17 - Design of Mufflers and Silencers2

Design of Mufflers and Silencers
Slides to accompany lectures in ME 599/699:
Vibro-Acoustic Design in Mechanical Systems

2003 by A. F. Seybert
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Kentucky
Lexington, KY 40506-0108
Tel: 859-257-6336 x 80645
Fax: 859-257-3304
seybert@engr.uky.edu
Goals of the Lecture

To understand how the components and geometry of a

muffler (silencer) determine its performance
To design a muffler for a specific attenuation and
frequency range
To learn and use muffler terminology
Dept. of Mech. Engineering

ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design
Types of Mufflers
1. Dissipative (absorptive) silencer:
Duct or pipe
Sound absorbing material
(e.g., duct liner)

Sound is attenuated due

to absorption (conversion
to heat)
Types of Mufflers (cont.)

2. Reactive muffler:
Sound is attenuated by reflection and

cancellation of sound waves
Compressor discharge details

40 mm

Types of Mufflers (cont.)

3. Combination reactive and dissipative muffler:
Sound absorbing material
Perforated tubes
Sound is attenuated by
reflection and cancellation of
sound waves + absorption of
sound

Performance Measures Transmission Loss

Wi
Wr
Muffler
Wt
Anechoic
Termination
Transmission loss (TL) of the muffler:
Wi
TL( dB) = 10Log10
Wt

Performance Measures Insertion Loss

SPL1
SPL2
Muffler
IL (dB) = SPL1 SPL2
Insertion loss depends on :

TL of muffler
Lengths of pipes
Termination (baffled vs. unbaffled)
Source impedance
7
Example TL and IL
Expansion Chamber Muffler
Inlet Pipe
Source
Outlet Pipe
24
12
12
20
TL and IL (dB)
10
0
-10
200
400
600
800
1000
-20
-30
Insertion Loss
-40
Transmission Loss
-50
Pipe resonances
Frequency (Hz)
The Concept of Impedance

Generalized impedance of a system
Z and power supplied W :
effort variable
flow variable
W = effort variable x flow variable *
System Type
Effort Variable
Flow variable
Flow Variable
Effort variable SYSTEM
_
Impedance Z
Power supplied W
Electrical
Voltage (E)
Current (I)
E/I
EAI = E2/Z
Mechanical
Force (F)
Velocity (V)
F/V
FAV = F 2/Z
Acoustic
Pressure (P)
Velocity (V)
P/V
PAV AS = P2 AS /Z
Fluid
Pressure (P)
Volume Flow Rate (Q)
P/Q
PAQ = P2/Z
T/Q
TAQ = T2/Z
Thermal
Temperature
Heat Flow Rate/Deg
(T)
(Q)
* For acoustic systems we must multiply by the area S
Network Interpretation: Electrical to Acoustical

P
source
source
load Z
Electrical System

load Z
Acoustical System
10
Acoustic System Components

Source
V V
Any acoustic
system
P
(sound
pressure
reaction)
P
Input or load
z=
= r + jx
impedance
V

Pt
Termination
zt =
= rt + xt
impedance
Vt
11
Summary 1
Dissipative mufflers attenuate sound by converting
sound energy to heat via viscosity and flow resistance
this process is called sound absorption.
Common sound absorbing mechanisms used in
dissipative mufflers are porous or fibrous materials or
perforated tubes.
Reactive mufflers attenuate sound by reflecting a
portion of the incident sound waves back toward the
source. This process is frequency selective and may
result in unwanted resonances.
Impedance concepts may be used to interpret reactive
muffler behavior.
12
The Helmholtz Resonator

Named for:
Hermann von Helmholtz, 1821-1894, German
physicist, physician, anatomist, and physiologist.
Major work: Book, On the Sensations of Tone as
a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music,
1862.
von Helmholtz, 1848

13
History
Helmholtz developed a set of

resonators for studying the auditory
response of humans to tones.
Modern applications:
fundamental resonance of stringed instruments
base-reflex (ported) loudspeakers
muffler components
14
Lumped Parameter Model

o c 2S2B
K=
V
V
x
L
SB
&& + Kx = PSB
Mx
M = o SBL'
F = PSB
&&x = j vB x =
vB
j
L is the equivalent
length. Losses due to
viscosity in the neck and
radiation are neglected.
j M vB = PSB
zB =
1
P
K
= j M 0
vB
SB

15
when =
K
SB
=c
M
L' V
Example HR Used as a Side Branch

2

c / 2S
TL(dB) = 10 log10 1 +

2
L '/SB c / V
Anechoic termination
fn = 154 Hz
20
15
TL (dB)
V = 0.001 m3
L = 25 mm
SB= 2 x 10-4 m2
S= 8 x 10-4 m2
10
35 Hz
5
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Frequency (Hz)

16
A Tuned Dynamic Absorber

F
M1
M2
K2
Original System
Tuned Dynamic Absorber
K1
M1
K1
" Tune "
K 2 K1
=
M 2 M1
|x/F|
Original system
Tuned dynamic absorber
M2/M1=0.5
T/T1
17
Resonances in an Open Pipe

P = 1 Pa
source
Lp= 1 m
First mode
1 = 2L p =
c
343
f1 =
= 1715
. Hz
f1
2(1)
2 = Lp =
c
343
f2 =
= 343 Hz
f2
1
Second Mode
etc.
18
SPL at Pipe Opening No Resonator


19
Example HR Used as a Side Branch

2

c / 2S
TL(dB) = 10 log10 1 +

2
L '/SB c / V
Anechoic termination
V = 750 cm3
L = 2.5 cm (L= 6.75 cm)
DB= 5 cm (SB= 19.6 cm2)
D= 10 cm (S = 78.5 cm2)
fn = 340 Hz

20
SPL at Pipe Opening with Resonator


21
Network Interpretation
P
(any system)
zB
zA
z=
zB =
zB z A
zB + z A
Can we make ZB zero?
1
P
K
= j M 0
vB
SB
when =
zB
zA
z
K
SB
=c
M
L' V
(Produces a short circuit and P is theoretically zero.)

22
The Quarter-Wave (QW) Resonator

The Quarter-Wave Resonator has an effect similar to the Helmholtz
Resonator:
tan 2 kL + 4 (S S b )2
TL = 10 Log 10
2
(
)
4
S
S
b
Sb
zB
zB = j o c cot( L / c) = 0 when L / c = n / 2
n = 13
, ,5...
n c
2L
nc
nc

fn =
or L =
= n
4
4L
4f
n =

23
Summary 2
The side-branch resonator is analogous to the

tuned dynamic absorber.
Resonators used as side branches attenuate

sound in the main duct or pipe.
The transmission loss is confined over a

relatively narrow band of frequencies centered
at the natural frequency of the resonator.

24
The Simple Expansion Chamber

18
6
where m is the expansion ratio (chamber area/pipe

area) = 9 in this example and L is the length of the
chamber.
30
25
TL (dB)
1
1
TL = 10 Log10 4 cos 2 kL + (m + )2 sin2 kL
m
4
20
15
10
5
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Frequency (Hz)

25
QW Tube + Simple Expansion Chamber

9
18
30
TL (dB)
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Frequency (Hz)

26
Extended Inlet Muffler

18
2
30
TL (dB)
25
( same for
extended
outlet )
20
15
10
5
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Frequency (Hz)

27
Two-Chamber Muffler
9
9
4
300
400
50
TL (dB)
40
30
20
10
0
0
100
200
500
600
700
800
Frequency (Hz)

28
Complex System Modeling

We would like to predict the sound pressure level at the termination.
Quarter-wave resonator
Source
termination
Area change
Engine
Pump
Compressor
(intake or exhaust)

Expansion chamber
Helmholtz Resonator
29
Basic Idea
The sound pressure p and the particle velocity v are the acoustic state variables
2
For any passive, linear component:
p2 = Ap1 + Bv1
p2, v2
any acoustic
component
v 2 = Cp1 + Dv1
or
p2 A B p1
v = C D v
2
1
p1, v1
Transfer, transmission, or four-pole matrix
(A, B, C, and D depend on the component)
30
Combining Component Transfer Matrices

A i Bi
[ Ti ] =
= transfer matrix of ith component
Ci Di 2x2
pn
p1
v = Tn Ti T3 T2 v = Tsystem
n
1
[ ] [ ] [ ][ ]
A system
[ Tsystem ] =
C system

p1
v
1
B system
Dsystemi
2x2
31
Performance Measures Transmission Loss

A B
C D
Wi
Wr
Wt
Anechoic
Termination
Transmission loss (TL) of the muffler:
Wi
TL( dB) = 10Log10
Wt
2
1 S
B
S
2
1
TL = 10Log10 A + o cC +
+
D
o c S2
4 S1

32
The Straight Tube

L

p( x) = Ae jkx + Be jkx
A
B
p2, v2
(x = 0)
must have plane waves
Solve for A, B
in terms of p1, v1
then put into
equations for p2,
v2 .
p1, v1
(x = L)
v( x) =
1 dp
jk oc dx
p(0 ) = p2 = A + B
v(0) = v 2 =
AB
oc
p(L) = p1 = Ae jkL + Be jkL

Ae jkL Be jkL
v(L) = v1 =
oc
p 2 = p1 cos kL + v1( j oc) sin kL
v2 = p1( j / oc) sin kL + v1 cos kL
p 2 cos kL
v = ( j / c) sin kL
2
o
j oc sin kL p1
cos kL v1
(note that the determinant A 1D1-B1C1 = 1)

33
Straight Tube with Absorptive Material

L
k,zc
(complex wave number and
complex characteristic
impedance)
p 2 cos k'L
v = ( j / z ) sin k 'L
c
2

34
jzc sin k 'L p1

cos k'L v1
Area Change
p2 = p1
S2 v2 = S1v1
S2
S1
0 p1
p2 1
v = 0 S / S v
2
1
2 1

35
Expansion Chamber Muffler

L
straight
tube
area changes
0
cos kL
j oc sin kL 1
0
1
[T ] =
( j / c) sin kL
0 S / S'
cos
kL
0
S
'/
S
cos kL
j( o c / m) sin kL
[T ] =
cos kL
m( j / oc )sin kL
(m = S/S is called the expansion ratio of the muffler)

36
Expansion Chamber Muffler - Example

Recall:
2
1 S
B
S
2
1
TL = 10Log10 A + o cC +
+
D
4
S
c
S
1
o
2
1
1
TL = 10Log10 4 cos 2 kL + (m + ) 2 sin 2 kL
m
4
18
(m = 9)

37
Transfer Matrix for a Side-Branch

SB
p2 = p1 = pB
Sv 2 = SB vB + Sv1
1
0 p1
p2
v = S / ( Sz ) 1 v
2 B
B
1
zB = pB / v B = p1 / vB
Sv 2 = (SB / zB )p1 + Sv1
2
1 S
B
S
cS
2
1
TL = 10Log10 A + ocC +
+
D = 10Log10 1 + o B
o c S2
2SzB
4 S1

38
Helmholtz Resonator
V
L
S
B
1
K
zB = j M
SB
M = o SBL'
L is the equivalent
length. Losses due to
viscosity in the neck and
radiation are neglected.
cS
TL = 10Log10 1 + o B
2SzB

o c2 SB2
K=
V
= 10 log10 1 +
39
c / 2S
L'/ SB c2 / V
Summary 3
The transfer matrix method is based on plane wave (1-D)
acoustic behavior (at component junctions).
The transfer matrix method can be used to determine the
system behavior from component transfer matrices.
Applicability is limited to cascaded (series) components
and simple branch components (not applicable to successive
branching and parallel systems).

40

17 - Design of Mufflers and Silencers2

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Design of Mufflers and Silencers

Slides to accompany lectures in ME 599/699:

Vibro-Acoustic Design in Mechanical Systems

Goals of the Lecture

To understand how the components and geometry of a

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

Sound is attenuated due

ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

Types of Mufflers (cont.)

Sound is attenuated by reflection and

Compressor discharge details

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

Types of Mufflers (cont.)

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

Performance Measures Transmission Loss

Transmission loss (TL) of the muffler:

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

Performance Measures Insertion Loss

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

The Concept of Impedance

Effort variable SYSTEM

Volume Flow Rate (Q)

ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

Network Interpretation: Electrical to Acoustical

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

Acoustic System Components

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

The Helmholtz Resonator

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

Helmholtz developed a set of

ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

Lumped Parameter Model

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

Example HR Used as a Side Branch

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

A Tuned Dynamic Absorber

Tuned Dynamic Absorber

" Tune "

ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

Resonances in an Open Pipe

ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

SPL at Pipe Opening No Resonator

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

Example HR Used as a Side Branch

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

SPL at Pipe Opening with Resonator

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

Can we make ZB zero?