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Trigonometry
I.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. In general, capital letters refer to angles while small letters refer
to the sides of a triangle. For example, side a is opposite
angle A .
II.
1.
2.
Pythagorean Theorem - a 2 + b 2 = c 2
3.
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Page 1 of 12
III.
Examples:
1. In a right triangle, the hypotenuse is 10 inches and one side is 8
inches. What is the length of the other side?
Solution:
a2 + b2 = c2
8 2 + b 2 = 10 2
64 + b 2 = 100
a =8
b 2 = 36
c = 10
b=6
b=?
23 + B = 90
B = 67
IV.
Similar Triangles:
a. Two triangles are similar if the angles of one triangle are equal to
the corresponding angles of the other. In similar triangles, ratios of
corresponding sides are equal.
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Example 1:
50
50
22
Solution:
50
22
AE EF
=
=
so
AB BC
100 BC
50( BC ) = 22(100)
Therefore BC = 44 meters.
Example 2:
45
2a
45
30
2a
3a
60
a
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Page 3 of 12
V.
3a = 3 (4) = 4 3 meters.
opposite
a
=
hypotenuse c
adjacent
b
=
cosine A = cos A =
hypotenuse c
opposite a
=
tangent A = tan A =
adjacent b
1
hypotenuse c
=
=
sin A
opposite
a
1
hypotenuse c
=
=
secant A = sec A =
cos A
adjacent
b
1
adjacent b
=
=
cotangent A = cot A =
tan A opposite a
sine A = sin A =
cosecant A = csc A =
TRIG TRICK: A good way to remember the trig ratios is to use the mnemonic
SOH CAH TOA!
y
p
o
t
e
n
u
s
e
o
s
i
n
e
d
j
a
c
e
n
t
y
p
o
t
e
n
u
s
e
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a
n
g
e
n
t
p
p
o
s
i
t
e
d
j
a
c
e
n
t
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Example 1:
Find the six trigonometric ratios for the acute angle B .
Solution:
opposite
b
= . Using the above definitions, the rest are:
hypotenuse c
a
b
c
c
a
cos B = , tan B = , csc B = , sec B = , cot B =
c
a
b
a
b
sin B =
Example 2:
In the right ABC , a = 1 and b = 3 . Determine the six trigonometric ratios for
B .
A
b=3
C
a =1
Solution:
Use Pythagorean Theorem:
c2 = a2 + b2
c 2 = 12 + 32
c 2 = 10 2
c = 10
(Since length is positive, we will only use c = 10 .)
sin B =
opp
3
3 10
=
=
hyp
10
10
cos B =
adj
1
10
=
=
hyp
10 10
tan B =
opp 3
= =3
adj 1
csc B =
10
hyp
=
3
opp
sec B =
10
hyp
=
= 10
1
adj
cot B =
adj 1
=
opp 3
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VI.
Special Cases
a. Trigonometric values of 30 and 60 (Use the 30 60 90
triangle from pg. 3.)
sin 30 =
30
c=2
a= 3
60
60
b =1
1
2
3
2
1
3
tan 30 =
=
3
3
cos 30 =
csc 30 =
3
2
1
cos 60 =
2
3
tan 60 =
= 3
1
sin 60 =
2
=2
1
csc 60 =
sec 30 =
2
2 3
=
3
3
sec 60 =
cot 30 =
3
= 3
1
cot 60 =
2 3
3
2
=2
1
1
3
=
3
3
a =1
45
c= 2
45
b =1
sin 45 =
1
2
=
2
2
csc 45 =
cos 45 =
1
2
=
2
2
sec 45 =
1
tan 45 = = 1
1
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2
= 2
1
2
= 2
1
1
cot 45 = = 1
1
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VII.
Solution:
47
6447 = 64 +
60
6447 = 64 + .783 = 64.783
151210 = 1512 + 10
10
151210 = 1512 +
60
151210 = 1512.167
12.167
151210 = 15 +
60
151210 = 15 + .203 = 15.203
There are six parts to any triangle; 3 sides and 3 angles. Each trig formula
(ex: sin A = a/c) contains three parts; one acute angle and two sides. If you
know values for two of the three parts then you can solve for the third
unknown part using the following method:
1. Draw a right triangle. Label the known parts with the given values and
indicate the unknown part(s) with letters.
2. To find an unknown part, choose a trig formula which involves the
unknown part and the two known parts.
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Page 7 of 12
opp b
b
b
= so, tan 61 =
or 1.8040 =
.
adj a
38
38
Therefore b = 68.6 .
tan B =
61
a = 38
(Always check your answer by comparing size of angle and length of side; the
longer side is always opposite the larger angle.)
IX.
Angle of depression
Angle of elevation
Example:
From a point 124 feet from the foot of a tower and on the same level, the angle of
elevation of the tower is 3620 . Find the height of the tower.
Solution:
h
= tan 3620 = tan(36.333)
24
h = 124(0.7355)
h
3620
124 ft.
h = 91.2 ft.
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Practice Problems:
1. In right triangle ABC , if c = 39 inches and b = 36 inches, find a .
2. Find the length of side AC . Note: This problem and diagram corresponds
to finding the height of a street light pole ( AC ) if a 6 ft. man ( EF ) casts a
shadow ( BF ) of 15 ft. and the pole casts a shadow ( BC ) of 45 ft.
A
E
6
C
30
15
3. Evaluate:
F
13
12
a) sin E = _____________
b) tan E = _____________
c) cos F = _____________
d) sec F = _____________
b) tan 60 = _____________
c) sec 60 = _____________
d) tan 45 = _____________
e) csc 45 = _____________
f) cot 30 = _____________
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5. Evaluate:
10
a) tan A = _____________
b) csc B = _____________
c) cot A = _____________
d) sec B = _____________
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8. Given right triangle ABC with b = 0.622 and A = 5140 , find c . Draw a
diagram.
9. From a cliff 140 feet above the shore line, an observer notes that the angle
of depression of a ship is 2130 . Find the distance from the ship to a point
on the shore directly below the observer.
cliff
ship
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Page 11 of 12
AC BC
=
EF BF
3. a) sin E =
AC 6
=
45 15
12
13
b) tan E =
AC = 18
12
5
c) cos F =
12
13
7. B = 53
b) 45.454
b 57.06
13
12
c) sec 60 = 2
f) cot 30 = 3
d) sec F =
c) .7965
d) sec B =
5
4
d) 1.2045
c 71.45
c
a
C
8. c 1 (Use cos A =
b
c
or sec A = to solve for unknown c )
c
b
140
x
x = 355.41 ft.
9. tan 2130 =
21.5
(Angle of depression)
140
21.5
cliff
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ship
Page 12 of 12