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mpantes on scribd
English:
Introduction .
After
time
the
mathematicians
of
Pythagoreans
classic
Greek
geometrical quantities. The discovery of irrationals had cut the bridge between these
two entities, as for example they did not Know the number for the diagonal of a
square with side 1. But space is real and imminent, as numbers are located only in
our mind. Space makes our intuition to work, but
rejected the demand , favored by many Logical Positivists that meaningful terms in
science must have empirical meaning.
So with numbers we started to develop a evolutionarily new form of an
abstractve intuition, with an
continuum of real
calculus . The
fathers of the calculus struggled to displace from its foundations every reference to
geometric intuition, but it was mutated to new concepts, because it is impossible any
knowledge, without some images in the mind. We all have an image
for the
The Greeks went in the same direction with calculus, but only with the actual
geometrical intuition, as for them the numerical infinity was unreal. ..Their
premises are the dictates of sensory experience , much as Aristorles science may
be characterised as a glorification of common sense..Boyer So the two paths are
not conceptually identified. This is shown in the method of exhaustion, this Greek
geometrical model of the arithmetical concept of limit approach. They both models
can find e.g the area of the circle, but are connected as would be associated an
earth and an alien researcher.
( Eudoxus was a man of excellent character and self control Aristotle, in Book 10 of the Nicomachean
Ethics,
The
method
of
exhaustion
and
the
Calculus
The Greeks after discovery (via irrationals ) that there were no numbers for all
sizes, and the inability to creat new numbers, followed the mathematics of geometry.
They cold not proceed in the concepts of function, geometry coordinates, infinity,
continuity, or the limit and any identification of the exhaustion method with the
Calculus
numbers.
The actual relationship between the two methods is what we see continuously
in the development of mathematics: generalization by abstraction. Mathematical
insights into abstract relationships have grown over thousand of years and they are
still being extended-and sometimes revised. Although they began in a concrete
experience of counting and measuring, they have come through many layers of
abstraction and now depend much more on internal logic than on mechanical
demonstration.
So the theory of calculus was the abstract generalization of the exhaustion
method. With the first we find any area or volume, with second only specific areas,
circle, parabola, sphere etc. Archimedes was not the father but the grandfather of
the integrals, the exhaustion of a size based on the lemma of exhaustion was not
considered as being literally carried out to an infinite number of steps , as we do in
passing to the limit , but in Greeks mind there was always a quantity the remainder
of the exhaustion, although this could be made as small as desired so that the
process never passed beyond clear intuitional comprehension.
They had no
developed the abstractive intuition of the numbering concepts, for them the infinity
was not real. Exhaustion is not an heuristic method, we dont find the area of a circle
but the relation of the areas of two circles. Archimedes carefully stated that he did
not believe in numbers so small that they behaved like zero. (infinitesimals of
Leibnitz) Centuries passed before anyone truly understood what he was being
careful about, even though the
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The history of the Calculus (Carl Boyer) Dover
Everythig2 Internet
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mpantes on scribd
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The history of the Calculus (Carl Boyer) Dover
Everythig2 Internet
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In sixteenth century , newly rediscovered works on the calculation of surface areas volumes
and centres of gravity , which had been written by Archimedes, were printed in Italy and
circulated throughout Europe . These all were written on the method of exhaustion.
The greens are the of blue, the yellows the of greens e.t.c
The area of Pn
11
12
Archimedes located a point Bon the arc AC so that the line tangent to the parabola
at B is parallel to AC. This creates triangle ABC.
Proposition 2 P0
Circles are to one another as the squares on their diameters.
The method of exhaustion (methodus exhaustionibus, or mthode des anciens) is a
method of finding the area of a shape by inscribing inside it a sequence of polygons
whose areas converge to the area of the containing shape. If the sequence is
correctly constructed, the difference in area between the n-th polygon and the
containing shape will become arbitrarily small as n becomes large. As this difference
becomes arbitrarily small, the possible values for the area of the shape are
systematically "exhausted" by the lower bound areas successively established by the
sequence members.
The method of exhaustion typically required a form of proof by contradiction, known
as reductio ad absurdum. This amounts to finding an area of a region by first
comparing it to the area of a second region (which can be exhausted so that its
area becomes arbitrarily close to the true area). The proof involves assuming that the
true area is greater than the second area, and then proving that assertion false, and
then assuming that it is less than the second area, and proving that assertion false,
too.
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