Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
ARCH11019:Design,ValueandArchitecture
Session20112012Semester1
Coursework2:
HowImportantIsContextInContemporary
ArchitecturalDesign
Preparedby:
MohdFirrdhausMohdSahabuddin(S1131077)
MSc.AdvancedSustainableDesign
TheUniversityofEdinburgh
EdinburghSchoolofArchitectureandLandscapeArchitecture(ESALA)
2011
HowImportantIsContextInContemporaryArchitecturalDesign?
Introduction
ContemporaryArchitects'suggestsapositionthatisantivernacular,comfortable
withnewmaterialsandnonlocalmaterials&forms,usingarchitecturallanguage
thatiscontemporary,inexamplenotgenerallysteepedinpasttypographiesor
traditions.1
Master planning starts with an assessment of the ecology of the site and its
context;weneedtoknowwhatistherebeforewecaninsertanythingnew.2
Thusthecontextsareinfluencingcontemporaryarchitecturedesign.Designfora
house in four seasons countries for example is different than the design in
tropicalcountries.Understandthelocalcontextsareimportantfordesignersto
produceagoodbuildingdesign.
The context determines the architectural style, building material selection and
site layout, which is very important in creating an effective design. All these
promotecontinuitybetweenthebuildingandlocalcircumstances.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.Adrian,W.&Isabelle,L.,2011,ContemporaryArchitects,viewed12December2011,
<http://www.earchitect.co.uk/>
2.Ken,Y.,2009.KenYeangEcoMasterPlanning,UnitedKingdom:JohnWiley&SonsLtd,p.16.
HowImportantIsContextInContemporaryArchitecturalDesign?
TheImportanceofClimaticContext
The climatic context plays the important role in design. Ken Yeang explained
climatecontextasunderstandingthesiteecologicalhistorygivesfurthercluesas
to what design strategies should be adopted. 3 There are three basic climate
groups, lowlatitude climates, mediumlatitude climates and highlatitude
climates. Each of the climates has its own features; with the architecture
strategiesshouldalsobeappropriateinthecircumstances.
Figure2:ThedifferentdesignapproachofamodernigloohouseinAlaskaanda
contemporarytropicalhouseinSingapore.4
Designersneedtodesignbuildingsthatmeetthecriteriaoflocalclimatesuchas
buildingorientation,typesofmaterialused,andalsosizeandtypeofopenings.
Forexample,ahousewithlargewindowopeningsinlowlatitudeclimatewilluse
electricalenergyforairconditioningtocoolthebuilding.Theotherproblemwill
arise such as over use of electrical power that consumes more maintenance
budget.
Unfortunately,theimprovementofthetechnologyandinventionsinmechanical
engineering system make designers so depending on artificial heating and
cooling.6
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
3.Ken,Y.,2009.KenYeangEcoMasterPlanning,UnitedKingdom:JohnWiley&SonsLtd,p.16.
4.Cubeme,n.d.,Architecture,viewed6December,2011,<http://cubeme.com/blog/>.
5&6.Nasim,I.&Elahe,B.,2009.Climaticdesignandlowcarboncity.ISOCARPCongress,pp.16.
HowImportantIsContextInContemporaryArchitecturalDesign?
Figure3:TheoldhouseandnewcontemporaryhousedesigninIran.7
Wind catchers have been served as a cooling system, used to provide acceptable
ventilationbymeansofrenewableenergyofwind.8
Iranhasavariableclimatethatgenerallyhot,dryandcoldatdifferentpartsof
the country. Therefore, the wind towers or wind catchers are considered as a
partofbuildingform.Itplaysaroleasamodifyingmechanismtoadjustheatand
windflowintotheinteriorspacesandmakethespacescomfortnaturally.9
Figure4:ThenewcontemporarywindtowerdesigninIran.10
Theunderstandingtothelocalsclimaticcontextisthemostimportantstrategy
incontemporaryarchitectureotherwisethebuildingwouldbelesscomfort.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7.GreenSolutionsMagazine,2011,Gymwithwindtowers,viewed6December,2011,
<http://www.greensolutionsmag.com/>
8&9.MahnazMahmoudi,Z.,2009.AnalysisonIranianWindCatcherandItsEffectonNaturalVentilationas
aSolutiontowardsSustainableArchiteture.QazvinIslamicAzadUniversity.
10.Cubeme,n.d.,Architecture,viewed6December,2011,<http://cubeme.com/blog/>.
HowImportantIsContextInContemporaryArchitecturalDesign?
TheImportanceofEconomicalandPoliticalContext
Economicconsiderationwerealwaysimportantinmodernarchitecture,butaside
from a few, exceptional clients, the trend today is not only toward costeffective
buildings,butalsotowardstructureswhicharenotaestheticallychallenging.12
Every country in the world does not have the same economic viability. This
difference makes the practice of contemporary architecture is different from
place to place. Therefore, this context makes the architecture style is geared
towardsthesimpleandcleanfacadeelements.
Oneofthedesignmethodsthatexistduetotheeconomiccontextiscosteffective
constructionmethod.Thus,theemergenceofnewmethodssuchasprefabricated
components and module systems have greatly utilized in architectural design
today.
This method was introduced to reduce labour costs and speed up the
construction period. It also can provide best value for money and clients
satisfaction.
PrefabhomesarebecomingpopularinEurope,CanadaandUnitedStatesasthey
arerelativitycheapwhencomparedtomanyexistinghomesonthemarket.13
Prefabricatedsystemmakesconstructioncostscheaperwithabetterqualityas
wellasenvironmentalfriendly.So,theeconomicalcontextisalsoinfluencingthe
contemporaryarchitecturedesign.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
11&12.Philip,J.,1996.ContemporaryAmericanArchitects:VolumeII,Italy:Taschen,p.6.
13.Wikipedia,2011,PrefabricatedHome,viewed7December,2011<http://en.wikipedia.org/>
HowImportantIsContextInContemporaryArchitecturalDesign?
Figure6:PrefabricatedTrojanHouseDesignedbyJacksonClementsBurrows.14
From the statement above, the political influence proved vital in the success of
the contemporary architecture and creativity of the architects to realize a
buildingthatmeetstheclientrequirements.
HowImportantIsContextInContemporaryArchitecturalDesign?
TheImportanceofComputational&TechnologicalContext
The latest technology here is not about construction methods but also current
technology in building design process. The design methods have become more
attractivewiththecreationofcomputersoftwarethathelpsspeedupthedesign
processandsimulation.
Itassistsarchitectstounderstandandexplorenewdesigninarchitecture.Assists
to create and construct new forms and also gives a new dimension and
exploration to the designers. The software innovation happens when
contemporary architecture is also becoming popular. Thus the development of
this style of architecture has been more productive as well as many
contemporaryarchitectsappearallaroundtheworld.
Not only does such technology, which has progressively become more affordable
andeasytouse,facilitatedesigninitstechnicalaspects,italsoinvitesarchitectsto
explorehithertounheardofpossibilitiesincreatingnewforms.17
Figure7:FrankGehry,GuggenheimMuseum,Bilbao,Spain.Computerdrawing.18
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
16&17.Philip,J.,1996.ContemporaryAmericanArchitects:VolumeII,Italy:Taschen,p.6.
18.MoreAEdesign,n.d.,GuggenheimMuseum,viewed7December,2011,
<http://moreaedesign.wordpress.com/>
HowImportantIsContextInContemporaryArchitecturalDesign?
Figure8:ZahaHadidArchitects,a3Dsimulation.19
Theseweredevelopedas3DCADmodelsbyZahaHadidArchitectsandwerethen
importedintoacousticmodelingsoftwarebySandyBrownAssociates.Thisenabled
the investigation of different finishes and sculptural shapes to enhance acoustic
conditionsaroundthestageandaudienceareasofthespace.20
Buildingformsthatwereoncedifficulttodesignnowcanbedemonstratedusing
computer software technology. It is undeniable that the achievement of
computer technology in building design is very important. The current
technologycontexthelpstoimprovethequalityofthearchitectureinconceptual
andpractical.Forexample,theconstructiondrawingwillbemuchfasterthanold
methods whilst coordination with other disciplines such as engineering
drawingswillbemoreaccurateandprecise.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
19&20.Tecnicheparametriche,n.d.,viewed7December,2011,<http://tecnicheparametriche.com/>
HowImportantIsContextInContemporaryArchitecturalDesign?
TheImportanceofCultural&CurrentContext
Cultureisawayoflifeofaplace.Itisthebestwaytoaccepttheconstraintsofa
place and is followed from generation to generation. Sometimes it becomes a
symbol and identity of a place. Adaptation into the architecture is the most
popularwaytoshowtheidentityofaplace.
ContemporaryAmericanarchitectsoftenmakereferencetolocaltraditionintheir
work,asthoughtheUnitedStatescouldcallonahistoryasrichandvariedasthat
ofEurope,whichofcourseitcannot.21
To this day, American architecture, like the very history of the country, is the
product of wide range of influences, the most important of which clearly found
theiroriginintheoldcontinent.22
Figure9:LouisSullivan:WainwrightBuilding,St.Louis,Missouri.23
For an example, the Wainwright Building designed by Louis Sullivan was built
with the elements of modern and also adaptation from its original classical
forms.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
21&22.Philip,J.,1993.ContemporaryAmericanArchitects:VolumeI,Italy:Taschen,p.7.
23.Wikipedia,2011,WainwrightBuilding,viewed8December,2011<http://en.wikipedia.org/>
HowImportantIsContextInContemporaryArchitecturalDesign?
Aformthatcomesfromacultureandhasbeenaniconmightalsoinfluencethe
contemporary architecture forms. For example, an Egyptian pyramid form has
become a popular form across the world and has been imitated by many
architects. An immediate example is Louvre Pyramid in Paris designed by I.M.
Pei.Thebuildinghasbeentriggeringcontroversyduetoitsformthatverycontra
from the classical building at background. While some others stating that this
building is a symbol of the success of the merger between the old and new
concepts.24
Figure10:LouvrePyramidinParisdesignedbyI.M.Pei.25
Sustainabledesignisincreasinglyapopularideaduetorisingfossilfuels.These
changeswouldlogicallychangethestyleandformofcontemporaryarchitecture
tothenewparadigm,whichatleastthisnewapproachwillbethemainideafor
thenewarchitectsintheirdesignincomingyears.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
24&25.Wikipedia,2011,LouvrePyramid,viewed9December,2011<http://en.wikipedia.org/>
26.Chris,B.,2010.LocalSustainableHomes,UnitedKingdom:TJInternational.
10
HowImportantIsContextInContemporaryArchitecturalDesign?
Figure11:EDITTTower,SingaporebyKenYeangArchitects.27
Yeangsresponsewasthedevelopmentoftheconceptofthebioclimaticskyscraper
as a more environmentally appropriate model, which consumes less energy and
providesabetterandmorehumaneenvironmentforitsuserswhileestablishinga
uniqueculturalidentityrelatedtothelocation.28
The example of architect whom profound the idea of sustainable design is Ken
Yaeng. He is one of the leaders in green architecture movement, especially for
greenskyscraper.Heappliedinmostofhisdesignwithgreenelementssuchas
sky parks and roof top vegetation that brought a new dimension to the
appearanceofcontemporaryarchitecture.
ShigeruBan,ayoungJapanesearchitectforinstancehasadifferentwayof
currentcontextcontemporaryarchitecture.Themostfamousforhisinnovative
workwithpaper,particularlyrecycledcardboardpapertubesusedtoquicklyand
efficientlyhousedisastervictims.29
Figure12:ShigeruBanrecycledbuilding.30
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
27&28.Sara,H.,2011.EcoArchitecturetheworkofKenYeang,Italy:JohnWiley&SonsLtd,p.11.
29&30.Wikipedia,2011,ShigeruBan,viewed9December2011,<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/>
11
HowImportantIsContextInContemporaryArchitecturalDesign?
Conclusion
References
Books
1. Philip,J.,1993.ContemporaryAmericanArchitects:VolumeI,Italy:
Taschen.
2. Philip,J.,1996.ContemporaryAmericanArchitects:VolumeII,Italy:
Taschen.
3. Philip,J.,1997.ContemporaryAmericanArchitects:VolumeIII,Italy:
Taschen.
4. Ken,Y.,2009.KenYeangEcoMasterPlanning,UnitedKingdom:JohnWiley
&SonsLtd.
5. Sara,H.,2011.EcoArchitecturetheworkofKenYeang,Italy:JohnWiley&
SonsLtd.
6. Chris,B.,2010.LocalSustainableHomes,UnitedKingdom:TJ
International.
12
HowImportantIsContextInContemporaryArchitecturalDesign?
ElectronicJournals
7. MahnazMahmoudi,Z.,2009.AnalysisonIranianWindCatcherandIts
EffectonNaturalVentilationasaSolutiontowardsSustainableArchiteture.
QazvinIslamicAzadUniversity.
8. Nasim, I. & Elahe, B., 2009. Climaticdesignandlowcarboncity. ISOCARP
Congress.
ElectronicSources
9. GreenSolutionsMagazine,2011,Gymwithwindtowers,viewed6
December2011,<http://www.greensolutionsmag.com/>
10. Adrian,W.&Isabelle,L.,2011,ContemporaryArchitects,viewed12
December2011,<http://www.earchitect.co.uk/>
11. Cubeme,n.d.,Architecture,viewed6December2011,
<http://cubeme.com/blog/>.
12. MoreAEdesign,n.d.,GuggenheimMuseum,viewed7December2011,
<http://moreaedesign.wordpress.com/>
13. Tecnicheparametriche,n.d.,viewed7December2011,
<http://tecnicheparametriche.com/>
14. Wikipedia,2011,<http://en.wikipedia.org/>
13