DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 136 130
AUTHOR
TITLE

PUB DATE
NOTE

EDRS PRICE
DESCRIPTORS

IDENTIFIERS

CG 011 167

DeVries, David 1.; And Others

Student Teams Can Improve Basic Skills: TGT Applied
to Reading.
Sep 76
27p.; Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the
American Psychological Association (84th, Washington,
D.C., September 3-7, 1976)
MF-$0.83 HC-$2.06 Plus Postage.
*Basic Skills; *Classroom Games; *Classroom Research;
Educational Innovation; Elementary Education;
Elementary School Curriculum; Elementary School
Mathematics; Language Arts; *Reading Research;
Student Attitudes; *Teaching Techniques; Vocabulary
Skills
*Teams Games Tournament

ABSTRACT

Cooperative classroom structures create more positive

student attitudes and interpersonal relations. Their effect on
student learning is less clear. TGT (Teams-Games-Tournament) is one
cooperative-competitive classroom structure which facilitates
learning mathematics and language arts. A study applying TGT to third
grade reading classes is reported. TGT students learned more
vocabulary and verbal analogy skills than did a comparable control
group. The study shows clearly that both cognitive and affective
outcomes can be improved by changing the level of classroom
cooperation-competition. (Author/HPJ)

***********************************************************************
Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished
* materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort *
* to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal *
* reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality *
*
* of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available
* via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not
* responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions *
*
* supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original..
***********************************************************************

Student Teams Can Improve Basic Skills:

TGT Applied to Reading1
1--41

ID
prs
David L. DeVries

Center for Creative Leadership

La

Greensboro, North Carolina

Ida T. Mescon

Moses DeWitt Elementary School

DeWitt, New York
Susan L. Shackman
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland

Paper presented at the 1976 Annual Convention of the American

Psychological Association, Washington, D. C., September, 1976.

1This study was conducted under the auspices of the Center for

Social Organization of Schools, The Johns Hopkins University,

Baltimore, Maryland, and was funded by the National Institute

of Education, U. S. Department of Health,.Education, and Welfare,
The authors are indebted to Ted Calver, Mary Duffin, John Guthrie,
and Joan Van Atta for their assistance and advice.
N
.--1

.--I
.--1

0
0
C.)

OF HEALTH,
U S. DEPARTMENT
EDUCATION A WELFARE
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
EDUCATiON

HAS BEEN REPRO.

THIS DOCUMENT AS RECEIVED FROM

DUCEO EXACTLYORGANIZATION OR IGINTHE PERSON OR

OPINIONS

VIEW OR
ATING IT POINTS OF
NECESSARILY REPRESTATED DO NOT
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
SENT OFFICIAL
OR POLICY
EDUCATION POSITION

Abstract

Cooperative classroom structures create more positive

student attitudes and interpersonal relations.
on student learning is less clear,

Their effect

TGT (Teams-Games-Tournament)

is one cooperative-competitive classroom structure which

facilitates learning mathematics and language arts.

A study

applying TGT to third grade reading classes is reported.

TGT

students learned more vocabulary and verbal analogy skills than

did a comparable control group.

The study shows clearly that

both cognitive and affective outcomes can be improved by

changing the level of classroom cooperation-competition.

Introduction

The use of student teams in classrooms has recently

received considerable attention (cf. Johnson & Johnson, 1974,
for review).

There is evidence that introducing student teams

will (1) create more positive interpersonal relations among

students, and (2) make the students more positive toward their
classwork.

Students do not appear to learn more when a teacher

switches to cooperative student teams.

What is clear is that for educational innovations to be

accepted by the educational communitY they should improve
cognitive skills.

One particular student team approach which

has improved student learning is TGT (Teams-Games-Tournament).

A sizable body of research has been generated evaluating TGT's
effects on student learning, attitudes, and interpersonal
processes.

As noted by DeVries (1976), TGT has consistently

created improved achievement in mathematics and language arts.

The present study extends earlier TGT research by asking
whether TGT can improve student reading skills.

Both basic

vocabulary skills and more complex reading comprehension skills

are addressed.

If TGT can also improve reading skills, skills

that range dramatically in cognitive complexity, this will provide

strong support for viewing TGT as a generic learning structure,
one which can be applied across subject areas.

TGT:

A review.

TGI represents a comprehensive change in

both classroom reward and task structures.

The change in reward

structure involves reinforcing students in small groups, as

well as the individual student level.

Task structure is changed

by having students perform in small groups, rather than in

an isolated, individual setting.
TGT has three structural components:
tournaments.

teams, games, and

The team component involves assigning students in

a classroom to a series of four- or five-member teams.

The

students are assigned to create maximal heterogeneity within

each team (on student achievement, race, and sex) and equality
across teams.

Team membership remains intact over time; within-

team interaction and cohesion are fostered by frequently held

teamwork sessions and by assigning teammates to adjacent seats.

The pmes component consists of a series of instructional

(or learning) games which require skills addressed by the
curriculum unit.

The games consist of a series of multiple-

choice, true-false or objective-type items with a clear, correct

answer to every item.

The tournament component consists of weekly (or even twiceweekly) game-playing sessions, typically lasting 30 to 50
minutes, in which each student competes with two other comparable
students representing other teams.

At the end of each tournament

a "top scorer," "middle scorer," and "low scorer" are declared

for each three-person tournament table.

The individual student

scores are converted to team scores, the team scores are ranked,
and winning teams are declared.

Public feedback concerning both

individual and team performance is provided periodically by

classroom newsletters.
TGT:

Explaining its effects.

TGT effects are due in part

to a changing of two cognitive mediating variables in the

individual student (DeVries & Edwards, 1974).

That is, students

in TGT classes believe (1) they have a reasonable chance of

succeeding in the class, and (2) that success in the class is
important to them.

Both of these cognitive mediating variables

(perceived probability of success and importance of success) have

been posited as integral parts of the learning process (Kagan,
1974; McKeatchie, 1974).

The specific mechanisms by which TGT

affects these cognitive variables have been detailed by DeVries

and Edwards (1974).

Research questions.

The main question for the present study

is whether TGT, when compared to a more traditional classroom

management structure, results in greater acquisition of two
diverse reading skills (reading vocabulary and verbal analogies)
for third grade students.

Another question, of secondary interest,

is whether TGT facilitates acquisition of reading skills for some

students more than others.

Edwards, et al. (1972), report grealer

TGT effects in mathematics classes for low-ability classes than

for average-ability classes.

The present study will test for

a possible trait-by-treatment interaction effect.

Additionally,

because two reading skills are addressed, one invclving more

complex cognitive processes than the other, it is important to
assess whether TGT is equPlly effective for both types of skills.
Method

Subjects

The students were 53 third grade students in an elementary

school in the Syracuse, New York area.
females.

Fifty-one percent were

The Gates-MacGinitie Reading Test, Primary C, Form 2

(given during month two of the third grade academic year),was

used to measure verbal ability.

The average grade equivalent

score for the Vocabulary section was 4.2 (range from 1.5 to 7.1)
and for Comprehension was 4.2 (range from 1.4 to 7.0).
Procedure

The study was conducted for a five-week period, and used

a simple two-group comparison, contrasting TGT with a control
treatment.

The first three weeks focused on vocabulary skills,

the latter two weeks on verbal analogies.

Each treatment group

comprised a separate reading class, with both groups meeting

during the same time period of the day.

The students had all

been involved in a six-week TGT language arts study (cf. DeVries,

et al., 1973).

A tWo-week vacation separated the two experiments.

For the language arts experiment, the students had been randomly
assigried (stratifying on verbal ability) to the two treatment
conditions.

The students remained in the same treatment groups

for the present study.

As is reported subsequently, the two

treatment groups entered the reading experiment with roughly

comparable skill levels.

Each treatment group met daily for a 50-minute period.

Two teachers were involved in the experiment, with teacher effect
partially controlled by rotation of teachers across treatment
groups every five-to seven school days, resulting in equal
exposure of both groups to both teachers.

Pre- and post-measures

were obtained on all but one dependent variable.

Inde endent Variable

The independent variable of interest is the classroom

managerial structure (comprised of both task and reward dimensions).
Other dimensions on which the treatment conditions might vary were
held constant.

The treatment groups received equal exposure (in

amount of time) to both sets of reading objectives (vocabulary

and verbal analogies).

Both treatments were taught vocabulary

skills using the Ginn 360 series (levels 7, 8, and 9), with
Reading-Thinking Skills (published by Continental) being the
source for verbal analogies.

In order to partially control for a "Hawthorne effect" the

control students were given unusual classroom activities.

These

included informal games, use of multicolored worksheets, and

individualized attention glven to low-reading students.

Six

low-reading control students and seven low-reading TGT students

were regularly given additional insLruction designed to preteach

vocabulary (focusing both on decoding and definitions).
Teams-Games-Tournament treatment:
a

The TGT treatment tool:

,01:111 similar to that used in earlier TGT studies (cf.

DeVries & Mescon, 1975).

The team component involved assigning

each student to a four- or five-member team.

The six teams

formed were divided into two three-team leagues, entitled the

"American League" and the "National League."
The teams competed on thirteen vocabulary games and nine
verbal analogy games.
items.

Each game contained between 32 and 39

The thirteen vocabulary games (containing 465 vocabulary

items) varied primarily in word difficulty, roughly following

the three levels (7, 8, and 9) of the Ginn 360 series.

A typical

vocabulary game item is listed:

A person who cuts hair.
(a) barber
(b) singer
(c) banker

A student at each game table would read aloud the definition and
The student would then say which

the three alternative answers.

alternative word correctly matched the definition.

The student's

opponents were asked to either agree with or challenge the

answer, followed by the checking of the answer on an answer key.
The nine verbal analogy games (309 total items) focused on
six types of analogies:

part-whole, antonyms, synonyms, size,

degree, and functional relationships.

An example is:

asea_y_ goes with tired as confused goes with:

(a) afraid
(b) mad

(c) bewildered

Playing the verbal analogy games followed the same procedure

described above for the vocabulary games.

A practice worksheet

was designed for each game, and the students worked on ti".ese

worksheets (during team practice sessions) prior to playing the

game.

TGT tournaments were conducted twice weekly, for approximately

30-40 minutes each.

Classroom newsletters describing the performance

of both the student teams as well as individual students were

distributed weekly.
Control:

The control condition focused on the same curriculum

objectives as did TGT, but used a different reward and task

structure.

In the Control class, students were always asked to

work by themselves; grades and teacher praisewere administered to

individual students.

All voc.abulary and verbal analogy items

taught to the TGT students were also taught to the Control students

10

using the practice worksheets and other exercises.

Informal

learning games were included in the Control condition (in order

to partially deal with a possible "Hawthorne effect"); however,
no formal contingencies were assigned by the teacher to game
performance in Control.

ReRendent Variables

Multiple measures of both reading vocabulary skills and

verbal analogy skills were given.
Vocabulary skills:

Two tests of vocabulary skills were

administered, both on a pre- and post-test basis.

The first

measure was a Treatment-Specific Vocabulary Test, comprised of

sixty items selected on a stratified-random basis from the 465
vocabulary items taught.

Each jtem was listed in the same format

as that used in the practice worksheet.

The coefficient alpha

measure of internal consistency iS .94.

The second vocabulary skills measure was the Gates-MacGinitie
Reading Test-Vocabulary, Primary C.

Form 2 was administered as

the pre-test and Form 1 as the post-test.

The pre-test was

administered approximately three months before the beginning of

the experimental period, as a part of the school's annual
achievement testing.

The 52 items for Form 1 included the

thirteen vocabulary games.

11

Verbal analogy skills:

Two measures of verbal analogy

skills were also administered.

A thirty-item Treatment-Specific

Verbal Analogies Test was given (both a pre- and post-test) to

all students.

The test consisted of a stratified-random

(stratifying on type of analogy and difficulty level) sample

of the verbal analogy items used in the games (coefficient alpha

.76).

A second test was designed as a measure of a possible transfer

of the experimental effect.

It was possible that students were

inemorizing the verbal analogy items, and not developing the

general skill of detecting the logical relationships present in

the analogies.

Consequently, the authors designed a second

24-item Verbal Analogies Test which sampled the six types of

verbal analogies taught.

The students had bt,en exposed to none

of the items'during the experimental period.

administered as a post-test only.

The test was

The coefficient alpha was .88.

Data Analysis

The general linear model approach to the analysis of

covariance (Cohen, 1968) was the analytical procedure used to
test for experimental effects.

The particular linear model used

involved the step-down analysis defined as Method 3 by Overall

& Spiegel (1969).

12

1 0

Results

Treatment group comparability.

Because both treatment

groups had received prior exposure to an experimental treatment

in language arts, the comparability of the two groups (at day 1)
in reading skills was assessed.

Table 1 reveals no significant

difference in pre-test means and standard deviations between TGT

and Control for any of three measures.

INSERT TABLES 1 AND 2 ABOUT HERE

Vocabulary skills.

The results of the general linear

analysis for the Treatment-Specific Vocabulary Test are listed

in Table 2, with treatment group means and standard deviations
detailed in Table 1,
dependent variable.

Table 2 summarizes the results for each

Three terms were entered into the model for

every variable in the following order:

the pre-test score for

the dependent variable, the Treatment (TGT coded as 1; Control

coded as 0), and t e pre-test by Treatment interaction.
Incremental R

the

term indicates the amount of additional variance

in the dependent variable explained by the addition of the term

to the model.

INSERT FIGURES 1 AND 2 ABOUT HERE

Significant Treatment [F(1,50)

13

15.39, p <

.01,

11

and Ability-by-Treatment
2

RT =

.raction [F(1,49) = 5.37, p < .05,

.05] effects were obtained for the Treatment Specific Vocabulary

Test (Table 2)

The treatment main effect is explored in greater

detail in Table 1.
than did Control.

he TGT students gained more

As in:

contains the within-ce'

Fi

regression slopes for

L.

Lreatment conditions, suggL

the

positive TGT effect was accounted for primarily by the lower

achieving students.

Significant Treatment [F(1,48) = 7.69, p < .01, R. = .08]

and A x B Interaction [F(1,47) = 6.39, p < .05, Ri = .06] effects
were also detected for the Gates-MacGinitie (Table 2).

Table 1

indicates the treatment effect was due to greater growth in

vocabulary skills by the TGT students.

Figure 2 provides a closer

look at the significant interaction effect, indicating that the

initially lower achieving TGT students were the most positively
affected by the treatment.
Verbal analogy skills.
[F(1,50) = 12.26, p <

A significant Treatment effect

.01, RI =

.141 was obtained for the

Treatment Specific Verbal Analogies Test (Table 2).

The

effect was due to greater growth in verbal analogy skills by the

TGT students than by those in Control (Table 1).

The test of any

possible transfer effects (Verbal Analogies Test) required the use

of the pre-test Treatment Specific Verbal Analogies Test score for

14

12

the A term.

The results indicate no significant-treatment or

interaction effects.

However, the treatment group means in

Table 1 show the TGT group to have scored higher than did Control.
Summary.

The results indicate a positive and strong (in

variance explained) TGT eff.

ibulary skills, with the

effect due primarily to gains h'

'ILitially low achieving students.

For verbal analogies, a positive and strong TGT effect was noted
for the treatment specific measure.

Only a slightly positive

trend was detected for the test measuring transfer.

Discussion

The positive TGT effects on reading skills noted in this

study correspond to earlier findings which support the use of
TGT in the classroom (cf. Edwards, et al., 1972; DeVries &
Mescon, 1975; DeVries, et al., 1975; DeVries, 1976).

This

study extends the TGT research to a new skill area--reading-and suggests the technique may have relevance for teaching both
basic vocabulary skills as well as more complex comprehension
skills such as understanding of verbal analogies.

What follows

is a more detailed interpretation of the findings and explorations

of implications for the practice of teaching.
TGT effects on vocabulary skills.

It is important in

interpreting the results to estimate the Tower of the TGT effect.

As table 2 indicates

TGT accounted for 15% of the variance for

the Treatment Specific measure, and 8% of the variance for the

15

13

Gates-MacGinitie measure.

A "mastery learning" approach to the

data also estimates the strength of the TGT effect.

Such an

approach sets an arbitrary, absolute criterion (for example, 90%

of items correctly answered) for defining whether students
acquired the targeted skill areas.

Using the 90% criterion,

the results for the Treatment Specific Vocabulary Test can be

For the TGT students, 7% evidenced mastery

summarized a
at pre-test,

(a gain of 63%).

70% had mastered the skill area at post-test

In contrast, 15% of the Control students had

mastered the test at pre-test, and 64% at post-test (a gain of

39%)

The results indicate that TGT had a dramatic impact on the

vocabulary level of these third grade students in the brief

period of three weeks.

The ability by treatment interaction effects noted for both

measures of vocabulary skills support earlier TGT research (Edwards,
et al., 1972) in which low ability TGT classes evidenced more
academic growth than did average ability classes.

The current

results should be interpreted cautiously, however, because of a

possible "ceiling effect."

Table 1 indicates a post-test TGT

mean of 55.04 for the treatment specific measure (a 60-item test)

and a mean of 46.93 on the Gates-MacGinitie measure (a 52-item
test).

Because of this concentration of post-test scores at the

upper end of the test scale, both test.s may have been insensitive

measures of growth for high achieving students.

16

14

TGT effects on verbal analogy skills.

The power of the

TGT effect for the Treatment Specific Verbal Analogies Test is

also impressive (14% of the variance) .

Using the 90% criterion,

0% of the TGT students evidenced mastery at pre-test, whereas

78% reached mastery at post-test.

For Control, the contrast is

from 0% (pre-test) to 58% (post-test).

,alogies representeLl

show,

As these percentages

Lutally new skill for all

ti3O, the percentages indicate both treatment groups

stu

were effective (particularly given the two-weeks' instructional

period) in teaching a complex and totally new skill area.
The laCk of a significant TGT effect for the verbal analogies
test measuring a possible transfer effect may be due in part to the
test being too easy.

The test consisA of 24 items:

mean was 20.30, and the Control 19.(

52%

the TGT

mas7 ry.

Icients and 38% of t

the TC7

Using the 90% criteri-om,

Control students reachei

The resuI= indicate consio_lrable transfer of learmtmg

wit scores from both treatment group.:& concentrating at the tqn

end of the distribution:

More than just memorization of specific

examples of verbal analogies occurred in students from both

treatment conditions.

TGT - What's next?

The present study extends the use of

TGT into an important new skill area.

The positive impact of

TGT on both vocabulary and verbal analogies skills suggests it

17

15

can be used :onstructively in teaching reading.

study does need to be replicated.

The present

Only by such replication

can the power and limitations of TGT be fully understood.

The

authors encourage both researchers and teachers to conduct

systematic evaluations of TGT in ongoing classrooms.
The effects of TGT on reading must' be seen in the context

of the other sever TGT studies already in press (DeVries, 1976).

TGT has repeatedly increased achievement in mathematics and

The current study is just one further extension

language arts.

of the empirical testing of TGT.

should centini,

base f

While cross-validation of TGT

the evidence collected gives a uniquely strong

71r-, of the overall effectiveness of TGT.

The model

a wide range of field experiments on a classroom

of conuL

interven === ...,rovides a rich knowledge base, and should be given

serious

Lon by educational researchers.

and Johnson (1974) have stated, cooperative

As

structur.

:=7.

important classroom alternatives because of their

rather cc=stent effects on classroom process and student

attitudes.

The current study focused only on academic achievement.

Other TGT studies have measured classroom process and report

strong and consistent effects.

For example, TGT has created

improved race relations among students in four studies in which

race rcla'

were assessed (DeVries, et al., 1975).

18

When

16

assessing the efficacy of cooperative classroom structures,

their impact on nonacademic outcomes should be weighted
heavily.

TGT is one intervention which creates positive effects

in both interpersonal relations and achievement.

Further research

should be conducted on other cooperative reward structures which

maximize both outcomes (interpersonal process and learning).
So often classroom research proceeds down dead-end streets.

So often research takes the form of one researcher exploring a

research topic through two or three experiments resulting at
most in several journal articles.

TGT fortunately has moved

beyond basic research into a classroom technique used nationwide

and beginning in 1977, internationally.

TGT is published

commercially (Argus Communications, Niles, Illinois) with many of

the instructional materials used in the research phase (e.g.,
i.

verbal games) included in the produce line.

Under development

for 1977 are 400 mathematics and language arts games which
represent an integrated TGT curriculum.

The authors hope that

the greater use of TGT in classrooms will be accompanied by

continuing careful evaluation of its effects in new classroom

settings.

Such a combination of careful application and evaluation

will insure a major impact of TGT on the education community.

19

17

References
Cohen, J.

Multiple regression as a general data analytic

system.

DeVries, D. L.

Psychological Bulletin, 70, 1968, 423-443.

Teams-Games-Tournament:

that fosters learning.

A gaming technique

Simulation and Games, 7, 1976,

21-33.

DeVries, J. L., F Edwards, K. J.

Expectancy thL

Paper presented

cooperation-competition in the classroom.

at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological

Association, New Orleans, Louisiana, September 1974.
DeVries, D. L., & Mescon, I. T.

Teams-Games-Tournament:

An

effective task and reward structure in the elementary grades.

Center for Social Organization of Schools, The Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, Report No. 189,
January 1975.

DeVries, D. L., Mescon, I. T., & Shackman, S.

Tournament in the elementary classroom:

L.

Teams-Games-

A replication.

Center for Social Organization of Schools, The Johns

Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, Report No. 190,
March 1975.

DeVries, P. L., Slavin, R. E.,

Edwards, K.

Effects oi

team competition on race relations in the classroom:

Further supportive evidence.

Paper presented at the

83rd Annual Convention of the American Psychological

Association, Chicago, September 1975.

20

18

Edwards, K. J., DeVries, D. L., & Snyder, J. P.

A winning combination.

Games and teams:

Simulation and Games, 3, 1972,

247-269.
Reading:

Farr, R.

What can be measured?

Newark, Delaware:

International Reading Association, 1969.

Tlultr

B. H.

Games and teams:

the classroom.

An effective combiantion in

Paper presented at the Annual Convention

of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago,

April 1974.

Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T.

Instructional goal structure:

Cooperative, competitive, or individualistic.

Review of

Educational Research, 1974, 44, 213-240.

Kagan, J.

The New York Times, 1974

The poor are educable.

(January 16), p. 57.

McKeatchie, W. J.

The decline and fall of the laws of learning.

Educational Researcher, 3, 1974, 7-11.

Overall, J. E., & Spiegel, D. K.

Concerning leats squares

analysis of experimental data.

72, 1969, 311-322.

21

Psychological Bulletin,

19

Table 1

Treatment Group Means and Standard Deviations

for Reading Skills Tests

CONTROL

TGT

Treatment Specific i
S.D.
Vocabulary Test
(60 Items)

Gates-MacGinitie
Vocabulary Test

i
S.D.

(52 Items)

Treatment Specific X
Verbal Analogies
S.D.
Test
Verbal Analogies
Test
(24 Items)

Post

Pre

Post

35.04
13.72

55.04
5.20

40.77
11.76

52.15
6.44

(27)

(27)

(26)

(26)

35.78
9.28

46.93
4.37

37.44
9.43

44.63
6.61

(27)

(27)

(24)

(24)

15.41

27.82

16.96

25.96

4.81

2.47

5.01

3.85

(27)

(26)

(26)

(27)

(30 Items)

Note:

Pre

i
S.D.

22

20.30
3.09

19.65
4.10

(27)

(25)

20

Table '
Trea

nalys

4 General Lu
F(7 Tests an

s MacGinitLe Tests

Incremental

DEPENDENT

SOURCE OF

VARIABLE

VARIANCE

Treatment Specific
Vocabulary Test

Ability (A)
Treatment (B)
A X B
Total

1,51
1,50
1,49

.36
.15
.05
.56

28.86**
15.39**
5.37*

Ability (A)
Treatment (B)
A X B
Total

1,49
1,48
1,47

.43
.08
.06
.57

37.12**
7.69**
6.39*

Ability (A)
Treatment (B)
A X B
Total

1,51
1,50
1,49

.29
.14
.02
.45

21.32**
12.26**

Ability (A)
Treatment (B)
A X B
Total

1,51
1,50
1,49

.29
.03
.00
.32

21.11**
2.36

(n = 53)

Gates-MacGinitie
Vocabulary Test
(n = 51)

Treatment-Specific
Verbal Analogies Test
(n = 53)

DF

Verbal Analogies
Test
(n = 53)

'
*P < .05
**P < .01

23

Ratiol

1.74

21

60

0
0

55

SO

45
0

40

H
4-1

35
CJ

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Pre--test Trentnent-Specific Vocabulary Test

Figure 1.

24

Within-Cell Regression Slopes for Treatment-Specific Vocabulary Test

22

60

26

Pretest--Gates-Winitie Vocabulary Test

Figure 2,

Within-Cell Regres0.on Slopes for GatO-MacGin,iie Vocabulary Test