[0.5*ea+lambda*(Rm-Rs)]}/Ac
= {2665.52 + 1060*[4.31 + 54.31]} / 1678.45
= 38.608 mm
Combined 2nd moment Ic acc. to EN 13445 (8.5.3-26)
Ic
= ea3 * lps / 3.+ Is +
As*(0.5*ea + lambda*(Rm-Rs))2 - Ac*Xc*Xc
= 15317.86 + 1710000 + 3642482.6 2501860
= 2865940 mm4
Theoretic pressure for elastic instability pn (mistake in formula (9.3.3-1)):
pn
= 3 * E * Ic / (Rm3 * Lc)
= 3 * 205202 * 2865940 / (249.693 * 1000)
= 113.332 MPa
= 1133.32 bar
Allowable buckling pressure acc. to formula (9.3.3-2):
pmax
= pn / (k * ks)
= 1133.32 / (1.5 * 1.2)
= 629.622 bar
Yield limit of stiffening acc. to formula (9.3.3-3):
pys
= Ss * ea * Rf / (Rm2 * (1 0.5*v))
= 256.40 * 8.62 *(254 + 100) / (249.692 * 0.85)
= 14.7641 MPa
= 147.64 bar
Effectve stress in stiffener acc. to formula (9.3.3-4):
delta
= max {lambda*(Rm Rf) Xc + 0.5*ea ; Xc}
= 144.31 - 38.608 + 4.31
= 70.012 mm
sigma s
= k * ks * p * {Ss / pys +
E * delta * 3 * 0.005 /[Rm * (pn-k*ks*p)]}
= 1.5 * 1.2 * 0.1 * {256.4 / 14.7641 +
205202*70.012*3*0.005/[249.69*(113.332-0.18)]}
= 0.18 *{17.3664 + 215499.04/28252.92}
EN 13480 PROBAD
= 4.49890 MPa
Lateral stability acc. to formula (9.3.4-1):
C
= hs*ew3 + 8*ef*wf3 / ri /
[6*hs2*ew + 6*ef*wf*(2*hs + ef)]
= 86.4*4.53 + 8*6.8*253 / 254. /
[6*86.42*4.5 + 6*6.8*25*(2*86.4 + 6.8)]
= 0.00854952
pmax inst
= E * C * pys/ Ss
= 205202 *0.00854952 * 14.7641 / 256.4
= 101.0211 MPa
= 1010.211 bar
EN 13480 PROBAD
Nozzle at cylinder
Material number
Dimensions standard
Tolerances standard
Efficiency factor
:
:
:
:
Outside diameter
Minus tolerance
Metal wastage
Net thickness
Inside diameter
dob
enb
c1b
c0ib
eab
dib
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Net diameter outside
doab
Net diameter inside
diab
Net diameter mean
deqb
=
=
=
=
=
=

DIN 2448
DIN 17175
zb = 1.0
219.1
mm
6.3
mm
0.7875 mm
1.00
mm
4.51
mm
dob 2 * enb
206.50 mm
(acc. to DIN 17175: 12.5 %)

dob
219.1 mm
doab - 2 * eab
210.08 mm
(doab + diab) * 0.5
214.59 mm
Effective length of nozzle acc. to formula (8.4.3-1):

lb
= sqrt((deqb) * eab)
= sqrt( 214.59 * 4.51)
= 31.11 mm
Stress loaded sectional areas acc. to formula (8.4):
Afs
= (ls + eab) * eas
= (65.609 + 4.51) * 8.62
= 604.4258 mm2
Afb
= lb * eab
= 31.11 * 4.51
= 140.306 mm2
Af
= 744.732
mm2
Pressure loaded sectional areas acc. to formula (8.4):

Aps
= 0.5 * Dia * (ls + 0.5 * dob)
= 245.38 * (65.61 + 109.55)
= 42980.76 mm2
Apb
= 0.5 * diab * (lb + eas)

= 105.04 * (31.11 + 8.62)
= 4173.239 mm2
Ap
= 47153.999
mm2
Note: Since fb > fs , only the minimum may be taken ito account
acc. to (8.3-7).
Allowable pressure acc. to formula (8.4.3-6):
pmax
= (Afs + Afb) * fs / (Aps + Apb + 0.5 * (Afs + Afb))
= (744.732) * 177.77 / (47153.999 + 0.5 * (744.732))
= 2.7856 MPa
EN 13480 PROBAD
= 27.856
bar
Effective stress at the opening acc. to formula (8.4.3-7):

P
= [Afs * fs + Afb * fb + Afp * fp] /
[(Aps+Apb) + 0.5*(Afs+Afb+Afp)]
= [Afs * fs + Afb*(fb/fs) * fs + Afp*(fp/fs)*fs] /
with
x1
= min (1.; fb / fs) und x2 = min (1.; fp / fs)
P
= (Afs + Afb * x1 + Afp * x2) * fs /

[(Aps+Apb+0.5*Apbphi) + 0.5*(Afs+Afb+Afp)]
and thus
farim = P * [(Aps+Apb+0.5*Apbphi) + 0.5*(Afs+Afb+Afp)] /
(Afs + Afb * x1 + Afp * x2)
In the current example
farim = p * (Aps + Apb + 0.5 * (Afs + Afb)) / (Afs + Afb)
= 1.0 * (47153.999 + 0.5 * (744.732)) / (744.732)
= 63.8167 MPa
EN 13480 PROBAD
Adjacent nozzles on a Cylinder

Position
Centre distance actual
dist
= 300.0
Centre distance minimum acc. to 8.4.1:

=
mm
distmin= deb/2 + deb/2 + 2 * lso

= 219.1 + 2. * 65.609
350.318 mm
Combined area calculation:

Stress loaded sectional area:
Afcom = 2 * Afs - (dist - distmin ) * eas + 2.* Afb
= 2.* 604.4258 - 50.318 * 8.62 + 2.* 140.306
= 1055.7224 mm2
Pressure loaded sectional area:
Apcom = 2 * Aps - (dist - distmin ) * Ris + 2.* Apb
= 2 * 42980.76 - 50.318 * 245.38 + 2.* 4173.239
= 81960.9672 mm2
Note: Since there is no longitudinal weld on the pitch, the weld efficiency
factor is ignored.
Allowable pressure between openings:
= Afcom * fs / (Apcom + 0.5 * Afcom)
pmax
= 1055.7224 * 177.77 / (81960.9672 + 0.5 * 1055.7224)
= 2.2752 MPa
= 22.75 bar
Effective stress between openings:
fa
= p * (Apges + 0.5 * Afges) / Afges

= 1.0 * (81960.9672 + 0.5 * 1055.7224) / 1055.7224
= 78.1349 MPa
EN 13480 PROBAD
Oblique nozzle at cylindrical shell

Calculation as for nozzle above, but longitudinal angle psi = 70o degree to the
normal plane (phi = 20 degree to the normal plane)
Stress loaded sectional areas acc. to chapter (8.4):
Afs
= (ls + eab/sin(psi)) * eas
= (65.61 + 4.51/sin(70)) * 8.62
= 606.93 mm2
Afb
= lb * eab
= 31.11 * 4.51
= 140.306 mm2
Af
= 747.23
mm2
Pressure loaded sectional area acc. to chapter (8.4):

= 0.5 * Dia * (ls + 0.5 * dob/sin(psi) +
Aps (right side)
0.5 eas / tan(psi))
= 245.38 * (65.61 + 109.55/sin(70) +
0.5*8.62/tan(70))
= 245.38 * 183.759
= 45090.78 mm2
According to EN 13480-3, figure 8.4.3-3 the total triangle Apgamma must be taken
into account. According to EN 13445-3, formula (9.5-10) half of this triangle is
regarded on each side.
Apgamma
= 0.5 * diab * diab / tan(psi)
= 0.5 * 210.08 * 210.08 / tan(70)
= 8031.66 mm2
Apb
Ap
= 0.5 * diab*(lb + eas/sin(psi)+0.5*eab/tan(psi)

= 105.04 * (31.11 + 9.17 + 0.82)
= 4317.14 mm2
= Aps + Apb + 0.5 * Apgamma
53423.75 mm2
Controle calculation Dished end with nozzle

(see Order: A_hand1
Drawing: Z_hand1
internal:
external:
Pi
Pa
T
=
=
=
File: Handr_Gb)
10.00
1.00
120.00
bar
bar
deg. C
Dished end Kloepper type

Material number
Dimensions standard
Tolerances standard
Weld efficiency factor
EN 13480 PROBAD
: 1.7335, Plate, Ferritic

(Yield strength entered 256.66 MPa)
: DIN 28011
: DIN 28011
: z = 0.85
Outside diameter
Minus tolerance
Corrosion
Net thickness
Inside diameter
Do
eord
c1
c0i
ea
Di
= 508.00 mm
= 11.00 mm
=
0.5
mm
=
1.00 mm
=
9.50 mm
= Do 2 * eord
= 486.00 mm
(acc. to DIN 28011)
Net diameter
outside
Doa
Net diameter
inside
Dia
Net diameter
mean
Inside radius of crown
Dma
Ri
R
Rm
Ro
Inside radius of knckle
ri
r
Height of cyl. skirt
=
=
=
=
=
=
Do
508.0 mm
Doa - 2 * ea
508.0 - 2. *9.5 = 489.0
(Doa + Dia) * 0.5
498.5 mm
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
508.0 mm
508.0 + 1.0
509.0 mm
R + ea*0.5
513.75 mm
R + ea
518.5
mm
=
=
=
=
51.0 mm
51.0 + 1.0
52.0 mm
45.0 mm
mm
(acc. to DIN 28011)
(acc. to DIN 28011)
EN 13480 PROBAD

Design stress
= K/s = 256.66 / 1.5 = 171.11 MPa
Required wall thickness acc. to formula (7.1.3-1):

Crown section
es
= p * R / (2 * f * z 0.5 * p)
= 1.0 * 509.0 / (2 * 171.11 * 0.85 0.5)
= 1.7528 mm
Knuckle: Calculation beta with net thickness 9.5 mm acc. to 7.1.5

Y
= min(e/R; 0.04)
= 0.01866
Z
= log(1/Y)
= 1.72899
X
= r/Dia
= 0.106339
N
= 1.006 1/{6.2 + (90*Y)4} = 0.935386
0.1 = N * (-0.1833*Z3 + 1.0383*Z2-1.2943*Z + 0.837)
= 0.706832
0.2 = max {0.95*(0.56 1.94*Y 82.5*Y2) ; 0.5 }
= 0.5

= 10 * {(0.2 X) * 0.1 + (X 0.1) * 0.2 )}
= 0.693720
(rounded to 0.6938)
Required wall thickness of knuckle acc. to formula (7.1.3-2):
ey
= * p * (0.75 * R + 0.2 * Dia) / (f * z)
= 0. 69380 * 1.0 * (0.75 * 509 + 0.2 * 489.0) /
(171.11 * 0.85)
= 2.2875 mm
(Knuckle: Result of iteration for the required thickness is different.)
Knuckle: Plastic deformation is dropped for ey > 0.004 * Dia (2.2875 > 1.956)
= (0.75 * R + 0.2 * Dia) *
eb
[p / (111 fb) * (Dia / r) 0.825](1/1.5)
= (0.75 * 509 + 0.2 * 489.0) *
[1.0 / (111*171.11) * (489 / 52) 0.825](1/1.5)
= 2.321 mm
Skirt:
According to EN 13480-3, 7.1.3 for height of skirt hc [ 0.2 *(Di * ekn) the skirt
thickness may be equal to the knuckle thickness.
hc = 45 mm > 0.2 * (486 * 11)**1/2 = 14.623 mm.
Thus the skirt must meet the requirements for cylindrical shells according to
6.1 erfllen:
Fo.(6.1-1)
ezyl
= Do * p / (2 * f * zk + p)
= 508.0 * 1.0 / (2 * 171.11 * 0.85 + 1.)
= 1.7404 mm
Allowable pressure
Formula(7.1.3-6)
ps
= 2 * f * z * ea / (R + 0.5 * ea)
= 2 * 171.11 * 0.85 * 9.5 / (509 + 0.5 * 9.5)
= 5.3789 MPa
= 53.789 bar
Formula (7.1.3-7)
py
= f * z * ea / [ * (0.75 * R + 0.2 * Dia)]

= 171.11 * 0.85 * 9.5 /
[0.6938 * (0.75 * 509. + 0.2 * 489.0)]
EN 13480 PROBAD
= 4.1528 MPa
= 41.528 bar
Formula (6.1-1)
pzyl
= 2 * f * z * ea / Dma
= 2 * 171.11 * 0.85 * 9.5 / 498.5
= 5.5434 MPa
= 55.434 bar
EN 13480 PROBAD
Effective length of main body acc. to formula (8.4.1-2):

ls
= sqrt((2*R + ea) * ea)
= sqrt((2*509. + 9.5) * 9.5)
=98.799 mm
Maximum unreinforced opening acc to formula (8.4.2-1):
dmax
= 0.14 * ls
= 13.8318 mm

E-Modulus
S
E
Rm
= 256.66 MPa
= 205202. MPa
= R + ea
= 509. + 9.5
= 518.5 mm
(acc. to EN 13480-3, 9.5.2)
py acc. to formula (9.5.1-1):

= 2 * S * ea / Rm
py
= 2 * 256.66 * 9.5 / 518.5
= 9.4050 MPa
= 94.05
bar
pm
= 1.21 * E * ea2 / Rm2

= 1.21 * 205202.0* 9.52 / 518.52
= 83.3521 MPa
= 833.52
bar
pr acc. to table 9.5.1-1:

pm / py
pr / py
pa max
EN 13480 PROBAD
= 833.52 / 94.05
= 8.8624
= 0.57
= (pr / py ) * py / 1.5
= 0.57 * 94.05 / 1.5
= 35.739 bar.
Nozzle at dished end (Crown section)

Material number
Dimensions standard
Tolerances standard
Efficiency factor
:
:
:
:
Outside diameter
Minus tolerance
Metal wastage
Net thickness
Inside diameter
dob
enb
c1b
c0ib
eab
dib
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
doab
Net diameter inside
diab
Net diameter mean
deqa
=
=
=
=
=
=

DIN 2448
DIN 17175
zb = 1.0
219.1
mm
6.3
mm
0.7875 mm
1.00
mm
4.51
mm
dob 2 * enb
206.50 mm
(acc. to DIN 17175: 12.5 %)

dob
219.1 mm
doab - 2 * eab
210.08 mm
(doab + diab) * 0.5
214.59 mm
Effective length of nozzle acc. to formula (8.4.3-1):

lb
= sqrt((deqb) * eab)
= sqrt( 214.59 * 4.51)
= 31.11 mm
Stress loaded sectional areas acc. to formula (8.4):
Afs
= (ls + eab) * eas
= (98.8+ 4.51) * 9.5
= 981.445 mm2
Afb
= lb * eab
= 31.11 * 4.51
= 140.306 mm2
Af
= 1121.751 mm2
EN 13480 PROBAD
Pressure loaded sectional areas acc. to formula (8.4):

gamma = 0.
(radial nozzle)
delta = deb / (2*Rm)
(see EN 13445, F.(9.5-47))
= 219.1 / (2*513.75)
= 0.213236
a
= 0.5 * Rm * (asin(delta + sin(gamma)) + asin(delta sin(gamma)) )
= 0.5 * 513.75 * (2 * asin(0.213236))
= 110.3977 mm
Aps
= 0.5 * R2 * (ls + a) / Rm
(siehe EN 13445, F.(9.5-25))
= 0.5 * 5092 * (98.8+ 110.3977) / 513.75
= 52748.564 mm2
Apb
= 0.5 * diab * (lb + eas)

= 105.04 * (31.11 + 9.5)
= 4265.6744 mm2
Apphi
= 0.
Ap
= 57014.238
(siehe EN 13445, F.(9.5-45))
mm2
Note: Since fb > fs , only the minimum may be taken ito account
acc. to EN 13480-3, (8.3-7).
Allowable internal pressure acc. to formula (8.4.3-6):
pmax
= (1121.751) * 145.44 / (57014.238 + 0.5 * (1121.751))
= 2.8336 MPa
= 28.336 bar
Allowable external pressure acc. to formula (8.4.3-6):
pmax
= (1121.751) * 171.11 / (57014.238 + 0.5 * (1121.751))
= 3.3338 MPa
= 33.338 bar
Effective stress at the opening acc. to formula (8.4.3-7):
P
= [Afs * fs + Afb * fb + Afp * fp] /
= [Afs * fs + Afb*(fb/fs) * fs + Afp*(fp/fs)*fs] /
While
x1
= min (1.; fb / fs) und x2 = min (1.; fp / fs)
P
= (Afs + Afb * x1 + Afp * x2) * fs /

[(Aps+Apb+0.5*Apbphi) + 0.5*(Afs+Afb+Afp)]
and thus
farim = P * [(Aps+Apb+0.5*Apbphi) + 0.5*(Afs+Afb+Afp)] /
(Afs + Afb * x1 + Afp * x2)
In the current example
farim = p * (Aps + Apb + 0.5 * (Afs + Afb)) / (Afs + Afb)
= 1.0 * (57014.238 + 0.5 * (1121.751)) / (1121.751)
= 51.3261 MPa
EN 13480 PROBAD
Controle calculation Pipe bend

Drawing: z_hand1
Input file: Handr_Boro)
Test pressure
internal:
internal:
=
35.00
=
50.00
not corroded)
=
400.00
Pi
Pit
(Test
T
bar
bar
deg. C
Straight pipe
Material number
Dimensions standard
Tolerances standard
Weld joint efficiency
:
:
:
:
1.5415, seamless pipe, ferritic

EN 10216-2
EN 10216-2
z = 1.0
Outside diameter
Nominal thickness
Minus tolerance
Korrosion
Net thickness
uncorroded
corroded
Inside diameter
Do
en
c1
=
=
=
c0i
eat
ea
Di
=
=
=
=
88.90 mm
3.20 mm
0.40 mm
(acc. to EN 10216-2: 12.5 %)
1.00 mm
2.80 mm
1.80 mm
Do 2 * en = 82.50 mm
Net diameter
outside
Doa
Net diameter
inside
Dia
Net diameter
mean
Dm
Length
Volume
outside
Lzyl
Va
Volume
inside
Vi
Mass
=
=
=
=
=
=
Do
88.9 mm
Doa - 2 * ea
88.9 - 2. *1.80 = 85.30 mm
(Doa + Dia) * 0.5
87.10 mm
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
500.0 mm
(Do *0.5)2 *6 * L
3.10358 dm3
(Di *0.5)2 *6 * L
2.67281 dm3
(Va - Vi)*rho
3.381 kg

Design stress
= K/s = 175.006 / 1.5 = 116.67 MPa
Allowable pressure according to formula (6.1-1):

pimax
=
=
=
=
2 * f * z * ea / (Doa ea)
2 * 116.67 * 1.0 * 1.8 / 87.10
4.8220 MPa
48.220 bar
EN 13480 PROBAD

fa
= (Doa ea) * p / (2 * ea)

= 87.10 * 3.5 / (2 * 1.8)
= 84.6805 MPa

e
= Do * p / (2 * f * z + p)
= 88.9 * 3.5 / (2 * 116.67 * 1.0 + 3.5)
= 1.3138 mm
Internal pressure - test:

Design stress
K/s
285. / 1.053 = 270.655 MPa
Allowable pressure according to formula (6.1-1):

(According to input test condition is calculated uncorroded)
pimax
= 2 * f * z * ea / (Doa eat)
= 2 * 270.655 * 1.0 * 2.8 / 86.1
= 17.6035 MPa
= 176.035
bar

fa
= (Doa eat) * p / (2 * eat)

= 86.1 * 5.0 / (2 * 2.8)
= 76.875 MPa

e
EN 13480 PROBAD
= Do * p / (2 * f * z + p)
= 88.9 * 5.0 / (2 * 270.655* 1.0 + 5.0)
= 0.8136 mm
Bend - intrados and extrados:

The wall thicknesses at the intrados and extrados of the pipe bend are
determined via the Mannesmann bending coefficients Edition 1987 depending on the
bending ratio R/Do and the wall thickness of the straight pipe:
R / Do = 300. / 88.9 = 3.3745
Mannesmann bending coefficients
Bint
Bext
=
=
=
=
R /Do
! 3.0 ! 4.0 !
--------+------+------+
eint(+%)! 10.0 ! 7.3 !
eext(-%)! 14.0 ! 11.2 !
1.10 - (3.3745 3.0) * (1.10 1.073) / (4.0 3.0)

1.0899:
0.86 (3.3745 3.0) * (0.86 0.888) / (4.0 3.0)
0.8704
Wall thicknesses:
eoint (actual, nominal)
eoext
e0int (net, uncorroded)
e0ext
eaint (net, corroded)
eaext
=
=
=
=
=
=
Bint * eo
Bext * eo
Bint * eat
Bext * eat
e0int c0i
e0ext c0i
=
=
=
=
=
=
1.090
0.870
1.090
0.870
3.052
2.436
*
*
*
*
-
3.2
3.2
2.8
2.8
1.0
1.0
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
=
=
=
=
=
=
3.488
2.784
3.052
2.436
2.052
1.436
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Required wall thickness acc. to formula EN 13480, 6.2.3.1 (default method):

Bint = (R/Do 0.25) / (R/Do 0.5)
= 1.08696 (rounded to 1.0870)
Bext = (R/Do + 0.25) / (R/Do + 0.5)
= 0.93547 (rounded to 0.9350)
Operation:
eint = Bint * e
eext = Bext * e
= 1.087 * 1.3138
= 0.935 * 1.3138
= 1.4280 mm
= 1.2290 mm
Test:
eint = Bint * e
eext = Bext * e
= 1.087 * 0.8136
= 0.935 * 0.8136
= 0.8843 mm
= 0.7611 mm
Allowable pressure according to EN 13480, 6.2.3.1 (default method):

Operation Allowable pressure acc. to formula (6.1-1):
pmint =
=
=
pmext =
=
=
2 * f * z * eaint/Bint / (Doa
2 * 116.67 * 1.0 * 2.05/1.087
5.0572 MPa
= 50.572 bar
2 * f * z * eaext/Bext / (Doa
2 * 116.67 * 1.0 * 1.43/0.935
4.0844 MPa
= 40.844 bar
Test:
pmint =
=
=
pmext =
=
=
2 * f * z *
2 * 270.655
17.6418 MPa
2 * f * z *
2 * 270.655
16.3013 MPa
eaint/Bint)
/ (88.90 - 2.05/1.087)
eaext/Bext)
/ (88.90 - 1.43/0.935)
e0int/Bint / (Doa e0int/Bint)

* 1.0 * 3.05/1.087 / (88.90 - 3.05/1.087)
= 176.418 bar
e0ext/Bext / (Doa e0ext/Bext)
* 1.0 * 2.43/0.935 / (88.90 - 2.43/0.935)
= 163.013 bar
EN 13480 PROBAD
Effective stress according to EN 13480, 6.2.3.1 (default method):

Operation Effective stress according to formula (6.1-1):
faint =
=
=
faext =
=
=
(Doa
(88.90
80.742
(Doa
(88.90
99.972
eaint/Bint) * p / (2
- 2.05/1.087)* 3.5 /
MPa
eaext/Bext) * p / (2
1.43/0.935)* 3.5 /
MPa
Test:
faint =
=
=
faext =
=
=
(Doa
(88.90
76.708
(Doa
(88.90
83.016
e0int/Bint) * p / (2
- 3.05/1.087)* 5.0 /
MPa
e0ext/Bext) * p / (2
2.43/0.935)* 5.0 /
MPa
EN 13480 PROBAD
* eaint/Bint)
(2 * 2.05/1.087)
* eaext/Bext)
(2 * 1.43/0.935)
* e0int/Bint)
(2 * 3.05/1.087)
* e0ext/Bext)
(2 * 2.43/0.935)
Controle calculation Flat end

Drawing: z_hand1
Input file: Handr_Eb)
internal:
external:
=
=
=
Pi
Pa
T
10.00
1.00
120.00
bar
bar
deg. C
Butt welded flat end

Material number
Dimensions standard
Tolerances standard
DIN 1.7335, plate, ferritic

1/1 mm
EN 10029, Cl. A
Nominal end thickness

Minus tolerance
Netto thickness
eoaf
c1
eaf
Cylindrical neck:
Dimensions standard
Tolerances standard
Outside diameter
Nominal thickness
Minus tolerance
Netto thickness
Inside diameter
=
=
=
12.00
0.5
11.50
EN 10216-2
EN 10216-2
Dos
= 457.00
eos
=
10.00
c1
=
2.0
eas
=
8.0
Dis
= Dos 2
= 437.00
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
* eos
mm
(acc. to EN 10029, Cl.A)
(20% acc. to EN 10216-2)
The minus tolerance is taken on that contour, which is opposit to the entered
diameter:
Net diameter
outside
Doa
Net diameter
inside
Dia
Inside neck radius

required
ri
ri
Calculation diameter
Deq
=
=
=
=
=
>
Do
457.0 mm
Doa - 2 * eas
457.0 - 2. *8.0 = 441.0
13.0 mm
eaf = 11.5 mm
mm
(vorgegeben)
= Dia ri
= 441.0 - 13.0 mm
= 428.0 mm
Required effective length according to formula (7.2.3-5):
lcyl = 0.5 * ((Dia + eeq) * eeq)**1/2
= 0.5 * (449 * 8)**1/2
= 29.966 mm
EN 13480 PROBAD
Operation:
Design stress
Coefficient
p/f1
es/Di
C1
f1
= K/s = 266.66 / 1.5 = 177.778 MPa
C1 according to formula (7.2.3-2) resp. figure 7.2.3-2:

= 1 / 177.78
= 0.005625
= 8.0 / 441.0
= 0.01814
= 0.343
(read)
Required end thickness according to formula (7.2.3-1):

eaf
= C1 * Deq * (pc / f1)**1/2
= 0.343 * 428.0 * (1 / 177.78)**1/2
= 11.0102 mm
Effective stress according to formla (7.2.3-1):
= pc * (C1 * Deq / eaf)**2
fa1
= 1 * (0.343 * 428.0 / 11.5)**2
= 162.9596 MPa
Allowable pressure of end acc. to formula (7.2.3-1):
Since C1 depends on p, pmax is determined iteratively.
p = 1.066 MPa results in C1 = 0.347
pmax = f1 / (C1 * Deq / eaf)**2
= 177.78 / (0.347 * 428.0 / 11.5)**2
= 1.06594 MPa = 10.6594 bar
Cylindrical neck:
Required neck
eas
=
=
=
thickness acc. to formula (6.1-1):

pc * Do / (2*f1*z + pc)
1 * 457.0 / (2 * 177.78 * 1. + 1.)
1.2817 mm

pma2 = 2 * f1 * z * ea / (Doa ea)
= 2 * 177.78 * 1.0 * 8.0 / 449.
= 6.3351 MPa
= 63.351 bar
Effective stress according to formula (6.1-1):
fa2
= (Doa ea) * p / (2 * ea)
= 449. * 1.0 / (2 * 8.)
= 28.0625 MPa
Butt welded end with relief groove

Material number
Dimensions standard
Tolerances standard

1/1 mm
EN 10029, Cl. A

Minus tolerance
Netto thickness
eoaf
c1
eaf
=
=
=
Relief radius
required
ri
ri
=
>
EN 13480 PROBAD
14.00
0.5
13.50
mm
mm
mm
5.0 mm (Min. radius acc. to EN 13445)

0.25 * eos = 2. mm
Connected shell:
Geometry identic to calculation of butt welded end (see above). The only
difference is a higher design stress f2 = 183.33 MPa.
Net thickness
Calculation diameter
eeq
Deq
= 8.0
mm
= Dia
= 441.0 mm
EN 13480 PROBAD
Operation:
Design stress
Coefficient
p/f1
es/Di
C1
f1
= K/s = 266.66 / 1.5 = 177.778 MPa
C1 according to formula (7.2.3-2) resp. figure 7.2.3-2:

= 1 / 177.78
= 0.005625
= 8.0 / 441.0
= 0.01814
= 0.343
(read)
Coefficient C2 according to formulas (7.2.3-8.....) resp. figure 7.2.3-4:

p/fmin= 1 / 177.78
= 0.005625
es/Di = 8.0 / 441.0
= 0.01814
C2
= 0.300
(read)
Required end thickness according to formula (7.2.3-6):
ea1
= C1 * Dia * (pc / f1)**1/2
= 0.343 * 441.0 / (1 / 177.78)**1/2
= 11.3446 mm
ea2
= C2 * Dia * (pc / fmin)**1/2
= 0.300 * 441.0 / (1 / 177.78)**1/2
= 9.9224 mm
eaf
= max (ea1, ea2) = 11.3446 mm
Reduced thickkness in relief groove:
Net thickness in the relief groove
earg = eaf ri
= 13.5 5 = 8.5 mm
Required thickness in the relief groove according to formula (7.2.3-28):
erg
= eeq * f2 / f1
= 8.0 * 183.33 / 177.78
= 8.2497 mm
Bolted end, gasket within bolt circle

Material number
Dimensions standard
Tolerances standard

1/1 mm
EN 10029, Cl. A

Minus tolerance
Netto thickness
eoaf
c1
eaf
=
=
=
22.00
0.60
21.40
Bolt circle diameter

Effective gasket diameter
Effective gasket width
Min. gasket seating pressure
Dt
Dp
b
y
=
=
=
=
480.0
460.0
10.0
8.00
Bolt loads:
Number of bolts
Relevant bolt diameter
Design stress
Operation
Assembly
n
dBe
fB
fB,A
= 12
= 15.0 mm
= 120.0 N/mm
= 160.0 N/mm
Gasket seating
FA
= 6 * b * Dp * y
= 6 * 10 * 460 * 8
EN 13480 PROBAD
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
N/mm
Required bolt cross section
=
ABmin =
=
=
115.611 kN
FA /fB,A
115611 / 160
722.56 mm2
Internal end load acc. to EN 13445-3, formula (11.5-5)

H
= 0.25 * 6 * Dp * Dp * P
= 166.190 kN
Seating stress for density acc. to EN 13445-3, formula (11.5-6)
HG
= 2 6 * b * Dp * m * P
= 86.708 kN
Required bold load acc. to EN 13445-3, formula (11.5-8)
Fop
= H + HG
= 252.898 kN
Required bolt cross section
ABmin = FB /fB
= 252898 / 120
= 2107.48 mm2
= n * 0.25 * 6 * dBe * dBe
= 2120.575 mm2
Design bolt load for assembly condition acc. to EN 13445-3, formula (11.5-16)
FA
= 0.5 * (Abmin + AB) * fB,A
= 0.5 * (2107.48 + 2120.575) * 160.0
= 338.244 kN
Actual bolt cross section
AB
EN 13480 PROBAD
Assembly:
Design stress
fA
= 0.95 * K/S = 295.*1.053 = 280.15 MPa
Required plate thickness acc. to EN 13480-3, formula (7.2.4-2):

eA
= {3/6 * (Dt Dp) * FA / (Dp * fA)}**1/2
= {3/6 * (480 460) * 338244 / (460 * 280.15)}**1/2
= 7.0801 mm
Operation:
Design stress
f1
= K/s = 264.44 / 1.5 = 176.29 MPa
Required plate thickness acc. to EN 13480-3, formula (7.2.4-4):

eP
= [{0.31 * Dp2 + 3(Dp/4 + 2 b m) * (Dt Dp)} pc / f1]*1/2
= [{0.31 * 4602 + 3(460/4 + 2*10*3)*(480460)}*1 / 176.29]*1/2
= 20.7762 mm
Required flange area thickness acc. to EN 13480-3, formula (7.2.4-5):
e1
= [{3(Dp/4 + 2 b m) * (Dt Dp)} *pc / f1]*1/2
= [{3(460/4 + 2*10*3)*(480460)}*1 / 176.29]**1/2
= 7.7176 mm
e1max = max {e1 , eA}
Central welded on Nozzle

Material number
Dimensions standard
Tolerances standard
Weld joint efficiency
zb
Outside diameter
Minus tolerance
Net thickness
Inside Diameter
dob
enb
c1b
eab
dib
deab

EN 10216-2
EN 10216-2
1.0
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Net diameter inside
diab =
=
Net diameter mean
deqb =
=
Effective length of nozzle acc.
lb
=
=
=
Required nozzle thickness eb =
88.9
mm
3.2
mm
0.4
mm
(acc.to 10216-2: 12.5 %)
2.8
mm
dob 2 * enb
82.50 mm
dob
88.9 mm
doab - 2 * eab
83.30 mm
(deab + diab) * 0.5
86.1 mm
to formula (8.4.3-1):
sqrt((deqb) * eab)
sqrt( 86.1 * 2.8)
15.53 mm
0.256 mm
Stress carrying cross sectional area of nozzle acc. to figure 7.2.5-3:

Ar
= lb * (eab eb)
= 15.53 * (2.8 0.256)
= 39.507 mm2
EN 13480 PROBAD
Equivalent diameter d according to formula (7.2.5-5)

d
= diab (2 Ar / eaf) * fb / f1
= 83.3 2.*39.507 / 12.5 * 0.9735
= 77.146 mm
Required end thickness incl. nozzle:

With net inside diameter of end connection Dias = 441.0 mm follows
Distance h = 220.5 mm.
Factor Y1 according to EN 13480-3, formula (7.2.5-3)
Y1
= min {2.0 ; (2h /(2h d))**1/3}
= min {2.0 ; (441 /(441 77.146))**1/3}
= 1.066196
Factor Y2 according to EN 13480-3, formula (7.2.5-4)
Y2
= (Di /(Di d))**1/2
= (441 /(441 77.146))**1/2
= 1.10092
Design stress
f1
= K/s = 266.66 / 1.5 = 177.778 MPa
Required end thickness without opening acc. to formula (7.2.3-1)(see above):

= C1 * Deq * (pc / f1)**1/2
e
= 0.343 * 428.0 / (1 / 177.78)**1/2
= 11.0102 mm
Required end thickness incl. opening acc. to formula (7.2.5-1):
eop1 = Y1 * e
= 1.066196 * 11.0102
= 11.7390 mm
eop2 = C1 * Y2 * Di * (pc / f1)**1/2
= 0.343 *1.10092 * 441.0 * (1 / 177.78)**1/2
= 12.4895 mm
EN 13480 PROBAD
Controle calculation - Reducer

Drawing: z_hand1
internal:
external:
Pi
Pa
T
File: Handr_Ke)
=
=
=
25.00
10.00
250.00
bar
bar
deg. C
Reducer-Geometry
Material number
Dimensions standard
Tolerances standard
Efficiency factor
:
:
:
:
DIN
DIN
DIN
z =
1.5415, Pipe seamless, Ferritic

2616-2, concentric
2616-2
1.0
Allowable stress
: f = K/s = 205.0 / 1.5 = 136.67 MPa
Semi angle at apex

Total length
alfa
Lc
= 17 Grad
= 508 mm
(acc. to Dimensions standard)

(acc. to Dimensions standard)
Large End
Outside diameter
Minus tolerance
DoL
=
eocyl =
c1
=
Corrosion
Net thickness
c0i
=
eacyl =
Inside Diameter
DiL
508.00
mm
11.00
mm
1.375
mm
(acc. to DIN 2616-2: 12.5 %)
1.00
mm
8.62
mm
Do 2 * en = 486.00 mm
Knuckle radius
outside
roL
= 100.0 mm (Mindestwert nach DIN 2616-2)
inside
riL
= 89.0 mm
net
ri
= 91.38 mm
Net diameter
outside
DoaL
Net diameter
inside
DiaL
= DoL
= 508.0 mm
= DoaL - 2 * ea
= 508.0 - 2. *8.62
= 490.76 mm
Run-out area e1:

Since wall thickness eo1 = eocyl = 11.0 mm, the net thicknesses are identic in
this area.
Mean connection diameter
Dc
= 0.5 * (Doa1L + Dia1L)
= 499.38 mm
Calculation measure
l1
= (Dc * ea1) **1/2
= 65.6099 mm
Run-out length required
L1
= 1.4 * l1
= 91.853 mm
Run-out area
EN 13480 PROBAD
e2:
Since wall thickness eo1 = eocyl = 11.0 mm, the net thicknesses are identic.
Calculation measure
l2
L2
Diameter (6.4.4-7)
Dk
=
=
=
=
=
=
(Dc * ea2 / cos(alfa)) **1/2

67.092 mm
1.4 * l2
93.929 mm
Dcea1 2r(1-cos(alfa)) l2*sin(alfa)
499.38 8.62 2*91.38*(1-cos(17)) 67.092 * sin(17)
= 463.158 mm
Small End
Outside diameter
Minus tolerance
DoS
=
eocyl =
c1
=
Corrosion
Net thickness
Inside diameter
c0i
=
eacyl =
DiS
=
355.60
mm
8.00
mm
1.00
mm
(acc. to DIN 2616-2: 12.5 %)
1.00
mm
6.00
mm
DoS 2 * en = 339.60 mm
Net diameter
outside
DoaS = DoS
= 355.6 mm
Net diameter
inside
DiaS = DoaS - 2 * ea
= 355.6 - 2. *6.0 = 343.6 mm
Run-out area e1:
Outside diameter
Minus tolerance
Do1S
eo1
c1
=
=
=
Corrosion
Net thickness
c0i
ea1
=
=
Inside diameter
Di1S
355.60
mm
11.00
mm
1.375
mm
(acc. to DIN 2616-2: 12.5 %)
1.00
mm
8.62
mm
Do1S 2 * en = 333.60 mm
Net diameter
outside
Doa1S = Do1S
= 355.6 mm
Net diameter
inside
Dia1S = Doa1S - 2 * ea1
= 355.6 - 2. *8.62 = 338.36 mm
Mean connection diameter
Dc
= 0.5 * (Doa1S + Dia1S)
= 346.98 mm
Calculation measure
l1
= (Dc * ea1) **1/2
= 54.689 mm
L1
= l1
= 54.689 mm
Conical shell
Axial shell length
L0
Diameter - outside (6.4.4-5)
De
Diameter - outside
Di
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.5 * (DoL DoS) / tan(alfa)

249.239 mm
Dk + 2 ea2 * cos(alfa)
463.158 + 2 * 8.62 * cos(17)
479.644 mm
Dk = 463.158 mm
EN 13480 PROBAD
Mean diameter
Dm
= 0.5 * (Di + De)

= 471.401 mm

Minus tolerance
eos
c1
=
=
Corrosion
Net thickness
c0i
eas
=
=
11.00
mm
1.375
mm
(acc. to DIN 2616-2: 12.5 %)
1.00
mm
8.62
mm
Reducer-Calculation
Large End
Cylindrical pipe conection
Pmax
= 2 * f * z * ea / (Doa ea)
= 2 * 136.67 * 1.0 * 8.62 / 499.38
= 4.7182 MPa
= 47.18
bar
fa
= (Doa ea) * p / (2 * ea)
= 499.38 * 2.5 / (2 * 8.62)
= 72.416 MPa
ecyl
= Do * p / (2 * f * z + p)
= 508.0 * 2.5 / (2 * 136.67 * 1.0 + 2.5)
=
4.6043 mm
Run-out area e1
Since wall thickness eo1 = eocyl = 11.0 mm, the proof of cylinder is identic
cylindrical connection.
Run-out area e1,e2
Reducers with knuckle are proved acc. to 6.4.7.2:
eaj
= min (ea1, ea2) = 8.62
beta (6.4.7-1)
= 0.333 * (499.38/8.62)**1/2 *
tan(17)/(1+1/(cos(17))**1/2) - 0.15
= 0.23350
rho
(6.4.7-2)
= 0.028 * 91.38 /(499.38*8.62)**1/2 *
Bog(17)/(1+1/(cos(17))**1/2)
= 0.005721
gamma (6.4.7-3)
= 1 + rho / (1.2 * (1 + 0.2/rho)
= 1.0001
(1.0001325 rounded)
Pmaj
= eaj * 2. * f * gamma / (Dc * beta)
= 8.62 * 2 * 136.67 * 1.0001 / (499.38 * 0.2335)
= 20.2081 MPa
= 202.081 bar
Effective stress acc. to formula (6.4.7-4):
faj
= pc * Dc * beta / (eaj * 2.* gamma)
= 2.5 * 499.38 * 0.2335 / (8.62 * 2 * 1.0001)
= 16.9074 MPa
Required wall thickness acc. to formula (6.4.7-4):
EN 13480 PROBAD
(Iterative determination, since beta and gamma depend on ej.)
Small End
Cylindrical pipe conection
pmax
= 2 * f * z * ea / (Doa ea)
= 2 * 136.67 * 1.0 * 6.0 / 349.6
= 4.6910 MPa
= 46.91
bar
fa
= (Doa ea) * p / (2 * ea)
= 349.6 * 2.5 / (2 * 6.0)
= 72.833 MPa
ecyl
= Do * p / (2 * f * z + p)
= 355.6 * 2.5 / (2 * 136.67 * 1.0 + 2.5)
= 3.2229 mm
Run-out area e1
Pma1
= 2 * f * z * ea1 / (Doa1 ea1)
= 2 * 136.67 * 1.0 * 8.62 / 346.98
= 6.7903 MPa
= 67.90
bar
fa1
= (Doa ea) * p / (2 * ea)
= 346.98 * 2.5 / (2 * 8.62)
= 50.316 MPa
e1cyl
= Do * p / (2 * f * z + p)
= 508.0 * 2.5 / (2 * 136.67 * 1.0 + 2.5)
=
4.6043 mm
Run-out area e1,e2
Connection is proved acc. to 6.4.8:
s
(6.4.8-1)
= ea2 / ea1 = 1.
tao
(6.4.8-3)
= 1 + (s*(1+s*s)/(2*cos(alfa))**1/2)
= 2.02259
betaH (6.4.8-4)
= 0.4 * (346.98/8.62)**1/2 *
tan(17)/2.02259 + 0.5
= 0.88361
Pmaj
= ea1 * 2.* f *z/ (Dc * betaH)
= 8.62 * 2 * 136.67 / (346.98 * 0.8836)
= 7.6849 MPa
= 76.849 bar
faj
= pc * Dc * betaH / (2.* ea1)
= 2.5 * 346.98 * 0.8836 / (2. * 8.62)
= 44.459 MPa
EN 13480 PROBAD
Conical shell
Proof of shell acc. to 6.4.4:
Pmax
= 2.* f *z * eas * cos(alfa)/ Dm
= 2 * 136.67 *1. * 8.62 * cos(17)/ 471.401
= 4.7797 MPa
= 47.797 bar
fa
= pc * Dm / (2.* eas * cos(alfa))
= 2.5 * 471.401 / (2.* 8.62 * cos(17))
= 71.482 MPa
EN 13480 PROBAD

E-Modulus
S= 205.0 MPa
E
= 195500
(Ferritic)
MPa
Proof of stiffening of Junction cone / cylinder:

Deq
(acc. to fig. 9.4.3-1)
Shell length
Ls
=
=
=
=
=
0.5 * (Dia1L + Dia1S) / cos(alfa)

0.5 * (490.76 + 338.36) / cos(17)
433.502 mm
0.5 * (DoL DoS) / sin(alfa)
260.627 mm
Large end:
Cross-section area to e1: lA1 =
=
A1
=
=
Cross-section area to e2: lA2 =
=
A2
=
=
Cross-section area A
=
distance centroid-outs.contour=
=
=
Diameter centroid
Ds
=
=
2nd Moment to e1:
Ix1
=
=
2nd Moment to e2:
Ix2
=
[(Deq * ea1)**0.5 - 0.5* ea1*tan(alfa/2)]

60.485 mm
lA1 * ea1
521.382 mm2
[(Deq * ea2)**0.5 - 0.5* ea2*tan(alfa/2)]
60.485 mm
lA2 * ea2
521.382 mm2
A1 + A2 = 1042.76 mm2
(0.5* h1 * A1 + 0.5 * h2 * A2) / A
(0.5*8.62 + 0.5*21.806) * 521.382 / 1042.76
7.6065 mm
DaoL 2 * 7.6065
492.787 mm
1./12 * A1 * h1 * h1
3228.41 mm4
1./12 * A2 *
[(lA2*sin(alfa))**2 + (ea2*cos(alfa))**2]
= 2952.44 mm4
Steiner: Jx = Jx' + Fla * (Distance of centroids)**2
2nd Moment - total
Ix
= Ix1 + A1 * (Abst. von gem. Schwerpkt)**2 +
Ix2 + A2 * (Abst. von gem. Schwerpkt)**2
= 17512.1 mm4
2nd Moment required
Ix
= 0.18 * Deq * Ls * Ds*Ds * pc / Et
= 25261.24 mm4
Thus junction cylinder-cone not valid as stiffening !
Buckling proof acc. to 9.4.4:
Since buckling length not entered, it is set internally:
Proof length
L
= Lt = 508 mm
Proof diameter
Deq
= Dc = 499.38 mm
py acc. to Formel (9.3.2-1):
Rm
py
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.5 * Deq
249.69 mm
S * ea / R
205.0 * 8.62 / 249.69
7.07718 MPa
70.7718 bar
EN 13480 PROBAD
Determination of the minimum value for pm:

Z
= 6 * Rm / L
= 3.1415927 * 249.69 / 508.0
= 1.54414
acc. to formula (9.3.2-3):

= 1 / (n2-1+Z2/2) * {1/[(n/Z)2+1]2 +
ea2* (n2-1+Z2)2 /[12* R2 * (1-42)] }
n

= 4:
= 1 / (16+0.1.544142/2) * {1/[(4/1.54414)2+1]2 +
8.622* (16+1.544142)2 /[12* 249.692 *(1-0.32)]}
= 0.00307589
n

= 5:
= 1 / (25+0.1.544142/2) * {1/[(5/1.54414)2+1]2 +
8.622* (25+1.544142)2 /[12* 249.692 *(1-0.32)]}
= 0.0033...

pm
=
=
=
=
E * ea *
195500.*
20.7598
207.598
/ Rm
8.62 * 0.00307589/ 249.69
MPa
bar
pr acc. to Table (9.3.2-1):

pm / py
pr / py
pr
pa max
= 207.598 / 70.7718
= 2.93335
= 0.822 +
(0.8355 0.822)*(2.93335 2.75)/0.25
= 0.83190
= 0.83190 * 70.7718
= 58.8751 bar
= (pr / py ) * py / 1.5
= 0.83190 * 70.7718 / 1.5
= 39.250 bar.
Required wall thickness is determined by iteration.

Results Plastic deformation acc. to EN 13480, (9.1) like internal pressure,
but with z = 1.0
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps
General
General - Wall thicknesses Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 157
Cylinder Graphic Helps

Cylinder Geometry Graphic Helps
158 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Cylinder Unsupported Length Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 159
Cylinder Stiffeners Graphic Helps
160 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 161
162 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Branches, Nozzles, Openings Graphic Helps

Type of branch Graphic Helps
Nozzle
Branch
Opening
Flange ring
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 163
Geometry Nozzle Graphic Helps
164 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Geometry Branch Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 165
Geometry Opening Graphic Helps
166 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Geometry Flange ring Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 167
Single opening Nozzle Graphic Helps

Nozzle Cylindrical shell Graphic Helps
168 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Nozzle Spherical shell Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 169
Nozzle Pad-type reinforcement Graphic Helps
170 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Single opening Branch Graphic Helps

Branch Cylindrical shell Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 171
Single opening Opening Graphic Helps

Opening Cylindrical shell Graphic Helps
172 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Opening Spherical shell Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 173
Single Opening Flange ring Graphic Helps

Flange ring Spherical shell Graphic Helps
174 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Single opening Intruding Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 175
Adjacent branches Graphic Helps

Adjacent branches Cylindrical shell Graphic Helps
176 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Adjacent branches Spherical shell Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 177
Kind of branch Graphic Helps

Normal branch
178 Graphic Helps
Access opening (inside closed)
EN 13480 PROBAD
Branch Kind of connection Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 179
180 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 181
182 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Branch Kind of Reinforcement Graphic Helps

1 Main body increasing
2 Tubular (ring) reinforcement
3 Pad-type reinforcement
4 Tubular / Pad-type reinforcement
6 Main body increasing / Pad given
Pad-type / Tubular reinforcement
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 183
Inclined branches Graphic Helps

Branch Inclination in longitudinal direction Graphic
Helps
184 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Branch Inclination in circumferential direction Graphic

Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 185
Branch inclination on spherical shell Graphic Helps
186 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Branch Positioning Graphic Helps

Absolute branch positioning - Cylinder Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 187
Absolute branch positioning Dished end Graphic Helps
188 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Relative branch positioning Cylinder, longitudinal

direction Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 189
Relative branch positioning Cylinder, circumferential

direction Graphic Helps
190 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Relative branch position Adjacent longitudinal welds

Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 191
Spherical shells resp. dished ends Graphic Helps

Types - Dished end Graphic Helps
Kloepper type (torispheric) Graphic Helps
192 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Korbbogen type (torispheric) Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 193
Torispherical end constant wall thickness Graphic

Helps
194 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Torispherical end Different wall thicknesses Graphic

Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 195
Semi-Ellipsoidal end Graphic Helps
196 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Hemispherical shell without cylincrical skirt Graphic

Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 197
Hemispherical shell with cylincrical skirt Graphic Helps
Spherical shell Graphic Helps
198 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 199
Dished end General geometry Graphic Helps
200 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Flat end Graphic Helps

Types Flat end Graphic Helps
Flat end - Butt welded with constant neck Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 201
Flat end - Butt welded with conic neck Graphic Helps
202 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Flat end set-on Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 203
Flat end set-in Graphic Helps
204 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Flat end - Butt welded with relief groove Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 205
Flat end with gasket within bolt circle Graphic Helps
206 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Flat end with full-face gasket Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 207
Branches Flat end Graphic Helps

Welded-on nozzle Flat end Graphic Helps
208 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Set-through nozzle Flat end Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 209
Opening with bolted flange Flat end Graphic Helps
210 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Single opening Flat end Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 211
Adjacent openings Flat end Graphic Helps
212 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Pipe bends and Elbows Graphic Helps

Elbow Geometry Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 213
Reducer
Reducer - Form Graphic Helps
214 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Reducer - Geometry Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 215
Reducer Run-Out Length Graphic Helps
216 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Reducer Effective Stiffenings Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 217
Reducer Ineffective Stiffenings Graphic Helps
218 Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
T-Piece
T-Piece - Geometry Graphic Helps
EN 13480 PROBAD
Graphic Helps 219
Index
A
Absolute branch positioning - Cylinder - Graphic Helps
187
Absolute branch positioning - Dished end - Graphic
Helps 188
Absolute positioning of branches - Cylinder 72
Absolute positioning of branches - Dished end 72
Absolute positioning of branches - Reducer 77
Absolute positioning of branches on dished end 72
Absolute positioning of welds - Cylinder 72
Absolute positioning of welds - Dished end 75
Absolute positioning of welds - Reducer 77
Absolute positioning of welds - Spherical shell 76
Adjacent branches - Cylindrical shell - Graphic Helps
176
Adjacent branches - Graphic Helps 176
Adjacent branches - Spherical shell - Graphic Helps
177
Adjacent openings - Flat end - Graphic Helps 212
Adjacent welds - Cylinder 56
Allowances - Branch 61
Allowances - Nozzle 59
Allowances - Reducer 114
Allowances - T-Piece 117
Angle to main pipe axis - T-Piece 116
Apex angle, Length - Reducer 114
Attached shell - Flat end 93
B
Bend angle- Bend or elbow 108
Bend radius - Bend or elbow 108
Bending safety factor x - Pipe bend 109
Bolt circle diameter Dt - Flat end 96
Bolt loads acc. to EN 13445 - Flat end 96
Branch - Cylindrical shell - Graphic Helps 171
Branch - Inclination in circumferential direction Graphic Helps 185
EN 13480 PROBAD
Branch - Inclination in longitudinal direction - Graphic

Helps 184
Branch - inclination on spherical shell - Graphic Helps
186
Branch - Kind of connection - Graphic Helps 179
Branch - Kind of Reinforcement - Graphic Helps 183
Branch - Positioning - Graphic Helps 187
Branch - T-Fitting 117
Branch inclination on a cone 56
Branch inclination on a cylinder 56
Branch inclination on the spherical shell 73
Branch positioning - Flat end 98
Branches - Flat end - Graphic Helps 208
Branches, Nozzles, Openings - Graphic Helps 163
C
Calculate 23
Calculation diameter Deq - Flat end 90
Calculation diameter Di - Flat end 93
Calculation pressure internal Pi, external Pe 31
Calculation temperature t 31
Calculation with differencial pressure - Flat end 87
Circumferential pitch only - Cylinder 49
Codes and Standards 7
Comment 30
Connection - Flat end 90
Connection thickness - Reducer 113
Construction - Dished end 79
Controle calculation - Flat end 142
Controle calculation - Pipe bend 138
Controle calculation - Reducer 149
Controle calculation - Cylinder with nozzles 121
Controle calculation - Dished end with nozzle 131
Copy, Move and delete branches 57
Crown radius - Dished end 83
Cylinder 48
Cylinder - Geometry - Graphic Helps 158
Cylinder - Graphic Helps 158
Cylinder - Stiffeners - Graphic Helps 160
Cylinder - Unsupported Length - Graphic Helps 159
D
Data management levels 15
Data Management System 11
Depth of flange facing - Flat end 89
Description of branch position - Cylinder 49
Description of branch position - Dished end 80
Description of branch position - Flat end 88
Design - Flat end 88
Design pressure PS 31
Dialog input 5
Diameter - Bend or elbow 106
Index 221
Diameter - Bore db 59
Diameter - Cylinder 48
Diameter - Dished end 83
Diameter - Flange ring 65
Diameter - Nozzle 59, 61
Diameter - Nozzle at flat end 99
Diameter - Opening 64
Diameter - Reducer 113
Diameter Do - Flat end 93
Dimensions standard - Stiffener 51
Dished end - General geometry - Graphic Helps 200
Documentation 28
Documentation - Selection of input files 28
Drawing - Copy 18
Drawing - Delete 18
Drawing - List of load conditions 19
Drawing - Load condition 18
Drawing - Load condition - Copy / Delete 19
Drawing - Load condition - Display, Selection 19
Drawing - Load condition - New 19
Drawing - New / Open / Modify 17
Drawing Level 17
E
Edit the 'pfad'-file 23
Effective length - Branch 63
Effective length - Flange ring 66
Effective length - Nozzle 60
Effective length - Opening 64
Elbow - Geometry - Graphic Helps 213
Evaluation of test pressure 31
F
Factor beta - Dished end 85
Factor C1 - Flat end 91
Factor C2 - Flat end 93
FEZEN-Material data 36
File - Copy from any directory 21
File - Copy into another drawing 20
File - Copy into any directory 20
File - Delete 21
File - Go to 22
File - New / Open 20
File - Rename 21
File - Save, Save as 21
File level 20
Flange ring - Spherical shell - Graphic Helps 174
Flat end 88
Flat end - Butt welded with conic neck - Graphic Helps
202
Flat end - Butt welded with constant neck - Graphic
Helps 201
Flat end - Butt welded with relief groove - Graphic

Helps 205
Flat end - Graphic Helps 201
Flat end - set-in - Graphic Helps 204
Flat end - set-on - Graphic Helps 203
Flat end with full-face gasket - Graphic Helps 207
Flat end with gasket within bolt circle - Graphic Helps
206
Form - Reducer 111
Form of Reducer 111
Form of T-Piece 115
Free Material Data 39
Further interaction of branches 71
G
Gasket factor m - Flat end 95
Gasket within bolt circle, circular - flat end 95
Gasket, full-face - Flat end 96
General 1, 11, 29, 157
General - Directories and files 14
General - Main menu - Help 13
General - Results 13
General - The drawing - level 13
General - The order-level 12
General - Wall thicknesses - Graphic Helps 157
General branch data 54
General branch data - Flat end 98
General Calculation Strategy 3
General Data 30
General form of the input panels 6
General run of calculation 3
Geometry - Bend or elbow 106
Geometry - Branch - Graphic Helps 165
Geometry - Dished end 83
Geometry - Flange ring - Graphic Helps 167
Geometry - Flat end 89
Geometry - Knuckle / skirt 85
Geometry - Nozzle - Graphic Helps 164
Geometry - Opening - Graphic Helps 166
Geometry of branch 61
Geometry of connection - Flat end 90
Geometry of cylindrical shell 48
Geometry of flange ring 65
Geometry of nozzle 59
Geometry of nozzle - Flat end 99
Geometry of opening 64
Geometry of pad 68
Geometry of T-Piece 116
Geometry Reducer 113
Graphic Helps 157
H
Height - Flange ring 65
222 Index
EN 13480 PROBAD
Height - Pad 68
Height of end - Dished end 85
Height of skirt hb - Dished end 85
Height, width - Stiffener 52
Help 28
Hemispherical shell with cylincrical skirt - Graphic
Helps 198
Hemispherical shell without cylincrical skirt - Graphic
Helps 197
I
Inclined branches - Graphic Helps 184
Inspector 30
Introduction 1
Material data - Stiffener 53

Material data - T-Piece 119
Material data of nozzles - Flat end 101
Material input 36
Materials 28
Maximum usage ratio of the components 32
Mean Length Lc around stiffeners 51
Minimum gasket seating pressure y - Flat end 95
Modification of safety factors 32
Modification of safety factors - Bend or elbow 102
Modification of safety factors - Cylinder 47
Modification of safety factors - Dished end 78
Modification of safety factors - Flat end 87
Modification of safety factors - Reducer 110
Modification of safety factors - T-Pieces 115
Modification of standard safety factors 33
K
Kind of branch 54
Kind of branch - Graphic Helps 178
Kind of connection 55
Kind of connection - Flat end 98
Kind of reinforcement 55
Kind of reinforcement - T-Piece 115
Kloepper type (torispheric) - Graphic Helps 192
Knuckle radius - Dished end 85
Knuckle radius - Reducer 113
Korbbogen type (torispheric) - Graphic Helps 193
L
Length - Cylinder 48
Length - Pipe bend 108
Load condition reference 31
Load conditions 31
Load conditions - Bend or elbow 102
Load conditions - Cylinder 47
Load conditions - Dished end 78
Load conditions - Flat end 87
Load conditions - Reducer 110
Load conditions - T-Pieces 115
M
Main pipe at branch - T-Piece 117
Main pipe connection - T-Piece 116
Material Data 36
Material data - Attached shell - Flat end 97
Material data - Bend or elbow 109
Material data - Cylinder 50
Material data - Dished end 82
Material data - Flat end 89
Material data - Nozzles, Branches, Flange rings 67
Material data - Reducer 114
Material data - Reinforcement pad 69
Material data - Skirt / Knuckle 82
EN 13480 PROBAD
N
Name of order, drawing, input file 30
Neck - Allowances 92
Neck - Flat end 90
Nozzle - Cylindrical shell - Graphic Helps 168
Nozzle - Pad-type reinforcement - Graphic Helps 170
Nozzle - Spherical shell - Graphic Helps 169
Number of nozzles - Cylinder 49
Number of nozzles - Dished end 80
Number of nozzles - Flat end 88
Number of nozzles - Reducer 111
Number of stiffeners 51
O
Opening - Cylindrical shell - Graphic Helps 172
Opening - Spherical shell - Graphic Helps 173
Opening with bolted flange - Flat end 101
Opening with bolted flange - Flat end - Graphic Helps
210
Openings in flat ends 98
Order - Copy from any directory 16
Order - Copy into a new order 15
Order - Copy into any directory 15
Order - Delete 16
Order - Materials 17
Order - New / Open / Modify 15
Order - Standards 16
Order - Standards-Copy 16
Order - Standards--Input 17
P
Pipe bends and Elbows - Graphic Helps 213
Pitch - Adjacent branches 70
Position number - Bend or elbow 103
Index 223
Position number - Branch 54

Position number - Cylinder 48
Position number - Dished end 79
Position number - Flat end 88
Position number - Pad 68
Position number - Stiffener 51
Position number, material reference, designation 35
Position numbers - Adjacent branches 70
Positioning - Stiffener 51
Positioning via cartesian coordinates - Dished end 74
Positioning via polar coordinates - Dished end 73
Position-No. - Reducer 111
Position-No. - T-Piece 115
Pressure increasing factor - reinforcement calculation
56
Pressure parts 2
Product Standards 43
Product standards - Bend or elbow 106
Product Standards - Branch 61
Product Standards - Cylinder 48
Product Standards - Dished end 83
Product Standards - Flange ring 65, 68
Product standards - Flat end 89
Product Standards - Nozzle 59
Product Standards - Nozzle at flat end 99
Product standards - Reducer 113
Product standards, Knuckle - Dished end 86
Product standards, Skirt - Dished end 86
Production type - Bend or elbow 103
Projection - Flange ring 65
Projection - Branch 63
Projection - Nozzle 60
Projection - Nozzle at flat end 99
Proof method according to EN 13480-3 105
R
Radius of sphere - Dished end 85
Recurrent inputs 29
Reducer 214
Reducer - Effective Stiffenings - Graphic Helps 217
Reducer - Form - Graphic Helps 214
Reducer - Geometry - Graphic Helps 215
Reducer - Ineffective Stiffenings - Graphic Helps 218
Reducer - Run-Out Length - Graphic Helps 216
Reduction factor - Stress loaded areas - T-Piece 116
Reference plane - Cylinder 49
Reference plane - Dished end 81
Reference plane - Reducer 111
Reinforcement pad 68
Relative branch position - Adjacent longitudinal welds Graphic Helps 191
Relative branch positioning - Cylinder, circumferential
direction - Graphic Helps 190
224 Index
Relative branch positioning - Cylinder, longitudinal

direction - Graphic Helps 189
Relative positioning of branches - Cylinder 70
Relief groove - Flat end 89
Results 24
Results - Copy 24
Results - Delete 24
Results - Display 24
Results - Display panel 24
Results - Print 24
Results to PDF 25
Results to Word 25
Revisor 30
S
Semi-Ellipsoidal end - Graphic Helps 196
Set-through nozzle - Flat end - Graphic Helps 209
Settings 26
Settings - Company 27
Settings - Display 26
Settings - Print 26
Settings - Printer in DOS-Mode - List 27
Settings - Printer in Windows-Mode - List 26
Single opening - Branch - Graphic Helps 171
Single Opening - Flange ring - Graphic Helps 174
Single opening - Flat end - Graphic Helps 211
Single opening - Intruding - Graphic Helps 175
Single opening - Nozzle - Graphic Helps 168
Single opening - Opening - Graphic Helps 172
Special profile - Stiffener 52
Spherical shell - Graphic Helps 198
Spherical shell resp. dished end 79
Spherical shells resp. dished ends - Graphic Helps 192
Starting the System 8
Stiffeners 51
T
Test load in corroded condition 32
Test pressure Pt 32
Test temperature tt 32
The FEZEN-Material Database 40
The order-level 15
The User Surface 8
Thick end of neck - Flat end 92
Thin end of neck - Flat end 92
Torispherical end - constant wall thickness - Graphic
Helps 194
Torispherical end - Different wall thicknesses - Graphic
Helps 195
T-Piece 219
T-Piece - Geometry - Graphic Helps 219
T-Pieces 115
Two hemisoherical shells 73
Type - Dished end 79
EN 13480 PROBAD
Type - Flat end 88

Type of branch 54
Type of branch - Flat end 98
Type of branch - Graphic Helps 163
Type of branch - T-Piece 115
Type of material - Reducer 111
Type of production - Reducer 111
Type of production - Dished end 80
Types - Dished end - Graphic Helps 192
Types - Flat end - Graphic Helps 201
U
Unsupported shell length 51
Unsupported shell length - Bend or elbow 109
W
Wall thickness - Cylinder 48
Wall thickness - Dished end 83
Wall thickness - Elbow 106
Wall thickness - Flat end 89
Wall thickness - Nozzle 59, 61
Wall thickness - Nozzle at flat end 99
Wall thickness - Pipe bend 108
Wall thickness allowance proportional - c1int intrados
107
Wall thickness, Knuckle - Dished end 86
Wall thickness, Skirt - Dished end 86
Wall thicknesses and allowances 45
Wall thicknesses, Run-out lengths - Reducer 113
Weld - Bend or elbow 108
Weld - Cylinder 48
Weld - Flange ring 66
Weld - Nozzle 60
Weld - Nozzle at flat end 99
Weld - Pad 68
Weld - Reducer 114
Weld, Crown - Dished end 83
Weld, knuckle, skirt - Dished end 85
Welded-on nozzle - Flat end - Graphic Helps 208
Welds 46
Width - Flange ring 65
Width - Pad 68
EN 13480 PROBAD
Index 225

Probad En13480 Guide

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EN 13480

by IBM Deutschland GmbH

The User Surface

Starting the System .................................................................................................................... 8

Cylindrical shell with nozzles

Load conditions - Cylinder ...................................................................................................... 47

Nozzles / Branches / Openings

General branch data ................................................................................................................. 54

Dished end with nozzles

Load conditions Dished end ................................................................................................. 78

Flat end with openings

Load conditions Flat end....................................................................................................... 87

Pipe bends and Elbows

Load conditions Bend or elbow .......................................................................................... 102

Reducer with nozzles

Load conditions Reducer .................................................................................................... 110

Load conditions T-Pieces.................................................................................................... 115

Controle calculation - Cylinder with nozzles......................................................................... 121

Spherical shells resp. dished ends Graphic Helps............................................................... 192

- Welding Research Council, Bulletin No. 107 (3/79)

General Calculation Strategy

For each component PROBAD allowes a

General run of calculation

for which no thickness at the main body is

3. Calculation of not entered tubular resp. pad-type reinforcements

- numerical without decimal point

Num.: Number of input line

General form of the input panels

The scope of each input value is discribed in front of the

Codes and Standards

The User Surface

Starting the System

Navig.File Calculate Results Settings Document.Material Help

< < > >

8 The User Surface

- you leave the panel without action and the program

The User Surface 9

10 The User Surface

The User Surface 11

General - The order-level

12 The User Surface

General - The drawing - level

General - Main menu - Help

The User Surface 13

General - Directories and files

LIB1 (Library directory-German, LIBVERZ in the 'pfad'-file)

In this structure, the directories are represented by uppercases, the files by

First a working directory E2_0x00 is generated. In a subdirectory E2D you can

14 The User Surface

Data management levels

Order Copy into a new order

Order Copy into any directory

The User Surface 15

Order - Copy from any directory

an existing order-related standard-file can be copied into a target

16 The User Surface

The User Surface 17

Name, department, phone, design manager

Drawing Load condition

18 The User Surface

Drawing Load condition - New

Drawing Load condition - Copy / Delete

Drawing List of load conditions

the displayed list of load cases is closed. Modifications are not