Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
A general material balance equation that can be applied to all reservoir types was
first developed by Schilthuis in 1936. Although it is a tank model equation, it can
provide great insight for the practicing reservoir engineer. It is written from start of
production to any time (t) as follows:
oil zone oil expansion + gas zone gas expansion
+ oil zone and gas zone pore volume and connate water expansion
+ water influx + water injected + gas injected
= oil produced + gas produced + water produced
C + C w S wi
N (Bt - Bti ) + G (B g - B gi ) + (NBti + GB gi ) f
pt
1 - S wi
+ W e + W I B Iw + G I B Ig
= N p Bt + N p (R p - R soi ) B g + W p B w
Where:
N
initial oil in place, STB
Np
cumulative oil produced, STB
G
initial gas in place, SCF
GI
cumulative gas injected into reservoir, SCF
cumulative gas produced, SCF
Gp
We
water influx into reservoir, bbl
cumulative water injected into reservoir, STB
WI
Wp
cumulative water produced, STB
initial two-phase formation volume factor, bbl/STB = Boi
Bti
Boi
initial oil formation volume factor, bbl/STB
Bgi
initial gas formation volume factor, bbl/SCF
two-phase formation volume factor, bbl/STB = Bo + (Rsoi - Rso) Bg
Bt
Bo
oil formation volume factor, bbl/STB
gas formation volume factor, bbl/SCF
Bg
Bw
water formation volume factor, bbl/STB
BIg
injected gas formation volume factor, bbl/SCF
BIw
injected water formation volume factor, bbl/STB
Rsoi
initial solution gas-oil ratio, SCF/STB
Rso
solution gas-oil ratio, SCF/STB
Rp
cumulative produced gas-oil ratio, SCF/STB
formation compressibility, psia-1
Cf
Cw
water isothermal compressibility, psia-1
Swi
initial water saturation
pt
reservoir pressure drop, psia = pi - p(t)
p(t)
current reservoir pressure, psia
1
(1)
From each separate point, a calculation is made and the results of these
Defining the ratio of the initial gas cap volume to the initial oil volume as:
m=
= N p Bt + N p (R p - R soi ) B g + W p B w
Let:
E o = B t - B ti
E g = B g - B gi
F=N
f,w
C + C w S wi
= f
pt
1 - S wi
[ B t + (R p - R soi ) B g ]+ W p B w - W I B Iw - G I B Ig
Thus we obtain:
F = N E o + Nm Bti E g + N (1 + m ) Bti E f,w + W e
B gi
Let:
F
W
=N+ e
D
D
(2)
Which is written as y = b + x. This would suggest that a plot of F/D as the y coordinate
and We/D as the x coordinate would yield a straight line with slope equal to 1 and
intercept equal to N.
G (B g - B gi )
N (Bt - Bti )
+
N p [ Bt + (R p - R soi ) B g ] N p [ Bt + (R p - R soi ) B g
+
(W e - W p Bw )
=1
N p [ Bt + (R p - R soi ) B g ]
]
(3)
The terms on the left hand side of equation (3) represent the depletion drive index (DDI),
the segregation drive index (SDI), and the water drive index (WDI) respectively. Thus,
using Pirson's abbreviations, we write:
G = Nm Bti
B gi
Gp = N p Rp
Bti = Boi
Bt = Bo + (R soi - R so ) B g
Plugging into the equation, rearranging, and solving for N yields:
N=
N p [ B o - R so B g ]+ G p B g (We W p Bw )
B oi ( - )
B g B gi
B o - B oi + ( R soi - R so ) B g + m
B gi
Let:
N =
G =
W =
Bo - R so B g
Boi ( - )
B g B gi
(Bo - Boi ) + ( R soi - R so ) B g + m
B gi
Bg
Boi ( - )
B g B gi
(Bo - Boi ) + ( R soi - R so ) B g + m
B gi
Boi ( - )
B g B gi
(Bo - Boi ) + ( R soi - R so ) B g + m
B gi
Thus we have:
N = N p N + G p G + (W p Bw We )W
If there is no water influx or water production, the equation is written as:
N = N p N + G p G
Phi factors can be calculated at all desired pressures using data from a reservoir fluid
analysis. Then a table or plot of these factors can be used to calculate oil in place or
predict future performance.
Phi factors are infinite at the bubble point and decline rapidly as pressure declines below
the bubble point. Characteristic shapes of these pressure functions are shown next.
40
35
10
25
phiN
20
15
10
P ressu re F acto r
Pre s s u re F a c to r
30
phiG
1
0
500
1000
1500
0.1
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0.01
Reservoir Pressure, psia
2000
phiW
Np
Gp
Rp
p0 = pi = pb
Rsb
p1
Np1
Gp1
R1
p1
Np2
Gp2
R2
p3
Np3
Gp3
R3
p4
Np4
Gp4
R4
Since:
G = Nm Bti
B gi
Gp = N p Rp
Bti = Boi
Bt = Bo + (R soi - R so ) B g
Plugging into the equation, rearranging, and solving for N yields:
N=
N p [ B o - R so B g ]+ G p B g (We W p Bw )
B oi ( - )
(
)
+
+
m
R soi R so B g
B g B gi
B o B oi
B gi
Let:
N =
G =
W =
Bo - R so B g
Boi ( - )
B g B gi
(Bo - Boi ) + ( Rsoi - Rso ) B g + m
B gi
Bg
Boi ( - )
B g B gi
(Bo - Boi ) + ( R soi - R so ) B g + m
B gi
Boi ( - )
B g B gi
(Bo - Boi ) + ( R soi - R so ) B g + m
B gi
Thus we have:
N = N p N + G p G + (W p Bw We )W
If there is no water influx or water production, the equation is written as:
N = N p N + G p G
Phi factors can be calculated at all desired pressures using data from a reservoir fluid
analysis. Then a table or plot of these factors can be used to calculate oil in place or
predict future performance.
At time level j, the above equation is written as:
N = ( N pj -1 + N p ) Nj + ( G pj -1 + G p ) Gj
Since:
R pj -1 + R pj
=
G p = ( N p R p )= N p Rave
p
Np
Thus:
j
N = N pj -1 Nj + N p Nj + G pj -1 Gj + Rave
p N p G
j
= (N pj -1 Nj + G pj -1 Gj )+ ( Nj + Rave
p G ) N p
(4)
Where Npj-1, Gpj-1 are the cumulative oil and gas production at the old time level j-1
respectively.
The tarner method for predicting reservoir performance by internal gas drive will
be presented in a form proposed by Tracy as follows:
1) Calculate N and G at p = pi - p using:
N =
G =
Bo - R so B g
Boi ( - )
B g B gi
Bo - Boi + ( R soi - R so ) B g + m
B gi
Bg
Boi ( - )
B g B gi
Bo - Boi + ( R soi - R so ) B g + m
B gi
ave
p
N - N pj -1 N - G pj -1 G
ave
N + R p G
5) Calculate Np = Npj-1 + Np
10
N p Bo
S o = (1 - S w ) 1 N Boi
S L = S w + So
7) Evaluate ko at Sw and kg at SL
8) Calculate Rpj using the following equation:
j
R p = R so +
k g o Bo
k o g Bg
9) Calculate the difference between the assumed and the calculated Rpj value. If these
two values agree within some tolerance, then the calculated Np is correct. On the other
hand, if they don't agree then the calculated value should be used as the new guess and
steps 3 through 9 are repeated.
11